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College Board research for the National Coalition for Core Arts Standards (NCCAS)
RESEARCH OVERVIEW
I. International Arts Education Standards
Standards of fifteen countries/regions were analyzed:
• What are the standards and benchmarks of each country individually?
• What are the trends and commonalities among the group as a whole?
Ireland
Canada
FinlandNew Zealand
Australia
Singapore
United States
United KingdomJapan
China
Austria
Netherlands
ScotlandSweden
Venezuela
International Arts Education Standards
The 2010 draft of the standards was built around framework of:
• Generating
• Realizing
• Responding
Australia:
The 2011 final version of the standards simplified this to two components instead of three:
• Making
• Responding
International Arts Education Standards
Country Dance Music Theatre Visual Art Media Arts Other
Australia ü ü ü ü üAustria ü ü Textile and
technical design; graphics; fashion
Canada ü ü ü ü üChina ü ü “fine art” and “art”
mentioned separately
Finland ü üIreland ü ü üJapan ü ü handicrafts
Netherlands ü ü üNew Zealand ü ü ü üScotland ü ü ü ü design, craft
Singapore ü üSweden ü ü crafts
United Kingdom ü üUnited States ü ü ü üVenezuela
International Arts Education StandardsTrend or Theme # Countries Which ones
Generating 14 All except Venezuela
Expressing/Realizing 14 All except Venezuela
Responding/Appreciating 14 All except Venezuela
Social Skills 10 All except Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, Venezuela
National Cultural Heritage/Cross-cultural knowledge
10 All except Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Venezuela
Cross-curricular Connections 9 Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, U.K., U.S.
ICT/Media Arts 9 Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, U.S.
Visual Culture 7 Austria, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, U.S.
Environmental Awareness 6 Austria, Canada, China, Finland, Sweden, U.K., U.S.
Awareness of Cultural Institutions 6 Australia, Austria, Finland, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden
Connections to Communities 6 Australia, Austria, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, U.S.
Awareness of Prof. Opportunities 3 Australia, Ireland, U.S.
International Arts Education StandardsTrend or Theme # Countries Which ones
Generating 14 All except Venezuela
Expressing/Realizing 14 All except Venezuela
Responding/Appreciating 14 All except Venezuela
Social Skills 10 All except Japan, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden, Venezuela
National Cultural Heritage/Cross-cultural knowledge
10 All except Austria, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Venezuela
Cross-curricular Connections 9 Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Finland, Ireland, Sweden, U.K., U.S.
ICT/Media Arts 9 Australia, Austria, Canada, Finland, Ireland, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, U.S.
Visual Culture 7 Austria, Canada, Finland, New Zealand, Singapore, Sweden, U.S.
Environmental Awareness 6 Austria, Canada, China, Finland, Sweden, U.K., U.S.
Awareness of Cultural Institutions 6 Australia, Austria, Finland, Netherlands, Singapore, Sweden
Connections to Communities 6 Australia, Austria, Finland, Ireland, Netherlands, U.S.
Awareness of Prof. Opportunities 3 Australia, Ireland, U.S.
To what extent do the current U.S. National Standards for Arts Education align with the 21st Century Skills Map in the Arts?
II. Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills
21st Century Skills Map National Standards: Visual Art
Alignment
Skill Outcome Grade Content Standards Does it
align?
Comments
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
• Exercising sound reasoning in understanding
• Making complex choices and decisions
• Understanding the interconnections among systems
• Identifying and asking significant questions that clarify various points of view and lead to better solutions
• Framing, analyzing, and synthesizing information in order to solve problems and answer questions.
K-4 Content Standard #1:
Understanding and applying media, techniques, and processes
Yes The National Standards for this grade level indicate that students are to:
• Describe how different materials, techniques, and processes cause different responses
• Use different media, techniques, and processes to communicate ideas, experiences, and stories
• Use art materials and tools in a safe and responsible manner
These goals relate to the P21 outcomes of making complex choices and decisions, understanding the interconnections among systems, and framing, analyzing and synthesizing information in order to solve problems and answer questions.
21st Century Skills
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
Communication
Collaboration
Creativity
Innovation
Information Literacy
Media Literacy
Information, Communication, & Technology Literacy
Flexibility and Adaptability
Initiative and Self-direction
Social and Cross-cultural Skills
Productivity and Accountability
Leadership and Responsibility
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills:Key Findings
The P21 skills with the highest instances of alignment with the standards were Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Communication, and Creativity.
21st Century Skills
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving
Communication
Collaboration
Creativity
Innovation
Information Literacy
Media Literacy
Information, Communication, & Technology Literacy
Flexibility and Adaptability
Initiative and Self-direction
Social and Cross-cultural Skills
Productivity and Accountability
Leadership and Responsibility
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills:Key Findings
The P21 skills that were least aligned with the standards were Collaboration, Information, Communication, & Technology Literacy, and Productivity and Accountability.
The P21 skills with the highest instances of alignment with the standards were Critical Thinking and Problem Solving, Communication, and Creativity.
Consider areas of overlap between P21 skills:
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills: Recommendations for NCCAS
• Creativity
• Innovation
• Media Literacy
• Information, Communication, and Technology Literacy
• Information Literacy
Consider skills related to work habits/work ethic:
• Productivity and Accountability
• Leadership and Responsibility
• Initiative and Self-direction
The current standards cover what is to be learned and, often, how it is to be learned, but don’t often reference the qualities and characteristics students should exhibit while getting there.
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills: Recommendations for NCCAS
Consider the role of technology-oriented skills in the revised standards:
• Information, Communication, and Technology literacy
• Media Literacy
• Information Literacy
Arts Standards and 21st Century Skills: Recommendations for NCCAS
III. College-level Standards in the Arts
Phase I of the research involves the following components:
Goal: To understand current standards and expectations for college-level instruction in the arts affecting students who are arts majors as well as non-majors.
College-level Standards in the Arts: Phase I Findings: Accreditation Standards
Review of accreditation standardsAccreditation Standards
Performance/Production/Studio •Progressively building skill in at least one area•Area of concentration within the discipline•Familiarity with elements, principles, and discipline-specific techniques•Performance, exhibition, critique
History and theory •Basic knowledge of history and repertoires•Skills of analysis and evaluation•Ability to place work in historical, cultural, and stylistic contexts
Teaching Included in dance standards only
Technology •Working knowledge of technology related to area of specialization
Synthesis Students should be able to work independently, drawing on their knowledge of performance, technique, analysis, and history
Results •Professional, entry-level competence •Ability to form and defend value judgments
Recommendations •Understanding of the nature of professional work in the field•Exploring areas of individual interest•Business or entrepreneurial skills
College-level Standards in the Arts: Phase I Findings: AP course goals and structure
AP Studio Art
Course Goals Portfolio Structure•Investigation of formal and conceptual issues
•Informed and critical decision making
•Development of technical skills
•Students as independent thinkers
•Quality
•Concentration
•Breadth
College-level Standards in the Arts: Phase I Findings: Textbook Analysis
Most textbooks for each arts discipline fit into one of four categories:
College-level Standards in the Arts: Phase I Findings: Textbook Analysis
OVERALL F INDINGS:
• More resources in the history category than for any other
• Fewest textbooks in categories related to artistic production
• With the exception of music theory, studies of history and practice in the arts appear to be dealt with entirely separately.
College-level Standards in the Arts
Research currently in progress
Review of recently revised state arts education standards
• Part I: Review and summarize standards documents
• Part II: Follow-up interviews with state arts education representatives
Goals:
• Identify themes/trends in frameworks and overall structure of standards
• Identify themes/trends in guiding philosophies or goals addressed in the revision of the standards
State Standards in Arts Education
• Colorado
• Florida
• Michigan
• New Jersey
• New York City
• North Carolina
• Tennessee
• Washington
State Standards in Arts Education
States/districts reviewed:
Key findings: Structure of StandardsState Standards in Arts Education
High School standards • High school standards were most often addressed as a
single grade band, while earlier levels are dealt with grade-by-grade.
• In several states, high school standards are addressed in multiple tracks or pathways • Colorado: Fundamental Pathway and Extended Pathway
• North Carolina: Beginning, Intermediate, and Advanced
State Standards in Arts Education
21st Century Skills
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
Michigan Standards: Grades 9-12, Music
Standard 1: PERFORM: Apply skills and knowledge to perform in the arts
Benchmark P21 links
Sing and play with expression and technical accuracy a large and varied repertoire of vocal and instrumental literature with a moderate level of difficulty, including some selections performed from memory.
I.3, I.4, I.5, I.6, II.1, II.7, III.3, III.4, III.10
Sing written music in four parts, with and without accompaniment
I.3, I.4, I.5, II.1, III.4, III.6
Perform an appropriate part in large and small ensembles, demonstrating well-developed ensemble skills
I.4, II.5, III.3
Perform music using instruments (traditional and non-traditional) and electronic media
I.1, I.2, II.2, II.3, II.5, III.2
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
References to NAEP FrameworkExample: New Jersey standards
StandardNAEP Alignment
Standard 1: The Creative Process
All students will demonstrate an understanding of the elements and principles that govern the creation of works of art in dance, music, theatre, and visual art
Creating
Standard 2: History of the Arts and Culture
All students will understand the role, development, and influence of the arts throughout history and across cultures
Creating
Standard 3: Performing
All students will synthesize skills, media, methods, and technologies that are appropriate to creating, performing, and/or presenting works of art in dance, music, theatre, and visual art
Performing
Standard 4: Aesthetic Responses and Critique Methodologies
All students will demonstrate and apply an understanding of arts philosophies, judgment, and analysis to works of art in dance, music, theatre and visual art
Responding
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
Washington• The NAEP language of
creating, performing, and responding connects the skills and concepts associated with all disciplines.
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
Understanding by Design influenceExample: Florida
State Standards in Arts EducationKey Findings: Pedagogical themes or trends
Big Ideas Enduring Understandings
Critical Thinking and Reflection
Enduring Understanding 1: Cognition and reflection are required to appreciate, interpret, and create with artistic intent
Enduring Understanding 2: Assessing our own and others’ artistic work, using critical thinking, problem solving, and decision making skills, is central to artistic growth
Enduring Understanding 3: The process of critiquing works of art lead to development of critical thinking skills transferable to other contexts
Skills, Techniques, and Processes
Enduring Understanding 1: The arts are inherently experiential and actively engage learners in the processes of creating, interpreting, and responding to art.
Enduring Understanding 2: Development of skills, techniques, and processes in the arts strengthens our ability to remember, focus on, process, and sequence information.
Enduring Understanding 3: Through purposeful practice, artists learn to manage, master, and refine simple, then complex, skills and techniques
State Standards in Arts EducationSynthesis of Key Findings
Media Arts Standards
Review of media arts standards in the United States:
• LAUSD
• Minnesota
• New York City (the Moving Image category of the NYC Blueprint for the Arts)
• South Carolina
Goals:
• Identify similarities and differences in definitions of media arts, and approaches to instruction
Media Arts Standards
State/District 5th Arts Discipline
Media addressed
LAUSD Media ArtsDigital imaging, cinema, animation, interactive web and game design, virtual 2D and 3D design, and digital sound production.
Minnesota Media Arts Photography, film or video, audio, computer or digital arts, and interactive media
New York City Moving Image Film, television, animation
South Carolina Media Arts Animation, film studies, graphic design, sound design and recording, digital photography
Media Arts Standards
Primary Intermediate Middle High School• Developing basic
technical skills to develop and present media art works.
• Drawing from their imaginations, experiences, or the exploration of ideas and feelings
• Learning how to generate, capture, manipulate, produce, and present information
• Working collaboratively
• Working collaboratively
• Focusing on the ability to create as well as find meaning in and understand the impact of media arts
• Building an understanding of the personal, cultural, and historical contexts of media
• Focusing on the use of original imagery and sound in new combinations and multiple formats
• Developing an understanding of media art, beyond mass media imagery, and use tools of production for their own personal expression
• Expanding technical base of knowledge
• Focusing on the development of skills and abilities for extended interaction with various genres of the media arts
• Particular emphasis on using one or more genres to demonstrate creativity, problem solving, and collaboration skills in complex works.
• Students expertise and expression should be developed through more in-depth review, interpretation, and evaluation of their work and the work of others.
Example: Minnesota
Media Arts Standards
From conversations with writers of Media Arts standards:
What are best practices in arts education as they relate to the social, emotional, and cognitive development of children from the pre-K to college levels?
Child Development and Arts Education
Discipline-specific literature reviews divided by age/grade bands, addressing:
Child Development and Arts Education
• Developmental characteristics of students at this age
• Students’ abilities and interests in this particular discipline at this age
• Hallmarks of best practices in arts instruction for learners of this age
Sample Recommendations: Dance
Early Childhood (PreK-2)
Elementary (3-5) Middle (6-8) High School (9-12)
Classes should include high energy movements, as well as repetitive movement phrases and patterns that include stillness.
Encourage expression of feelings in movement explorations including imagery, stories, sounds, words, and games that build articulation and confidence by making connections with peers
Introduce and repeat basic dance skills including gross and fine motor skills
Deepen movement awareness through explorations that include diagonals, curves and twists, moving into asymmetry.
Students of this age should be able to execute isolated as well as coordinated dance movements, maintaining alignment and balance
Teach through repetitions to increase strength and coordination
Facilitate kinesthetic explorations that require improvisation of movement phases
Importance of creating a supporting, challenging, yet non-judgmental environment
Introduce, practice, and master basic techniques in ballet, modern, jazz, etc.
Challenge students to create their own dances with peers
Address more lengthy and complex movement phrases that include rhythmic and muscular understanding.
Include time for composition and choreography to incorporate social and emotional challenges.
Dance projects that support social and emotional development include opportunities to initiate, plan, and produce independently, but in coordination with others.
Using critical analysis and comparison, students are able to articulate their impressions and critiques of dances they observe as active, informed audiences.
Students at this level are able to understand the linkages between dance and other disciplines, literacy, other cultures, and its performance and social aspects.
Find College Board/NCCAS research online
The College Board: Arts at the Corehttp://advocacy.collegeboard.org/preparation-access/arts-core.
National Coalition for Core Arts Standards
http://nccas.wikispaces.com http://nccas.wikispaces.com.
Nancy Rubino, Senior Director, Office of Academic Initiatives
Amy Charleroy, Associate Director, Office of Academic Initiatives, [email protected]