Colloquium by HUMA FIROZ

8/7/2019 Colloquium by HUMA FIROZ

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ABSTRACTION:

Cloud computing refers to the provision of

computational resources on demand via anetwork. Cloud computing can be compared to

the supply of electricity and gas, or the provision

of telephone, television and postal services. All of

these services are presented to the users in a

simple way that is easy to understand without the

users needing to know how the services are

provided. This simplified view is called an

abstraction. Similarly, cloud computing offers

computer application developers and users an

abstract view of services that simplifies and

ignores much of the details and inner workings. A

provider's offering of abstracted Internet services

is often called "The Cloud".

How it works

When a user accesses the cloud for a popular website,many things can happen. The user's IP for examplecan be used to establish where the user is located(geolocation). DNS services can then direct the userto a cluster of servers that are close to the user so the

site can be accessed rapidly and in their locallanguage. The user doesn't login to a server, but theylogin to the service they are using by obtaining asession id and/or a cookie which is stored in theirbrowser.

What the user sees in the browser will usually comefrom a cluster of web servers. The

webservers run software which presents the user with

an interface which is used to collect commands orinstructions from the user (the clicks, typing, uploadsetc.) These commands are then interpreted bywebservers or processed by application servers.Information is then stored on or retrieved from thedatabase servers or file servers and the user is thenpresented with an updated page. The data across themultiple servers is synchronised around the world forrapid global access

Technical Description

Cloud computing is computation, software, data

access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location andconfiguration of the system that delivers the services.Parallels to this concept can be drawn with theelectricity gridwhere end-users consume powerresources without any necessary understanding of thecomponent devices in the grid required to provide theservice.

Cloud computing describes a new supplement,consumption, and delivery model forIT servicesbased on Internet protocols, and it typically involvesprovisioning of dynamically scalable and often

virtualized resources It is a byproduct andconsequence of the ease-of-access to remotecomputing sites provided by the Internet. Thisfrequently takes the form of web-based tools orapplications that users can access and use through aweb browseras if they were programs installedlocally on their own computers.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology(NIST) provides a somewhat more objective andspecific definition:

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient,

on-demand network access to a shared pool ofconfigurable computing resources (e.g., networks,servers, storage, applications, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimalmanagement effort or service provider interaction.

Typical cloud computing providers deliver commonbusiness applications online that are accessed from

Colloquium | by HUMA

FIROZ

CLOUD COMPUTING

HUMA FIROZDepartment of computer Applications, AzadIET, Lucknow, INDIA

( [email protected], [email protected] )
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another Web service or software like a Web browser,while thesoftware anddata are stored on servers.

Most cloud computing infrastructures consist ofservices delivered through common centers and builton servers. Clouds often appear as single points of

access for consumers' computing needs. Commercialofferings are generally expected to meetquality ofservice(QoS) requirements of customers, andtypically includeservice level agreements (SLAs)

Overview

Comparisons

Cloud computing derives characteristics from, butshould not be confused with:

1. Autonomic computing "computersystems capable ofself-management"[7]

2. Clientserver modelclientservercomputingrefers broadly to any distributedapplication that distinguishes betweenservice providers (servers) and servicerequesters (clients)[8]

3. Grid computing "a form ofdistributedcomputing and parallel computing, wherebya 'super and virtual computer' is composedof a clusterof networked, loosely coupledcomputers acting in concert to perform verylarge tasks"

4. Mainframe computer powerful computersused mainly by large organizations forcritical applications, typically bulk data-processing such as census, industry andconsumer statistics, enterprise resourceplanning, and financial transactionprocessing.[9]

5. Utility computing the "packaging ofcomputing resources, such as computationand storage, as a metered service similar to atraditional public utility, such as electricity";

6. Peer-to-peer distributed architecturewithout the need for central coordination,

with participants being at the same time bothsuppliers and consumers of resources (incontrast to the traditional clientservermodel)

7. Service-oriented computing Cloudcomputing provides services related tocomputing while, in a reciprocal manner,service-oriented computing consists of thecomputing techniques that operate onsoftware-as-a-service.

Characteristics

The key characteristic of cloud computing is that thecomputing is "in the cloud" i.e. the processing (andthe related data) is not in a specified, known or staticplace(s). This is in contrast to a model in which the

processing takes place in one or more specific serversthat are known. All the other concepts mentioned aresupplementary or complementary to this concept.

Architecture

Cloud computing sample architecture

Cloud architecture, the systems architecture of the

software systems involved in the delivery of cloudcomputing, typically involves multiple cloudcomponents communicating with each other overapplication programming interfaces, usually webservices and 3-tier architecture. This resembles theUnix philosophy of having multiple programs eachdoing one thing well and working together overuniversal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and theresulting systems are more manageable than theirmonolithic counterparts.

The two most significant components of cloudcomputing architecture are known as the front end

and the back end. The front end is the part seen bythe client, i.e. the computer user. This includes theclients network (or computer) and the applicationsused to access the cloud via a user interface such as aweb browser. The back end of the cloud computingarchitecture is the cloud itself, comprising variouscomputers, servers and data storage devices.

History

Colloquium | by HUMAFIROZ
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Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resourcesand costs across a large pool of users thusallowing for:

o Centralization of infrastructure in

locations with lower costs (such asreal estate, electricity, etc.)

o

Peak-load capacity increases(users need not engineer for highestpossible load-levels)

o Utilization and efficiency

improvements for systems that areoften only 1020% utilized.

Reliability is improved if multipleredundant sites are used, which makes welldesigned cloud computing suitable forbusiness continuity and disaster recovery.Nonetheless, many major cloud computingservices have suffered outages, and IT andbusiness managers can at times do little

when they are affected. Scalability via dynamic ("on-demand")

provisioning of resources on a fine-grained,self-service basis near real-time, withoutusers having to engineer for peak loads.Performance is monitored, and consistentand loosely coupled architectures areconstructed using web services as the systeminterface.

Security could improve due tocentralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but concerns canpersist about loss of control over certain

sensitive data, and the lack of security forstored kernels.Security is often as good as orbetter than under traditional systems, in partbecause providers are able to devoteresources to solving security issues thatmany customers cannot afford. However,the complexity of security is greatlyincreased when data is distributed over awider area or greater number of devices andin multi-tenant systems which are beingshared by unrelated users. In addition, useraccess to security audit logs may be difficultor impossible. Private cloud installations arein part motivated by users' desire to retaincontrol over the infrastructure and avoidlosing control of information security.

Maintenance of cloud computingapplications is easier, because they do notneed to be installed on each user's computer.They are easier to support and to improve,as the changes reach the clients instantly.

Metering means that cloud computingresources usage should be measurable and

should be metered per client and applicationon a daily, weekly, monthly, and yearlybasis.

Layers

Once an Internet Protocol connection is establishedamong several computers, it is possible to shareservices within any one of the following layers.

Client

See also: Category:Cloud clients

A cloud clientconsists ofcomputer hardware and/orcomputer software that relies on cloud computing forapplication delivery, or that is specifically designedfor delivery of cloud services and that, in either case,is essentially useless without it. Examples includesome computers, phones and other devices, operatingsystems andbrowsers.

ApplicationSee also: Category:Cloud applications

Cloud application services or "Software as a Service(SaaS)" deliversoftware as a service over theInternet, eliminating the need to install and run theapplication on the customer's own computers andsimplifying maintenance and support. People tend touse the terms "SaaS" and "cloud" interchangeably,when in fact they are two different things.[citation needed]

Key characteristics include:

Network-based access to, and managementof, commercially available (i.e., not custom)software

Activities that are managed from centrallocations rather than at each customer's site,enabling customers to access applicationsremotely via the Web

Application delivery that typically is closerto a one-to-many model (single instance,multi-tenant architecture) than to a one-to-

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one model, including architecture, pricing,partnering, and management characteristics

Centralized feature updating, which obviatesthe need for downloadable patches andupgrades

PlatformSee also: Category:Cloud platforms

Cloud platform services or "Platform as a Service(PaaS)" deliver a computing platform and/orsolutionstackas a service, often consuming cloudinfrastructure and sustaining cloud applications. Itfacilitates deployment of applications without thecost and complexity of buying and managing theunderlying hardware and software layers.

[edit] Infrastructure

See also: Category:Cloud infrastructure

Cloud infrastructure services, also known as"Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)", deliverscomputerinfrastructure typically a platformvirtualization environment as a service. Rather thanpurchasing servers, software, data-center space ornetwork equipment, clients instead buy thoseresources as a fully outsourced service. Supplierstypically bill such services on a utility computingbasis and amount of resources consumed (andtherefore the cost) will typically reflect the level ofactivity. IaaS evolved from virtual private server

offerings.

Cloud infrastructure often takes the form of a tier 3data centerwith many tier 4 attributes, assembledfrom hundreds ofvirtual machines.

Server

The servers layer consists ofcomputer hardwareand/orcomputer software products that arespecifically designed for the delivery of cloudservices, including multi-core processors, cloud-specific operating systems and combined offerings.

Deployment models

Cloud computing types

Public cloud

Public cloud or external cloud describes cloudcomputing in the traditional mainstream sense,whereby resources are dynamically provisioned on afine-grained, self-service basis over the Internet, viaweb applications/web services, from an off-site third-party provider who bills on a fine-grained utility

computing basis.

Community cloud

A community cloud may be established whereseveral organizations have similar requirements andseek to share infrastructure so as to realize some ofthe benefits of cloud computing. With the costsspread over fewer users than a public cloud (but morethan a single tenant) this option is more expensive butmay offer a higher level of privacy, security and/orpolicy compliance. Examples of community cloudsinclude Google's "Gov Cloud".

Hybrid cloud and hybrid IT delivery

The main responsibility of the IT department is todeliver services to the business. With theproliferation of cloud computing (both private andpublic) and the fact that IT departments must alsodeliver services via traditional, in-house methods, thenewest catch-phrase has become hybrid cloud

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computing.Hybrid cloud is also called hybriddelivery by the major vendors including HP, IBM,Oracle and VMware who offer technology to managethe complexity in managing the performance,security and privacy concerns that results from themixed delivery methods of IT services.

A hybrid storage cloud uses a combination of publicand private storage clouds. Hybrid storage clouds areoften useful for archiving and backup functions,allowing local data to be replicated to a public cloud.

Another perspective on deploying a web applicationin the cloud is using Hybrid Web Hosting, where thehosting infrastructure is a mix between cloud hostingand managed dedicated servers this is mostcommonly achieved as part of a web cluster in whichsome of the nodes are running on real physicalhardware and some are running on cloud server

instances.

Combined cloud

Two clouds that have been joined together are morecorrectly called a "combined cloud". A combinedcloud environment consisting of multiple internaland/or external providers "will be typical for mostenterprises". By integrating multiple cloud servicesusers may be able to ease the transition topubliccloudservices while avoiding issues such as PCIcompliance.[53]

Private cloud

Douglas Parkhill first described the concept of a"private computer utility" in his 1966 bookTheChallenge of the Computer Utility. The idea wasbased upon direct comparison with other industries(e.g. the electricity industry) and the extensive use ofhybrid supply models to balance and mitigate risks.

"Private cloud" and "internal cloud" have beendescribed as neologisms, but the concepts themselvespre-date the term cloud by 40 years. Even within

modern utility industries, hybrid models still existdespite the formation of reasonably well-functioningmarkets and the ability to combine multipleproviders.

Some vendors have used the terms to describeofferings that emulate cloud computing on privatenetworks. These (typically virtualization automation)products offer the ability to host applications orvirtual machines in a company's own set of hosts.

These provide the benefits of utility computing shared hardware costs, the ability to recover fromfailure, and the ability to scale up or down dependingupon demand.

Private clouds have attracted criticism because users

"still have to buy, build, and manage them" and thusdo not benefit from lower up-front capital costs andless hands-on management, essentially "[lacking] theeconomic model that makes cloud computing such anintriguing concept".[54][55]Enterprise IT organizationsuse their own private cloud(s) for mission critical andother operational systems toprotect criticalinfrastructures. [56]

Cloud engineering

Main article: Cloud engineering

Cloud engineering is the application of a systematic,disciplined, quantifiable, and interdisciplinaryapproach to the ideation, conceptualization,development, operation, and maintenance of cloudcomputing, as well as the study and applied researchof the approach, i.e., the application of engineering tocloud. It is a maturing and evolving discipline tofacilitate the adoption, strategization,operationalization, industrialization, standardization,productization, commoditization, and governance ofcloud solutions, leading towards a cloud ecosystem.Cloud engineering is also known as cloud serviceengineering.

Cloud storage

Main article: Cloud storage

See also: Cloud storage gateway

Cloud storage is a model of networked computer datastorage where data is stored on multiple virtualservers, generally hosted by third parties, rather thanbeing hosted on dedicated servers. Hostingcompanies operate large data centers; and people who

require their data to be hosted buy or lease storagecapacity from them and use it for their storage needs.The data centeroperators, in the background,virtualize the resources according to the requirementsof the customer and expose them as virtual servers,which the customers can themselves manage.Physically, the resource may span across multipleservers.

The Intercloud

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Main article: Intercloud

The Intercloud is an interconnected global "cloud ofclouds" and an extension of the Internet "network ofnetworks" on which it is based. The term was firstused in the context of cloud computing in 2007 when

Kevin Kelly stated that "eventually we'll have theintercloud, the cloud of clouds. This Intercloud willhave the dimensions of one machine comprising allservers and attendant cloudbooks on the planet.". Itbecame popular in 2009and has also been used todescribe the datacenter of the future.

The Intercloud scenario is based on the key conceptthat each single cloud does not have infinite physicalresources. If a cloud saturates the computational andstorage resources of its virtualization infrastructure, itcould not be able to satisfy further requests forservice allocations sent from its clients. The

Intercloud scenario aims to address such situation,and in theory, each cloud can use the computationaland storage resources of the virtualizationinfrastructures of other clouds. Such form of pay-for-use may introduce new business opportunities amongcloud providers if they manage to go beyondtheoretical framework. Nevertheless, the Intercloudraises many more challenges than solutionsconcerning cloud federation, security,interoperability, quality of service, vendor's lock-ins,trust, legal issues, monitoring and billing.[citation needed]

The concept of a competitive utility computing

market which combined many computer utilitiestogether was originally described by Douglas Parkhillin his 1966 book, the "Challenge of the ComputerUtility". This concept has been subsequently usedmany times over the last 40 years and is identical tothe Intercloud.

Issues

Privacy

The cloud model has been criticized by privacyadvocates for the greater ease in which the companieshosting the cloud services control, and thus, canmonitor at will, lawfully or unlawfully, thecommunication and data stored between the user andthe host company. Instances such as the secret NSAprogram, working with AT&T, and Verizon, whichrecorded over 10 million phone calls betweenAmerican citizens, causes uncertainty among privacyadvocates, and the greater powers it gives totelecommunication companies to monitor user

activity.While there have been efforts (such as US-EU Safe Harbor) to "harmonize" the legalenvironment, providers such as Amazon still cater tomajor markets (typically the United States and theEuropean Union) by deploying local infrastructureand allowing customers to select "availability zones.

Compliance

In order to obtain compliance with regulationsincluding FISMA, HIPAA and SOX in the UnitedStates, the Data Protection Directive in the EU andthe credit card industry's PCI DSS, users may have toadopt community orhybriddeployment modes whichare typically more expensive and may offer restrictedbenefits. This is how Google is able to "manage andmeet additional government policy requirementsbeyond FISMA"[65][66] and Rackspace Cloud are ableto claim PCI compliance.[67]Customers in the EU

contracting with cloud providers established outsidethe EU/EEA have to adhere to the EU regulations onexport of personal data.[68]

Many providers also obtain SAS 70 Type IIcertification (e.g. Amazon,[69] Salesforce.com,[70]

Google[71] and Microsoft[72]), but this has beencriticised on the grounds that the hand-picked set ofgoals and standards determined by the auditor and theauditee are often not disclosed and can vary widely.[73] Providers typically make this informationavailable on request, undernon-disclosure agreement.[74]

Legal

In March 2007, Dell applied to trademarkthe term"cloud computing" (U.S. Trademark 77,139,082) inthe United States. The "Notice of Allowance" thecompany received in July 2008 was canceled inAugust, resulting in a formal rejection of thetrademark application less than a week later. Since2007, the number of trademark filings covering cloudcomputing brands, goods and services has increasedat an almost exponential rate. As companies sought tobetter position themselves for cloud computing

branding and marketing efforts, cloud computingtrademark filings increased by 483% between 2008and 2009. In 2009, 116 cloud computing trademarkswere filed, and trademark analysts predict that over500 such marks could be filed during 2010.

Other legal cases may shape the use of cloudcomputing by the public sector. On October 29, 2010,Google filed a lawsuit against the U.S. Department of

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Interior, which opened up a bid for software thatrequired that bidders use Microsoft's BusinessProductivity Online Suite. Google sued, calling therequirement "unduly restrictive of competition."Scholars have pointed out that, beginning in 2005,the prevalence ofopen standards and open sourcemay have an impact on the way that public entitieschoose to select vendors.

Open source

Open source software has provided the foundation formany cloud computing implementations. InNovember 2007, the Free Software Foundationreleased the Affero General Public License, a versionofGPLv3 intended to close a perceived legalloophole associated with free software designed to berun over a network.

Open standardsCategory:Cloud standards

Most cloud providers expose APIs which aretypically well-documented (often under a CreativeCommons license) but also unique to theirimplementation and thus not interoperable. Somevendors have adopted others' APIs and there are anumber of open standards under development,including the OGF's Open Cloud ComputingInterface. The Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) isworking to develop consensus on early cloudcomputing standards and practices.

Security

Main article: Cloud computing security

The relative security of cloud computing services is acontentious issue which may be delaying itsadoption. Issues barring the adoption of cloudcomputing are due in large part to the private andpublic sectors unease surrounding the externalmanagement of security based services. It is the verynature of cloud computing based services, private orpublic, that promote external management of

provided services. This delivers great incentiveamongst cloud computing service providers inproducing a priority in building and maintainingstrong management of secure services.

Organizations have been formed in order to providestandards for a better future in cloud computingservices. One organization in particular, the CloudSecurity Alliance is a non-profit organization formed

to promote the use of best practices for providingsecurity assurance within cloud computing.

Availability and performance

In addition to concerns about security, businesses are

also worried about acceptable levels of availabilityand performance of applications hosted in the cloud.

There are also concerns about a cloud providershutting down for financial or legal reasons, whichhas happened in a number of cases.

Sustainability and siting

Although cloud computing is often assumed to be aform of "green computing", there is as of yet nopublished study to substantiate this assumption.

Siting the servers affects the environmental effects ofcloud computing. In areas where climate favorsnatural cooling and renewable electricity is readilyavailable, the environmental effects will be moremoderate. Thus countries with favorable conditions,such as Finland,Sweden and Switzerland, are tryingto attract cloud computing data centers.

SmartBay, marine research infrastructure of sensorsand computational technology, is being developedusing cloud computing, an emerging approach toshared infrastructure in which large pools of systemsare linked together to provide IT services.

Research

A number of universities, vendors and governmentorganizations are investing in research around thetopic of cloud computing. Academic institutionsinclude University of Melbourne (Australia), GeorgiaTech, Yale, Wayne State, Virginia Tech, Universityof WisconsinMadison, Carnegie Mellon, MIT,Indiana University, University of Massachusetts,University of Maryland, IIT Bombay, North CarolinaState University, Purdue University, University ofCalifornia, University of Washington, University of

Virginia, University of Utah, University ofMinnesota, among others.

Joint government, academic and vendor collaborativeresearch projects include the IBM/Google AcademicCloud Computing Initiative (ACCI). In October 2007IBM and Google announced the multi- universityproject designed to enhance students' technicalknowledge to address the challenges of cloud

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computing. In April 2009, theNational ScienceFoundationjoined the ACCI and awardedapproximately $5 million in grants to 14 academicinstitutions.

In July 2008, HP, Intel Corporation and Yahoo!

announced the creation of a global, multi-data center,open source test bed, called Open Cirrus,designed toencourage research into all aspects of cloudcomputing, service and data centermanagement.Open Cirrus partners include the NSF,the University of Illinois (UIUC), Karlsruhe Instituteof Technology, the Infocomm DevelopmentAuthority (IDA) of Singapore, the Electronics andTelecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) inKorea, the Malaysian Institute for MicroelectronicSystems(MIMOS), and the Institute for SystemProgramming at the Russian Academy of Sciences(ISPRAS). In Sept. 2010, more researchers joined theHP/Intel/Yahoo Open Cirrus project for cloudcomputing research. The new researchers are ChinaMobile Research Institute (CMRI), Spain'sSupercomputing Center of Galicia (CESGA by itsSpanish acronym), Georgia Tech's Center forExperimental Research in Computer Systems(CERCS) and China Telecom.

In July 2010, HP Labs India announced a new cloud-based technology designed to simplify taking contentand making it mobile-enabled, even from low-enddevices. Called SiteonMobile, the new technology isdesigned for emerging markets where people aremore likely to access the internet via mobile phonesrather than computers.In Nov. 2010, HP formallyopened its Government Cloud Theatre, located at theHP Labs site in Bristol, England.The demonstrationfacility highlights high-security, highly flexible cloudcomputing based on intellectual property developedat HP Labs. The aim of the facility is to lessen fearsabout the security of the cloud. HP Labs Bristol isHPs second-largest central research location andcurrently is responsible for researching cloudcomputing and security.

The IEEE Technical Committee on ServicesComputing in IEEE Computer Society sponsors theIEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing(CLOUD).CLOUD 2010 was held on July 510,2010 in Miami, Florida

On March 23, 2011, Google, Microsoft, HP, Yahoo,Verizon, Deutsche Telecom and 17 other companiesformed a nonprofit organization called OpenNetworking Foundation, focused on providingsupport for a new cloud initiative called Software-

Defined Networking. The initiative is meant to speedinnovation through simple software changes intelecommunications networks, wireless networks,data centers and other networking areas.

Criticism of the term

Some have come to criticize the term as being eithertoo unspecific or even misleading. CEO Larry EllisonofOracle Corporation asserts that cloud computing is"everything that we already do", claiming that thecompany could simply "change the wording on someof our ads" to deploy their cloud-basedservices.Forrester Research VP Frank Gillettquestions the very nature of and motivation behindthe push for cloud computing, describing what hecalls "cloud washing" in the industry wherebycompanies relabel their products as cloud computingresulting in a lot of marketing innovation on top of

real innovation.GNU's Richard Stallman insists thatthe industry will only use the model to deliverservices at ever increasing rates over proprietarysystems, otherwise likening it to a "marketing hypecampaign"

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