Combining problem treesProblem summary: Coastal management must provide for development whilst ensuring natural ecosystems are not excessively impacted

Causes:Population growth, industrial development, weak planning, limited participation, lack of awareness

Effects:Inappropriate development, resource degradation, ineffective remediation and compensation

Integrated Coastal Zone ManagementUnit 6: Objective tree analysis

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Unit content1. Threats and objectives2. Objective trees and their use3. Comparing different stakeholders’ objective trees4. Obtaining consensus on stakeholder objectives

Learning outcomesUpon completion of this unit, students will be able to 5. Explore the link between threats and objectives6. Justify the selection of management objectives7. Understand how an objective tree is constructed8. Combine objective trees from different stakeholders

Introduction

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A threat can be reversed to become an objective- ‘fishing productivity is low’ BECOMES ‘fishing productivity is increased’- ‘tourism is too focused in the city’ BECOMES ‘rural villages are involved in tourism’

Threats and objectives

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Threats and objectives

Using the local threats from unit 5, derive a list of objectives- How can we use this list for management? Are the objectives

- Realistic?- Representative?- Appropriate?

A threat can be reversed to become an objective- ‘fishing productivity is low’ BECOMES ‘fishing productivity is increased’- ‘tourism is too focused in the city’ BECOMES ‘rural villages are involved in tourism’

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Threats and objectives

Using the local threats from unit 5, derive a list of objectives- How can we use this list for management? Are the objectives

- Realistic?- Representative?- Appropriate?

Some stakeholders will always be disappointed- Not all objectives will be achieved- Managing stakeholder objections is central to ICZM

A threat can be reversed to become an objective- ‘fishing productivity is low’ BECOMES ‘fishing productivity is increased’- ‘tourism is too focused in the city’ BECOMES ‘rural villages are involved in tourism’

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

OBJECTIVE

MEANS

The outcomes (or effects) of achieving the objective are the leaves and branches of the tree.

The objective is the trunk of the tree.

The means of achieving the objective are the roots of the tree.

A method to manage environmental objectives

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

INCREASING FISH ABUNDANCE

MEANS

How do we increase fish abundance? What needs to be done?

A method to manage environmental objectives: increasing fish abundance

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

INCREASING FISH ABUNDANCE

MEANS

A method to manage environmental objectives: increasing fish abundance

MEANSRestricting number of fishersRestricting number of vesselsRegulating fishing activityRegulating fishing gearClosed seasons for fishingBanning destructive fishingEstablishing marine protected areas

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

INCREASING FISH ABUNDANCE

MEANS

What are the (measurable) effects of increased fish abundance?

A method to manage environmental objectives: increasing fish abundance

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

INCREASING FISH ABUNDANCE

MEANS

A method to manage environmental objectives: increasing fish abundance

OUTCOMESImproved stability in fishers’ incomeGreater ability to invest in fishing equipmentBetter health and living conditions within fishing communitiesLess conflict between fishermenLess migration out of fishing villagesGreater ecosystem health and resilienceIncreased tourism potential

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Objective trees

OUTCOMES

INCREASING FISH ABUNDANCE

MEANS

A method to manage environmental objectives: increasing fish abundance

OUTCOMESImproved stability in fishers’ incomeGreater ability to invest in fishing equipmentBetter health and living conditions within fishing communitiesLess conflict between fishermenLess migration out of fishing villagesGreater ecosystem health and resilienceIncreased tourism potential

MEANSRestricting number of fishersRestricting number of vesselsRegulating fishing activityRegulating fishing gearClosed seasons for fishingBanning destructive fishingEstablishing marine protected areas

Which should be the priority? Why?

Which should be the priority? Why?

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Comparing objective trees

Small group taskYou are a) a tourist operator

b) a coastal landownerc) a marine conservation NGOd) an urban developer

1) Define your primary (most important) objective

2) Construct an objective tree- Identify all possible means to achieve the objective- Identify all likely outcomes as a result of achieving the objective

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Comparing objective trees

Discussion:To what extent are the objective trees similar?

Where do they differ?

Are all objectives equally measurable?

Are they all equally achievable?

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Comparing objective trees

Discussion:To what extent are the objective trees similar?

Where do they differ?

Are all objectives equally measurable?

Are they all equally achievable?

Coastal managers have to - cope with differing expectations- attempt to reach consensus- manage conflict