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Colonial Political Structure, Population, Great Awakening
Chapter 5
Objective #1
• Describe the demographic, economic and social structure of 18th century colonies.
Objective #2
• Identify the major religious denominations of the 18th century colonies and indicate their role in early American society.
Objective #3
• Explain the causes of the Great Awakening and describe its impact on America.
Objective #4
• Describe the development of education, culture and journalism in the colonies.
Objective #5
• Describe the basic features of colonial politics, including the roles of various official and informal political institutions.
18th Century colonial local government
• Religious authority declining• God-given authority of monarch
declining in colonies• Enlightenment: Stable govt needed to
balance interests of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy
• Stable political system is wanted
Types of colonies
8 Royal ColoniesKing Chose Governors
3 ProprietarySelected by Proprietors
MD, PA, DE
2 Self-GoverningElected by the People
CT, RI
13 Original Colonies
Bi-cameral legislature
• Council• Made up of wealthy
men• Appointed by Governor
or King• Similar to House of
Lords• Not hereditary• Served as highest court
• Assembly• Usually made up of
wealthy men• Elected by white male
landowners• Similar to House of
Commons• Represented people• Decisions must be
approved by Council or Governor
• Governor could dissolve
Importance of Land ownership
• Needed to vote (Mass. Changed from church membership in 1691)
• Participation = 40% nationwide (50-75% of free males)
• Anyone could badger, protest, abuse leaders
• People in power had little protection
Assemblies gain more power
• 18th c.- assemblies challenge power of governors (corruption)
• Turning point: 18th c. assemblies gain power of the purse
• Not a true democracy, but much more democratic than England
Immigration Pattern Change
• Emigration from England slows by end of 17th c.– Population stood at approximately 300,000
• Majority of immigrants in 18th century, other then England, were from Africa (“forced immigrants”), Germany and Ireland
• By 1775: 2.5 million colonists (800% increase from 1700)– Black population grew from 28,000 in 1701 to
500,000 in 1775 (20% of the colonial population)
Immigration continued
• 1/5 of the population were slaves by 1775• Higher birth rates and lower death rates by
1775--actually the biggest reason for pop. Growth
• Average age of colonist: 16 (1775)• Ratio of English citizens (to non-English) fell
from 20:1 (1700) to 3:1 (1775)
Areas of growth
• New England tripled in pop (1700-1775)• Chesapeake (400%)• South (400%)• Chart on page 88• Mid-Atlantic (then Chesapeake) colonies
were the most diverse• 10% of population lived in urban area• Non-English had no loyalty to England
More immigration change
• 17th c. immigrants: upper to middle class
• 18th c. immigrants: poor farmers, slaves, some indentured servants
Problem with trade with England
• England’s population is stagnant in 18th c.• As colonial economy grows, look at foreign
markets• England limited manufacturing of goods that
would result in direct competition– No: Textiles– Yes: Rum, tobacco, rum
• Britain moves to stop foreign competition through taxation--will contribute to Revolution
Sectional religious differences
• New England (except Rhode Island): Puritans/Congregationalists
• South: Anglican
• Backcountry: Catholic
• Mid-Atlantic, Chesapeake: German Mennonites, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, Anglican
18th c. Churches
• 2/3 of people did not attend church• Churches and ministers unavailable in
some areas• Improved economics and Enlightenment
meant people working for money• Catholics, Jews, non-believers: could
not vote or hold office
Great Awakening (1720-1760)
• Religious movement
• Challenged old sources of authority, doctrines, denominations
Jonathan Edwards
• Preacher who tried to “move” audience
• Revivals in North• Fiery sermons on evils
of hell• Very emotional• God angry with
sinfullness• Ripped salvation
through good works
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
George Whitefield
• More national than Edwards
• Spoke to middle and working classes
• Lay exhorting• Religion should be more
individual• Made enemies out of
organized religion• Many converted to
Baptist and other “more open” sects
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are needed to see this picture.
Impact of Great Awakening
• Increase in missionary work• Rise of Baptists (especially in South--not
necessarily plantation owners)• Grasped by the poor • Promoted equality of denominations• Increase in belief of separation of church and
state• Skepticism of authority grows• First spontaneous mass movement of American
people