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Presented by – Mr.Upali Nandalal Gemmologist

Historical background of Historical background of PadmaragaPadmaragaThe name derives from the Sinhalese word for Lotus blossom, from time to time. It changes as “Pathmaraja” according to the Sanskrit language. Pathmaraja, Padmaraga and Padmaradscha are words referred to the same stone.

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Corundum FamilyCorundum Familya) Ruby b) Blue Sapphirec) Pink Sapphired) Yellow Sapphiree) Orange Sapphiref) Padmaragag) Purple Sapphireh) Green Sapphirei) White Sapphirej) Star Sapphirek) Colour Changing

Sapphire3

Properties of Properties of Corundum familyCorundum family

1) Chemical composition - Al2O3 (Aluminum Oxide)

2) Crystal System - Trigonal3) Crystal habit - Barrel shape4) Hardness - 9.0 (Moh’s scale)5) Specific Gravity - 3.996) Refractive Index - 1.762 – 1.7707) Birefringence - 0.0088) Optic sign - Uniaxial – (Negative) 9) Cleavage - None10) Fracture - Conchoidal, Splintery11) Luster - Vitreous 12) Streak - White

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Padmaraja is a Pink – Orange Sapphire, originally being mined in Sri Lanka, but also found in Gem deposits of Madagascar, Tanzania and a few in Vietnam and Africa.

Padmaraga (Sapphire) is very Rare and therefore highly valued.

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Behavior of Light rays within Behavior of Light rays within Gemstones Gemstones

Singly RefractiveSingly Refractive Doubly RefractiveDoubly Refractive

A light ray entering into a Doubly Refractive Gemstone will split into two rays with two different velocities and vibrational directions (Other than parallel to the optic axis).

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As corundum belongs to Doubly Refractive category, light will behave in the same manner.

Corundum with a single colour (e.g. :- Blue Sapphire and Ruby) the colour splits into two colours.

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Atomic structure of Corundum Atomic structure of Corundum (without colouring elements)(without colouring elements)

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1) Colourless Corundum (White Sapphire)Pure Aluminum Oxide without colouring elements.

Possible sites of Colouring Possible sites of Colouring elements. elements.

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Pink Sapphire Pink Sapphire

Substitution positions are occupied by Chromium atoms (randomly) [Lesser number of Chromium atoms, which are not enough to create deep red colour of Ruby.]

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Yellow Sapphire

Substitution positions are occupied by Iron atoms (randomly) [further the yellow colour of Sri Lankan Yellow Sapphires is also produced by colour centers].

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Substitution positions are occupied by a lesser number of Chromium atoms and Iron atoms (Colour Centers could also produce yellow colour).

Orange Orange SapphireSapphire

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Patchy Orange colouration of Pink Sapphire creates Orangish Pink Sapphire, Which is called “Padmaraga”

PadmaraPadmaragaga

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Yellow Sapphire

Substitution positions are occupied by Iron atoms (randomly) [further the yellow colour of Sri Lankan Yellow Sapphires is also produced due to colour centers.

Pink Sapphire

Substitution positions are occupied by Chromium atoms (randomly) [Lesser number of Chromium atoms which are not enough to create deep red colour of Ruby.]

Substitution positions are occupied by a lesser number of Chromium atoms and Iron atoms + Colour Centers.

Orange Sapphire

Patchy Orange colouration of Pink Sapphire creates Orangish Pink Sapphire, Which is called “Padmaraga”

Colour distribution of Blue Colour distribution of Blue SapphireSapphire• Distribution of Blue colour is shown in this picture.

• Distribution of Pink and Orange colourations although not commonly visible, it is assumed to be in the same manner.

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Patchy colouration of Padmaraga.

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1. 1. Pink with a low intensity of Pink with a low intensity of Orange colouration. Orange colouration. Colour is evenly distributed but intensity of Orange is very

very low. Therefore the stone can not be classified as “Padmaraga”

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2. 2. Light Purplish pink with a highly Light Purplish pink with a highly intensed patchy intensed patchy Orange Colouration.Orange Colouration.Orange Colour is patchy. As the colour patch is located

close to the culet, the colour gets dispersed throughout the stone, showing Orangish Pink through the table. Therefore it could be classified as “Padmaraga”.

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3. 3. Purplish Pink with low intensity of Orange Purplish Pink with low intensity of Orange

colouration colouration. Here, Orange colouration is masked by high intensity

of Purplish Pink colouration of the stone. Therefore it could not be could not be classified as “Padmaraga”.

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4. 4. Pinkish Orange – PadmaragaPinkish Orange – PadmaragaBoth Pink and Orange colours are evenly distributed

throughout the stone. But intensity of the Orange colour is higher than Pink.

It is termed “Pinkish Orange Sapphire”. If the intensity of Pink colour is higher than orange, it is

termed “Orangish Pink Sapphire”.

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When both Pink and Orange Colour components are there in equal proportions (50% - 50%), then the stone is termed Pink/Orange Sapphire or Orange/Pink Sapphire. This is the ideal colour This is the ideal colour balancing of Padmaraga. balancing of Padmaraga.

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Colouration of Padmaraga could also vary in following manner.

1. 30% Orange + 70% Pink2. 70% Orange + 30% Pink

There could be varying proportions of Pink/Orange colourations which could also be considered as Padmaraga.

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30% - 70%

70% - 30%

50% - 50%

Pink

Orange

(Orangish Pink)

(Ideal colour of Padmaraga)

(Pinkish Orange)

Pink prominent Padmaraga is preferred by Japanese buyers.

Orange prominent Padmaraga is preferred by German and European buyers.

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Orangish pink Padmaraga

50 – 50 % Padmaraga

Pinkish Orange Padmaraga

Colouring elements in Colouring elements in CorundumCorundum

Ruby - Cr3+

Blue - Fe2+/ Ti4+

Yellow - Fe3+, Colour centersOrange - Cr3+, Fe3+, Colour centersPadmaraga - Cr3+, Fe3+, Colour centersGreen - Fe2+

Purple - Cr3+, Fe2+, Ti4+

Pink - Cr3+

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Colour CentersColour Centers

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Electron imbalance of crystal lattice, creates colour centers.

It may be naturally occurring or could be created by supplying energy.

Colour Comparison Colour Comparison

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30% - 70%

70% - 30%

50% - 50%

Pink

Orange

(Orangish Pink)

(Ideal colour of Padmaraga)

(Pinkish Orange)

ReferencesReferences Hughes. W. Richard, Ruby and Sapphire, USA, 1997, 01st

edition, 51, 57, 83, 109, 200, 398 ppDharmaratne. P.G.R., Gemmology, Sri Lanka, 2007, 01st edition,

39 p.Hughes. W. Richard, Walking the line in ruby and Sapphire,

www. Palagems.comHughes. W. Richard, www. Palagems.com Padparadscha

Sapphire buying Guide.Webster Robert, Gemmologists Compendium, 1970, 01st edition,

161 p.Read Peter G, Gemmology, 2006, Third edition, 70 p,Read Peter G, Dictionary of Gemmology, 1982, 01st edition, 45 p.

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