Colonization Chapters 2 and 3

We will formulate the BIG pictureWhat nations are settling in the New World?

- why are these nations encouraging settlement in the New World? - what type(s) of settlers are taking advantage of this opportunity? Why? - How are these settlements impacting Native peoples? Chart, visualization with explanation, song?!?

1-3 people, due Mon 9/8/14- use these notes, read ch. 2

The Big picture

Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in , and the expectation of, self government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.

The major players: The Spanish

-Who sparks this wave of exploration? (come on you know the rhyme…)-Why now?● europe clamoring for wealth and cheap

goods - need resources and trade routes○ portugal = long range voyages

● Renaissance (14th C) = optimistic and adventurous spirit

● Printing press (1450) = spreads scientific knowledge

The major players: The Spanish1492 = shift in history of the world● 2 “new continents discovered”

○ US will come to dominate in a few centuries ● interdependent global market created

○ Europe = capital, markets, & technology○ Americas = raw materials○ Africa = labor

● modern banking system develops● introduction of goods to new “markets”

○ Americas give = tobacco, tomatoes, potatoes, perfect growing of sugar cane (sugar revolution)

○ Europe = horse and disease (yellow fever, small pox, malaria)

The major players: The Spanish

What is Columbus seeking?● quicker trade route to “the Indies”

○ hence “Indians”

The major players: The Spanish

Where does he actually end up?1492: Bahamas1493: Hispaniola (island with Haiti / Dominican Republic)

What are the territoriesSpain will eventually acquire?

The Major PlayersThe Spanish: * 1513 Ponce De Leon claimed Florida

St. Augustine settled in 1565 * 1539 Hernando De Soto discovered the Mississippi

* 1522 Hernando Cortez had conquered the Aztecs in Mexico * 1536 Francisco Pizarro had conquered the Incas in Peru

anyone know what treaty give Portugal the rights to Brazil?

The major players: The Spanish● colonies led by Spanish born governors● creoles have little power

○ person of European descent born in Spanish (or French) held territory

● economy based on mercantilism (Gold/ Silver/Art Vandelay...Seinfeld anyone?!?)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j0Xtsi7Jcec ● most conquistadors (colonizers) are men between the ages

of 20-30, looking for wealth● Impact on native population

○ destruction of long established civilizations○ intermarriage○ extermination (Mexico 25mil to 2mil)○ exploitation through labor

■ encomiendas (like plantations)● given as a reward to successful conquistadores

○ conversion to Catholicism

The Major Players: The French1530s-1540s: looking for Northwest Passage

● direct water route to the Pacific Ocean

(doesn’t exist)

● did help to establish French dominance of N. American waterways

Early attempts at creating permanent settlements failed● weather, lack of supplies, the

usual

The Major Players: The French

● Divided into 2 territories○ one in present day

Canada one in Louisiana■ 1608: Quebec

● 1st permanent French settlement

■ 1682: Louisiana claimed by the French

The major players: The French

Canada: ● peaceful French /

Native American relations○ focus on fur trade

meant little competition over land

○ intermarriage strengthened trade relations

Louisiana:● initial focus on fur trade

meant peaceful relations● introduction of tobacco

farming in 1719 led to tensions over land

● French settlers began to bring wives, less intermarriage

The major players: The FrenchColonial Gov:● governor appointed by Monarch● military trading posts placed along rivers● slavery was uncommon● immigration into colonies controlled

○ Huguenots (french protestants) ● policy of “Francisation”

○ assimilate the Native Americans into French culture○ Jesuit missionaries ○ not very successful

■ matrilineal culture■ most Frenchmen were more concerned with fur

trade than assimilating Native Americans

The Major Players: The DutchDutch East India Company became interested in N.A. after Henry Hudson traveled the river that bears his name● Thrived on fur trade● didn’t care to expand● New Netherlands

○ New Amsterdam○ New Sweden

■ eventually England forcibly took these colonies

● New York and New Jersey (1664)

The Major Players: England

● Got a relatively late start compared to other European powers

● Why?!?○ religious conflict

(HVIII & Liz)■ probs with

Spanish■ probs with Irish

The major players: England

How do they come to dominate N. America? ● 1570s/80s: Queen Elizabeth encourages

plundering of Spanish ships○ Sir Francis Drake / “sea dogs”

● 1588: British Navy annihilates the Spanish Armada○ “Protestant Wind”

The major players: England

What is happening in England to advance colonization?● population growth

○ 1550: 3 mil○ 1600: 4 mil

● landlords pushing tenants off grazing land○ hurt “woolen districts”

■ puritan strongholds● primogeniture laws

○ first son gets it ALL● joint-stock companies● 1604 Peace treaty with Spain

The major players: England

● Who are the English Colonists?○ those seeking $○ those fleeing from religious persecution○ those fleeing political persecution / turmoil

The major players: England● concentrate along east coast...late start● first settlers need permission (charters)

○ 3 types of charters■ royal: owned by king/queen■ proprietary: individuals were awarded land

grants they would supervise and govern, colonial governors report directly to the King / queen

■ self-governing colonies: king / queen grants charter to joint stock company, company sets up its own government independent of the crown

● king can revoke it at anytime● This is how House of Burgesses is created

England: Early attempts at colonization (these are the peeps seeking $)

1583: NewfoundlandSir Humphrey Gilbert1584-1590: Roanoke

○ Sir Walter Raleigh ■ gets charter from bro

● Art Barlowe= “roanoke is pretty rad”

● Liz = wealth and outpost for Spanish raids

■ names new territory Virginia○ 114 settlers: men, women, and

children■ Virginia Dare: first English

child born in America ○ the lost colony○ “croatoan” carved on tree, name

of local Native American tribe○ DNA project

Jamestown: 1st successful colony for England● 1606: Virginia

Company of London gets charter (self governing)○ purpose of colony =

profit○ charter issued by

King James I gives colonists same rights as Englishmen■ this will come into

play after F/I war

Jamestown: The early years● 105 men focused all of their

efforts on getting rich○ led by loose organization of

13 men● more than ½ died within 1st year● 1608: John Smith takes over as

leader, organizes group ○ build adequate shelter○ hunt, farm, fish○ rules regarding sanitation○ maintained friendly ties with

Powhatan Confederacy■ legend?!?

○ returns to London 1609■ NOT GOOD!!!

● cannibalism● The Starving Time

http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/01/us/jamestown-cannibalism/index.html?hpt=us_r1 “He who shall not work shall not eat”

Jamestown the early yearsWhy does the Starving Time end?● June 1610: Lord De La Warr

arrives with supplies and whips everyone into shape

○ seen as 2nd savior of Jamestown.

○ he begins to undertake military action against the Native Americans■ 1st Powhatan war

begins■ Va company : “use

irish tactics”■ he returns to

England 1611

Jamestown: How does it last!?!Tobacco, representative gov, and LADIES Tobacco: John Rolfe/ Pocahontas, and Tobacco

● 1st Powhatan War (1609-1614)○ Rolfe helps to neg peace marries Pocahontas

(peace for 8 years)● Colony finally becomes prosperous

Jamestown: How does it last?!?The headright system (1618) : To help grow more tobacco!!!!!● Colonists already in Va granted two “headrights”o two tracts of 50 acres each, or a total of 100 acres of

land.● Each new settlers who paid their own passage to

Virginia were granted one headright.

● Wealthy can earn headrights by paying for others to come

o Indentured Servants : 5-7 years of labor to landowner

Jamestown: How did it last?!?Representative Gov: House of Burgesses● 1619: Va company:

settlers should be consulted on all matters

● property owning males could vote for a burgess (rep)

● 1st rep gov in English colonies○ also the first year

African slaves were sent to the colony

Jamestown: How did it last?!?Hey, ladies!!!!● needed to “settle the

men”● 1619: 100 women arrive

○ some volunteer to come, others are convicts

● men had to pay the Va company 100 lbs of tobacco for a bride (that’s true love)

Jamestown: problems with Native Americans

1622 :● Native Americans from around the

Chesapeake Bay attacked and massacred about 350 settlers○ Rolfe killed

● Va company = called for “a perpetual war without peace or truce”

● King James took managment away from the VA company and Jamestown becomes a royal colony

Plymouth Colony

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cAZ8QJgFHOg

Plymouth Plantation (these are the peeps seeking religious freedom)

● Virginia Company of London sent 24 families across the Atlantic on the Mayflower in 1620

● agreed to send fur, timber, and fish back to VC for 7 years

● led by Separatists (Pilgrims) ○ pilgrims = want to separate from Church of England

■ plymouth○ puritans = want to practice a pure form of the

Anglican religion■ Massachusetts Bay Colony

Plymouth PlantationMayflower Compact● landed at Plymouth Bay,

outside of official charter territory

● created compact to assure King James I that they would refer to the crown○ often referred to as

the first written Constitution■ just stated they

would form a crude gov and be loyal to the King

Massachusetts Bay Colony

● Puritans● John Winthrop's“city upon a hill”