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AMORE Patra, 2001 1 Combined Bus and Driver Scheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos Computers and Operation Research Journal Vol 29/3, pp 243-259, March 2002

Combined B us and D river S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

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Combined B us and D river S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos Computers and Operation Research Journal Vol 29/3, pp 243-259 , March 2002. Problem Definition (1). Shift : a set of routes that will be performed by a bus and its driver in one day - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 1

Combined Bus and Driver Scheduling

C. Valouxis, E. Housos

Computers and Operation Research Journal

Vol 29/3, pp 243-259, March 2002

Page 2: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 2

Problem Definition (1)

• Shift: a set of routes that will be performed by a bus and its driver in one day

• Shifts must be legal according to a complex set of rules

• The solution of the problem is a set of shifts that cover all the work with the minimum cost

Page 3: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 3

Problem Definition (2)

• Bus• Type• Kilometers

• Driver• Base, current position• Starting hour of work• Available days before the scheduled

days-off

Page 4: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 4

Problem Definition (3)

• Trip segment• Departure and Arrival time and place• Required bus type (fleet requirement)• Distance in km

• Shift• Set of trip segments and rest-time

assigned to a specific bus and driver

Page 5: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 5

Problem Definition (4)

• The solution of the problem is a set of shifts that must satisfy the following• All shifts should be legal• All required trip segments must be

covered• Minimum cost• Attempt to balance monthly total

overtime & kilometer parameters

Page 6: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 6

Integer Program P (1)

1

01000...100

10100...100

00010...011

01000...100

10001...010

00110...001

...........

11001...010

00101...001

00010...011

1

11000...000

...........

00111...000

00000...111

801505012090...180150200

c

Busses

Trip segments

Page 7: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 7

Integer Program P (2)

• Minimize

• Subject to

• Β is the set of busses• T is the set of trip segments• n is the number of generated shifts

• cj is the cost of a shift j=1...n

TkBix j ,}0,1{

n

jjj xc

1

11

n

jjij xa

11

n

jjkj xb

Page 8: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 8

Minimum Cost Matching Problem

• Min• cij cost of edge (i, j) E • bi cost of vertex i V• M is a matching• V1 the set of vertices M

}{ )1(),( iVViijMji bc

Graph G(V,E)

bi

bj

cij

Page 9: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 9

A Problem Specific Heuristic (QS)

• Make initial shifts• Minimum cost matching

• Apply shifts improvement• 2-opt• 3-opt, Set Partitioning (SPP)• Shortest path

Page 10: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 10

Partition of Trip Segments Into Levels

Level 2Level 1 Level 3 Level L

Trip segment

Page 11: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 11

Initial Shifts

• Assign trip segments of level 1 to buses• Enlargement of shifts with trip segments of level k+1

Shifts with trip segments until level k Trip segments of level k+1

Trip segment

Bus

bi

cij

Page 12: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 12

2-opt Improvement of Shifts

• Combine 2 shifts and find the best combinations to apply by solving a matching problem

• bi, bj costs of shifts i, j

• cij the cost of the best interconnection between shifts i, j

b i

b jc ij

Page 13: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 13

Level Cutting Improvement of Shifts

cij

Shifts with trip segments until level k Pieces with trips of level greater than k

bj

bi

Page 14: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 14

Shifts for Uncovered Trip Segments

t

Level 2Level 1 Level 3 Level L

X

XX

Buses

Sinknode

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

• k-shortest path

Page 15: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 15

Quick Shift (QS) detailed Algorithm

• 1. Partition all trip segments into levelsFor a number of times• 2. Make initial shifts by matching the trip segments between

consecutive levels Repeat

Repeat• 3. Shifts improvement (2-opt search, level cutting)

Until no more improvements can be made• 4. Shifts improvement 3-opt search (set partitioning)

Until no more improvements can be made• 5. Find shifts for the uncovered trip segments (k-shortest path)• 6. Keep some connections between trip segments from the

solution

Page 16: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 16

The Column Generation Algorithm (CGQS)

• First Phase• 1. Generate an initial solution (QS)

• Second Phase• Repeat

• 2. Solve the linear relaxation of the complete model P

• 3. Use QS to get an integer solution• 4. Generate additional columns in order to improve

the quality of the linear program

• Until stopping rules are satisfied

Page 17: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 17

Generate Additional Columns (Shifts)

• Legal shifts• Negative reduced cost

• DFS, Shortest paths

Sk

kijj yycrc

Bus

Sinknode

c-yk

Page 18: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 18

Computational Results

 

No. of busses

 

No. of trip

segments

Total drive time(Min)

Idle time

QS CGQS LP

Min % Min % % Min

24 57 9855 105 1.1 105 1.1 0 105.00

46 134 21130 3210 13.2 2685 11.3 2.5 2617.20

60 158 30750 5055 14.1 4635 13.1 2.6 4515.97

48 175 26120 2890 10.0 1945 6.9 4.6 1857.88

58 264 20940 4160 16.6 3790 15.3 1.5 3734.16

89 337 34020 9745 22.3 8235 19.5 1.9 8077.44

Page 19: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 19

Progress of the CGQS Algorithm

7.500

8.000

8.500

9.000

9.500

10.000

10.500

0 10 20 30 40 50

Page 20: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 20

Conclusions

• QS is an application specific IP heuristic• Good solution (in production by itself!)• Extremely fast with minimal computer

requirements (original design goal)

• CGQS a column generation approach• Significantly better solution• Use of the QS algorithm as the IP solver• Effective generation of additional shifts

Page 21: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 21

Linear Program (1)

• Primal• Min cx• Subject to Ax = b, x 0

• Dual• Max yb• Subject to yA c

Page 22: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 22

Linear Program (2)

• Duality Theorem• Complementary Slackness Theorem

• αν xj > 0 ycolj(A) = cj

• αν xj = 0 ycolj(A) < cj

• rcj = cj - ycolj(A)

• Simplex, Interior Point

Page 23: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 23

Δυναμική Δημιουργία Μεταβλητών(Column Generation)

Πρόβλημα επιλογής μεταβλητών

min cx με τους περιορισμούς: Ax>=b

0<=x<=1

Πρόβλημα δημιουργίας μεταβλητών

νόμιμες μεταβλητές μεταβλητές που βελτιώνουν την

λύση του προβλήματος επιλογής

Πρόβλημα ακέραιας λύσης

Εισαγωγή περιορισμών Ευρετικοί αλγόριθμοι Αλγόριθμοι ακέραιου προγρ/σμου

Page 24: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 24

Υποσύστημα Ελέγχου Νομιμότητας

• Νόμιμη βάρδια, κόστος

• Ένα δρομολόγιο τμήμα βάρδιας λεωφορείου

• Δύο δρομολόγια συνεχόμενα σε βάρδια

• Ένα δρομολόγιο συνεχίζει μια βάρδια

• Επιθυμίες• Ανάθεση δρομολογίου σε οδηγό• Δύο δρομολόγια να είναι διαδοχικά

Page 25: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 25

Τελική Επιλογή Λεωφορείων και Οδηγών

• Οικονομική και εφικτή λύση (ΔΛΟ ή ΔΛΟΔΔΜ)

• Ιστορικά στοιχεία για εξίσωση• υπερωριών• «εύκολων» και «δύσκολων» δρομολογίων• χιλιομέτρων

• Πρόβλημα «ταιριάσματος» με το ελάχιστο κόστος μεταξύ λεωφορείων-οδηγών και βαρδιών

Page 26: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 26

Βελτίωση Βαρδιών ανά-3

• Συνδυασμός τριών βαρδιών και έλεγχος για αλλαγές

• Μικρό υποπρόβλημα, SPP

• Γραμμές λεωφορεία, δρομολόγια

• Στήλες νόμιμες νέες βάρδιες

• Επίλυση SPP (υπονοούμενη απαρίθμηση)

• Το συνολικό κόστος μικρότερο των αρχικών βαρδιών

Page 27: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 27

Βελτίωση Bαρδιών ανά-2 (πρώτη φάση)• Συνδυασμός δύο βαρδιών και έλεγχος για αλλαγές

• νόμιμες νέες βάρδιες • συνολικό κόστος μικρότερο των αρχικών

1 2

3 4 5

1 2 3 4 5

1 2 3

4 5

1

2 3 4

5

Βάρδια i

Βάρδια j

Περίπτωση (α)

Περίπτωση (β)

Περίπτωση (γ)

(1)

(2)

(3)

Page 28: Combined  B us and  D river  S cheduling C. Valouxis, E. Housos

AMORE Patra, 2001 28

Επιλογή Συνδέσεων Δρομολογίων από τη λύση

• Αρχική λύση καθορίζει την ποιότητα της τελικής λύσης

• Επιλογή συνδέσεων δρομολογίων από τις καλύτερες βάρδιες

• Κατά τη δημιουργία αρχικών βαρδιών αξιοποιείται πληροφορία για καλή λύση