Color confinement Multi-quark Resonances

Fan Wang

Dept. of Physics, Nanjing Univ.

Joint Center for Particle-Nuclear Physics and Cosmology (CPNPC)

of NJU and PMO

J.L.Ping, H.R.Pang

C.L.Chen

Outline

• I. Introduction

• II. Color confinement resonance

• III. QCD models of multi-quark

resonances

• IV. Final remarks

I.Introduction

S.Weinberg listed three kinds of microscopic resonances:(The Quantum Theory of Fields, Cambridge Univ. Press,

1995, Vol. I, p.159.) (1) Strong interaction particles decay through electrowe

ak interaction, neutron, hyperons, pion, kion, etc.; (2) Potential barrier tunnel, alpha decay; (3) Statistical fluctuation, compound nucleus.

• Hadronic strong decay,

S. Weinberg did not discuss these resonance,

such as rho, omega, Delta, etc. in his book.

I think the slow down of the decay of these

resonances are due to creation in their decay

process. • There should be another kind resonance for

multi-quark system due to color confinement ,

which is different from all of those four known

microscopic resonances.

qq

II.Color confinement resonanceColor structure of nucleon obtained from lattice QCD

Simplified version of the color structure, color string

nucleon meson

Color structure of multi-quark systems

Hadron phase

Multi-quark phase

Five quark Six quark

QCD quark benzene

• QCD interaction should be able to form a quark benzene consisted of six quarks

• Two hadrons collide each other, if they are close

enough there should be a possibility that two

hadrons rearrange there internal color structure to

transform from hadron phase to multi-quark phase.• Once the multi-quark is formed, it can not

decay to hadrons directly due to color confinement.• It must transform to color singlet substructure

first then decay, so there must be resonance

related to these genuine multi-quark system.

• The product cross section and the decay

width of multi-quark system are determined by

the transition interaction between color singlet

hadrons and genuine color multi-quark systems.• Up to now we don’t have any reliable

information about this transition interaction.• One possibility is that such a transition from

color singlet hadrons to genuine color multi-quark

system only takes place at short distances, i.e.

through violent high energy processes only. The

color singlet hadrons like the inertial elements.

III.QCD models of multi-quark resonances

• Multi-quark study is an experimental issuebecause up to now no reliable theoretical method.QCD does not deny multi-quark state.• There have been many claims about the signalsof multi-quark state, but up to now no one is wellestablished. d’(m=2.06 GeV,Γ=0.5 MeV, I =0 ) had been ahot topic in 1990’s. penta-quark had been listed as a four starresonance in PDG and regarded as a renaissance of hadron spectroscopy, but seems to disappearagain.

0pJ

• Some real exotic meson states had been

discussed in PDG, such as , but seem

not robust against the new measurements.

• Recently there are discussions about the

tetraquark Dso(2317), Ds1(2460), X(3872),

X(3943), Y(3940) and Z(3930). We don’t

know their fate yet.

• BES continuously report signals of enhancement near the p threshold.

1

p

• Experiments very need reliable theoreticalpredictions of multi-quark states.• The most promising theoretical method formulti-quark calculation should be the latticeQCD. However the penta-quark study showsthat the present version of lattice QCD is notsophisticated enough to predict the multi-quark state reliably.

• Chiral perturbation is good for low energy hadron interactions. Is it good enough to predict the transition between color singlet hadrons and genuine color multi-quark state?

• Quite possible it is not, because there is only colorless hadron degree of freedom included, at least not economic.

• Chiral quark model, here I mean quarkmodels including Goldstone boson exchange,describes existed NN and N-hyperoninteraction data well. Is it good enough forthe transition between color singlet hadronsand genuine color multi-quark state is alsoquestionable.• Here one has to worry about that if Goldstone boson is a good effective degree of freedom for short range interaction.(N.Isgur)

Lattice QCD results of the quark interaction PRL 86(2001)18,90(2003)182001,hep-lat/0407001

min

3 3 3 min 3

5 5 min 5

min

1

| |

4 | |

qqqq qq qq

q q q qi j i j

i jsq q q

i j i j

ii

AV L C

r

V A L C

V L C

L L

r r

r r

Suppose these lattice QCD results are qualitatively correct, then multi-quark system is a many body interaction multi-channel coupling problem.

• QCD models usually use the two body interaction, is the two body interaction a good approximation of the many body interaction obtained from lattice QCD calculation?

A comparative calculation of the ground state energy of 2,4,6,9,12 quark systems by two body confinement and color

string are shown below.(n=3 baryon masses of N and ∆ has been used to fix model parameters, Nuovo Cimento, 86A(1985) 283.)

Model n=2 4 6 9 121. m=0Bag 0.65 1.47 2.16 3.07 3.90NR p=2 0.63 1.54 2.43 3.76 5.09 p=1 0.66 1.51 2.34 3.59 4.83 String =1 0.54 1.47 2.26 3.42 4.97 2.25 =1.5 1.51 2. m=0.19 GeVNR p=2 0.68 1.49 2.29 3.49 4.69 p=1 0.69 1.48 2.25 3.41 4.57String =1 0.64 1.46 2.22 3.34 4.63 2.21 =1.5 1.48

prpr

pr

Ground state energy estimate of quark benzene by string model

• The above results seem to show that diagonal matrix elements of the two body confinement interaction are not too farfrom the string ones. So the two body confinement interactionmight be a good approximation to be used to calculate the diagonal matrix elements of multi quark systems.• However such a two body confinement interaction usedto study the NN interaction can not get even a qualitativelycorrect ones, i.e., the important intermediate rangeattraction is missing even after taking into account manychannel coupling.• We suspect that the failure of the multi channel couplingcalculation to obtain enough intermediate range NN attraction isdue to the two body confinement interaction is not a goodapproximation of the transition interaction between differentcolor structures.

Quark delocalization, color screening model (QDCSM)

Based on the above understanding, we take Isgur model as our starting point, but modify it for multi quark systems by two new ingredients:

1. The confinement interaction is re-parameterized aimed to take into account the effect of multi channel coupling,

especially the genuine color channels coupling;2. The quark delocalization, similar to the electron d

elocalization in molecule, is introduced to describe the effect of mutual distortion.

• Color screening： qq interaction: intra baryon

inter baryon different

the color configuration mixing and channel coupling have been taken into account to some extent.

three gluons exchange 0 (intra baryon)

= 0 (inter baryons), etc.

2

2

6

2 2

2

( )2

41 1 1{ ( )[ ] ...}

4 2 3

,

1(1 )ij

ii ij

i i ji

Conf OGEij ij ij

i jOGE sij i j ij

ij i j i j

ijConf

rij i j

pH m V

m

V V V

Vr m m mm

r i j same orbitV a

e otherwise

r

Quark delocalization:

the parameter εis determined variationally by the dynamics of the quark systems.

of quark distribution and gluon distribution has been taken into account to some extent.

• the self-consistency

2

2

2

2

2

)2/(4/3

22

)2/(4/3

2 2

1,

2

1

/)(,/)(

br

bl

lrrrll

eb

eb

NNsrsr

Parameters of QDCSM mu=md=313 MeV

ms=560 MeV

α=1.54

b=0.603 fm

a=25.13 MeV/fm2

μ=1.0 fm-2

Almost the same as Isgur model except

the color screening

• This model, without invoking meson exchange

except pion, with only one additional adjustable

parameter-the color screening constant μ

reproduce the deuteron properties, the NN, NΛ,

NΣ scattering data. • Moreover it explains the long standing facts:

1. The molecular force is similar to nuclear force

except the energy and length scale;

2. The nucleus can be approximated as a nucleon system.

Deuteron

Mass: 1876 MeV

Radius: 1.9 fm

PD: 4.5%

Comparison between QDCSM and Salamanca chiral quark model

• To study which effect has been included in QDCSM, we make the following comparative study:

Take the Salamanca model as a typical example of chiral quark model, where the NN short range interaction is attributed to quark structure of nucleon and gluon exchange interaction, while the long and intermediate range parts are attributed to

exchange.,

Hamiltonian of Salamanca model

Extended QDCSM

• Replace the OGE part of QDCSM by the OGE and OPE part of Salamanca model one get the

Hamiltonian of the extended QDCSM.

or alternatively, start from Salamanca model,

drop their meson exchange term,

replace their confinement term by the

color screening one, one also get the

Hamiltonian of the extended QDCSM.

Salamanca and extended QDCSMmodel parameters

Deuteron properties

• Salamanca model extended QDCSM

NN scattering phase shifts

• These comparisons show that the meson exchange of the Salamanca chiral quark model can be replaced by quark delocalization, i.e., the mutual distortion of interacting nucleons, and color screening.

• The meson exchange is known can be replaced by the quark gluon exchange.

• It is possible to describe the short and intermediate range NN interaction by quark gluon exchange instead of the meson.

,

, ,

The match of QDCSM to chiral quark model is not unique, but also limited.

Different models fit the existed baryon interaction data qualitatively,

quantitatively different.

Yukawa meson exchange model

(Bonn,Nijmegen,Paris);

chiral perturbation theory;

quark model

(bag R-matrix, chiral quark model, QDCSM, etc.)

Different models give qualitatively different predictions on multi-quark states

• Even limiting to quark models, which fit the existing NN, NY interaction data, these models still predict the multi-quark resonances quite different.

• It is bad for multi-quark state search, It is good that multi quark state, if

established, will be very helpful in discriminating various quark models and understanding the low energy QCD.

• Almost all quark models predict

there should be strong attraction in the

channel.

03 ,pIJ

• QDCSM predict in this case the six quarks are completely merged into one genuine six-quark one and we called it d*. The estimated mass and width are:

M~2170-2190 MeV, Γ~6-8 MeV,

the production cross sections are

~0.2-10 nb/sr at 3 in ed scattering (PRC 61(2000) 064001; 62(2000) 018201.)

~100 nb in πd scattering (PRC 39(1989)1889.)

~100 nb/sr at 7 in pd scattering (PRC 57

(1998) 1962; 65(2002) 034012.)

00

00

•

• However the new measurement of

may need a resonance to explain the low mass

enhancement.

These estimates seem to be ruled out by LAMPF (PRL 49(1982) 255), COSY (PRL 78 (1997)1652, 85(2000)1819, nucl-ex/ 0407015), SATURNE (PRC 60(1999) 054001, 054002) measurement.

3pd He

• The ground state energy of quark benzene is close to that of d*, so six quark benzene component should mix in the d* with other components as shown before.

• Quark benzene should also effect the NN scattering,

a new hidden color channel coupling to the usual color singlet channel.

QDCSM predicted another six quark stateM(MeV) 2549-2557 threshold 2611 (keV) 12-22Decay mode N--> 1D2,3D2. D-wave decay, no strongπtensor interaction in N channel, one quark must beexchanged to form from N. These factors all suppressthe decay rate and make N quite a narrow resonance.

This state might be created in RHIC and detected by STAR through the reconstruction of decay product.

(Wang:PRL 59(87)627, 69(92)2901, PRC 51(95)3411, 62(00)054007, 65(02)044003, 69(04)065207;

Zhang:PRC 52(95)3393, 61(00)065204, NPA 683(01)487.)

N I=1/2,Jp=2+,S=-3

Final remark• QED interaction is simple, but the QED matter is almo

st countless; QCD interaction is rich and varied, however the QCD matter is very limited.

• If the low energy QCD confinement interaction is color screened so perfect such that the residual interaction is so weak and leaves only one deuteron in the universe and no any other multi quark state, it is certainly interesting.

• it seems not the time to stop our search for multi quark state yet! Only if our understanding of quark confinement is qualitatively incorrect, otherwise color confinement multiquark resonance is unavoidable.

Thanks