Psychokinesis 1

Psychokinesis

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The term psychokinesis (from the Greek ψυχή, "psyche", meaning mind, soul, heart, or breath; and κίνησις,"kinesis", meaning motion, movement; literally "mind-movement"),[1] [2] also referred to as telekinesis[3] (Greekτῆλε + κίνησις, literally "distant-movement") with respect to strictly describing movement of matter, sometimesabbreviated PK and TK respectively, is a term coined by publisher Henry Holt[4] to refer to the direct influence ofmind on a physical system that cannot be entirely accounted for by the mediation of any known physical energy (i.e.moving objects with the mind).[5] Examples of psychokinesis could include distorting or moving an object,[6] andinfluencing the output of a random number generator.[5] [7] [8]

The study of phenomena said to be psychokinetic is part of parapsychology. Some psychokinesis researchers claimpsychokinesis exists and deserves further study, although the focus of research has shifted away from large-scalephenomena to attempts to influence dice and then to random number generators.[9] [10] [11] [12]

Psychokinesis 2

Most scientists believe that the existence of psychokinesis has not been convincingly demonstrated.[13] Ameta-analysis of 380 studies in 2006 found a "very small" effect which could possibly be explained by publicationbias.[11] PK experiments have historically been criticised for lack of proper controls and repeatability.[14] [15] [16]

However, some experiments have created illusions of PK where none exists, and these illusions depend to an extenton the subject's prior belief in PK.[17] [18]

Terminology

Early history

Spirit photography hoaxerÉdouard Isidore Buguet[19] (1840-1901) of

France fakes telekinesis in this 1875 photographtitled Fluidic Effect.

The term "Telekinesis" was coined in 1890 by Russian psychicalresearcher Alexander N. Aksakof (also spelled Aksakov).[20] [21] Theterm "Psychokinesis" was coined in 1914[22] by Americanauthor-publisher Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations[23]

[24] and adopted by his friend, American parapsychologist J. B. Rhinein 1934 in connection with experiments to determine if a person couldinfluence the outcome of falling dice.[25] [26] Both concepts have beendescribed by other terms, such as "remote influencing", "distantinfluencing"[27] "remote mental influence", "distant mentalinfluence",[28] "directed conscious intention", " anomalousperturbation",[29] and "mind over matter."[30] Originally telekinesiswas coined to refer to the movement of objects thought to be caused byghosts of deceased persons, mischievous spirits, angels, demons, orother supernatural forces.[30] Later, when speculation increased thathumans might be the source of the witnessed phenomena not caused byfraudulent mediums[31] and could possibly cause movement withoutany connection to a spiritualistic setting, such as in a darkened séanceroom, psychokinesis was added to the lexicon.[30] Eventually,psychokinesis became the term preferred by the parapsychologicalcommunity.[25] Popular culture, however, such as movies, television,and literature, over the years preferred telekinesis to describe the paranormal movement of objects, likely due to theword's resemblance to other terms, such as telepathy, teleportation, etc.

Modern usageAs research entered the modern era, it became clear that many different, but related, abilities could be attributed tothe wider description of psychokinesis and these, along with telekinesis, are now regarded as the specialties of PK. Inthe 2004 U.S. Air Force-sponsored research report Teleportation Physics Study, the physicist-author Eric Davis,PhD, described the distinction between PK and TK as "telekinesis is a form of PK."[32] The Oxford Dictionary ofPsychology, 2009 edition, also defines psychokinesis in a wider sense as involving the "movement or change ofphysical objects," while its definition for telekinesis only describes "movement."[33] Psychokinesis, then, is thegeneral term that can be used to describe a variety of complex mental force phenomena (including object movement)and telekinesis is used to refer only to the movement of objects, however tiny (a grain of salt, or air molecules tocreate wind)[34] or large (an automobile, building, or bridge).

Psychokinesis 3

Measurement and observation

A spontaneous PK case featured on the cover ofthe French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse in 1911.

Parapsychology researchers describe two basic types of measurableand observable psychokinetic and telekinetic effects in experimentallaboratory research and in case reports occurring outside of thelaboratory.[28] [30] [35] Micro-PK (also micro-TK) is a very smalleffect, such as the manipulation of molecules, atoms,[28] subatomicparticles,[28] etc., that can only be observed with scientific equipment.The words are abbreviations for micro-psychokinesis,micropsychokinesis[34] and micro-telekinesis, microtelekinesis.Macro-PK (also macro-TK) is a large-scale effect that can be seen withthe unaided eye. The adjective phrases "microscopic-scale,""macroscopic- scale," "small-scale," and "large-scale" may also beused; for example, "a small-scale PK effect."

Spontaneous effects

Spontaneous movements of objects and other unexplained effects havebeen reported, and many parapsychologists believe these are possiblyforms of psychokinesis/telekinesis.[25] [30] Parapsychologist WilliamG. Roll coined the term "recurrent spontaneous psychokinesis" (RSPK)in 1958.[36] [37] The sudden movement of objects without deliberate intention in the presence or vicinity of one ormore witnesses is thought by some to be related to as-yet-unknown PK/TK processes of the subconscious mind.[34]

Researchers use the term "PK agent," especially in spontaneous cases, to describe someone who is suspected ofbeing the source of the PK action.[34] [38] Outbreaks of spontaneous movements or other effects, such as in a privatehome, and especially those involving violent or physiological effects, such as objects hitting people or scratches orother marks on the body, are sometimes investigated as poltergeist cases.[39]

Umbrella termPsychokinesis is the umbrella term for various related specialty abilities, which may include:• Telekinesis: movement of matter at the micro or macro (visible objects, life forms, etc.) levels; move, lift, agitate,

vibrate, spin, bend, break, or impact)• Speed up or slow down the naturally occurring vibrations of atoms in matter to alter temperature,[40] possibly

to the point of ignition if combustible (also known as pyrokinesis when speeding up vibrations, and cryokinesiswhen slowing them down).[41]

• Self levitation (rising in the air unsupported, flying).[42]

• Influencing events (sports, gambling, election, prolongation of life, etc.).[42]

• Biological healing.[43]

• See also Category:Supernatural healing• Teleportation (disappearing and reappearing elsewhere).[34] [42] [44]

• Phasing through matter.[42]

• Electro-psychokinesis (also known as EPK), the ability to control any and all electrical, electronic, orelectro-mechanical devices such as computers, elevators, FAX machines, etc.

• Transmutation of matter.[42] [45]

• Metamorphosis Shape-shifting.[46]

• Energy shield (force field).[47]

Psychokinesis 4

• Control of magnetism.[42]

• Control of photons (light waves/particles).[48]

• Thoughtform projection aka telepathic projection (a physically perceived person, animal, creature, object, ghostlyentity, etc., created in the mind and projected into three-dimensional space and observable by others; for thoughtimages allegedly placed on film, see Thoughtography).[49] [50]

BeliefIn September 2006, a survey about belief in various religious and paranormal topics conducted by phone and mail-inquestionnaire polled Americans on their belief in telekinesis. Of these participants, 28% of male participants and31% of female participants selected "agree" or "strongly agree" with the statement "It is possible to influence theworld through the mind alone". There were 1,721 participants, and the poll had a margin of error of plus or minus4%.[51]

In April 2008, British psychologist and skeptic Richard Wiseman published the results of an online survey heconducted entitled "Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey," in which 400 magicians worldwide participated. Forthe question Do you believe that psychokinesis exists (i.e., that some people can, by paranormal means, apply anoticeable force to an object or alter its physical characteristics)?, the results were as follows: No 83.5%, Yes 9%,Uncertain 7.5%.[52]

Notable claimants of psychokinetic ability• Martin Caidin (1927–1997), the author whose 1972 novel Cyborg was used as the basis for the television series

The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman, claimed to be able to cause movement by means oftelekinesis in one or multiple small tabletop "energy wheels," also known as psi wheels beginning in the mid1980s.[53] [54] [55] Parapsychologist Loyd Auerbach, a friend of Caidin's who sometimes accompanied him indemonstrations and workshops, reiterated a strong endorsement of him in his June 2004 Fate magazine column:"Martin Caidin was capable of moving things with his mind."[56] James Randi offered to test Caidin's claimedabilities in 1994.[57] In September 2004, Randi wrote: "He frantically avoided accepting my challenge by refusingeven the simplest of proposed control protocols, but he never tired of running on about how I would not testhim."[]

Uri Geller bending aspoon in a mall inSwitzerland, 2005

• Uri Geller (1946 – ), the Israeli famous for his spoon bending demonstrations, allegedlyby PK.[30] Geller has been caught many times using sleight of hand[58] and according toauthor Terence Hines, all his effects have been recreated using conjuring tricks.[59]

• Many of India's "godmen" have claimed macro-PK abilities and demonstratedapparently miraculous phenomena in public, although as more controls are put in placeto prevent trickery, fewer phenomena are produced.[60]

• Nina Kulagina (1926–1990), alleged Soviet psychic of the late 1960s and early 1970s who was filmed apparentlyperforming telekinesis while seated in numerous black-and-white short films,[30] [61] [62] mentioned in the U.S.Defence Intelligence Agency report from 1978.[63]

Psychokinesis 5

Miroslaw Magola liftsobjects off the floor,

2009.

• Miroslaw Magola (1958 – ), alias "Magnetic Man." He claims he can lift objects off thefloor, transport them through the air and force them to stick to his body - all using thepower of his mind.[64] "I load myself with energy (I connect myself to it) and at thesame time I wish for the object to raise" he says of his power.[64] On the UK televisionprogramme Beyond Belief in February 1996, he was unable to perform any levitationeffects.[65] On the television show "Stan Lee's Superhumans" in September 2010however, marked changes to Miroslaw Magola's brain waves, skin conductance andtemperature were recorded during one of his demonstrations.[66] He was investigated byDr. Friedbert Karger of the Max Planck Institute and Dr. David Lewis (psychologist), aneurophysiologist at MindLab, one of the United Kingdom's leading neuro-researchcenters and Dr. Konstantin Korotkov, professor of Physics at St. Petersburg StateTechnical University in Russia.[67] [68] James Randi has tested similar "magnetic men"and women around the world and remains unconvinced the effect observed in Magola is related topsychokinesis.[64] [65]

• Matthew Manning (1955 – ) of the United Kingdom was the subject of laboratory research in the United Statesand England involving PK in the late 1970s and today claims healing powers.[30] [31]

Eusapia Palladino"levitates" a table whileresearcher Alexander

Aksakof (right) monitorsfor fraud, Milan, 1892.

• Eusapia Palladino (1854–1918; alternate spelling: Eusapia Paladino) was an Italianmedium who allegedly could cause objects to move during seances and was endorsed byworld famous magician Howard Thurston (1869–1936), who said he witnessed herlevitation of a table.[69]

• Felicia Parise, an American medical laboratory technician who allegedly was able torepeatedly demonstrate telekinetic movement of small objects beginning in the 1970s, inthe first reported instance spontaneously, and then with practice by intense consciousintention. She said her inspiration for making the attempt was in viewing theblack-and-white films of Nina Kulagina performing similar feats.[42] Some of the itemsParise reportedly caused movement in were a plastic pill container, compass needle, andpieces of aluminum foil (the latter two under a bell jar filmed by a magician).[28] Duringthe height of her fame in the early 1970s, the National Enquirer tabloid newspaper inthe United States, then printed in all black and white, featured her in a large photo on itscover seated at a table attempting to perform telekinesis with the headline: "FirstAmerican to Move Objects with the Mind." Parise eventually retired from performing telekinesis due to thephysical stress on her body.[28]

• Swami Rama (1925–1996), a yogi skilled in controlling his heart functions who was studied at the MenningerFoundation in the spring and fall of 1970, and was alleged by some observers at the foundation to havetelekinetically moved a knitting needle twice from a distance of five feet.[70] Although Swami Rama wore afacemask and gown to prevent allegations that he moved the needle with his breath or body movements, and airvents in the room had been covered, at least one physician observer who was present at the time was notconvinced and expressed the opinion that air movement was somehow the cause.[71]

See Also

• Category:People claiming to have psychokinetic abilities

Psychokinesis 6

Notable witnesses to PK eventsAlleged psychokinetic events have been witnessed by psychologists in the United States,[72] [73] [74] and elsewhere inthe world by professionals with medical degrees,[74] [75] physicists,[76]   electrical engineers,[73] militarypersonnel,[77] [78] police officers,[79]   and other professionals and ordinary citizens. Robert M. Schoch Ph.D.,professor at Boston University, has written "I do believe that some psychokinesis is real" referring to the evidencefor micro-psychokinesis obtained by the Princeton PEAR laboratory experiments and similar studies and somereports of macro-RSPK observed in poltergeist cases. He reports once seeing a book "jumping off a shelf" while in aroom where a female psychokinesis agent was also present.[80] Best-selling author and medical doctor MichaelCrichton described what he termed a "successful experience" with psychokinesis at a "spoon bending party" in his1988 book Travels.[75] Senior Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences, author Dean Radin has reported that he,like Michael Crichton, was able to bend the bowl of a spoon over with unexplained ease of force with witnessespresent at a different informal PK experiment gathering. He described his experience in his 2006 book EntangledMinds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality and online (with photos).[73] Author Michael Talbot(1953–1992) described a variety of spontaneous psychokinetic events he experienced and were witnessed by familyand friends in two of his books, Beyond the Quantum and The Holographic Universe.Anecdotes such as these - stories by eyewitnesses outside of controlled conditions - are considered insufficientevidence by the majority of scientists to establish the scientific validity of psychokinesis.[28] [81]

PK Parties"PK Parties" were a cultural fad in the 1980s, where groups of people were guided through rituals and chants toawaken metal-bending powers. They were encouraged to shout at the items of cutlery they had brought and to jumpand scream to create an atmosphere of pandemonium (or what scientific investigators called heightenedsuggestibility). Critics were excluded and participants were told to avoid looking at their hands. Thousands of peopleattended these emotionally charged parties, and many became convinced that they had bent silverware byparanormal means.[82]

Scientific viewIf PK were to exist as claimed by some experimenters, it would violate some well-established laws of physics,including the inverse square law, the second law of thermodynamics and the conservation of momentum.[83] [84]

Hence scientists have demanded a high standard of evidence for PK, in line with Marcello Truzzi's dictum"Extraordinary claims require extraordinary proof".[15] [85] When apparent PK can be produced in ordinaryways—by trickery, special effects or by poor experimental design—scientists accept that explanation as moreparsimonious than to accept that the laws of physics should be rewritten.[28]

The late Carl Sagan included telekinesis in a long list of "offerings of pseudoscience and superstition" which "itwould be foolish to accept (...) without solid scientific data" though even highly improbable claims may possibly beeventually verified. He placed the burden of proof on the proponents, but cautioned readers to "await—or, muchbetter, to seek—supporting or disconfirming evidence" for claims that have not been resolved either way.[86]

Physicist Richard Feynman advocated a similar position.[87]

In their 1991 research paper Biological Utilization of Quantum Nonlocality, Nobel Prize laureate Brian Josephsonand coauthor Fotini Pallikara-Viras proposed that explanations for both psychokinesis and telepathy might be foundin quantum physics.[88] [89]

There is a broad consensus, including several proponents of parapsychology, that PK research, and parapsychologymore generally, has not produced a reliable, repeatable demonstration.[13] [15] [90] [91]

In 1984, the United States National Academy of Sciences, at the request of the US Army Research Institute, formed a scientific panel to assess the best evidence from 130 years of parapsychology. Part of its purpose was to investigate

Psychokinesis 7

military applications of PK, for example to remotely jam or disrupt enemy weaponry. The panel heard from a varietyof military staff who believed in PK and made visits to the PEAR laboratory and two other laboratories that hadclaimed positive results from micro-PK experiments.The panel criticised macro-PK experiments for being open to deception by conjurors, and said that virtually allmicro-PK experiments "depart from good scientific practice in a variety of ways". Their conclusion, published in a1987 report, was that there was no scientific evidence for the existence of psychokinesis. Parapsychology advocatesresponded by accusing the panel of bias.[92]

Research with random number generators has been influenced by signal detection theory, viewing the effect of PK asweak but real "signal" hidden in the "noise" of experimental results. An effect too weak to be demonstrated in areplicable experiment would still show up as a statistically significant effect in a large set of data. To test this,parapsychologists have carried out meta-analyses of large data sets, with apparently impressive positive results.[93]

This has in turn been criticized as an invalid use of meta-analysis, since the original studies are too dissimilar for theresulting statistics to be meaningful.[12] A 2006 meta-analysis of 380 studies found a small positive effect within themargin that could be explained by publication bias.[11]

Physicist Robert L. Park finds it suspicious that a phenomenon should only ever appear at the limits of detectabilityof questionable statistical techniques. He cites this feature as one of Irving Langmuir's indicators of pathologicalscience. Park argues that if PK really existed it would be easily and unambiguously detectable, for example usingmodern microbalances which can detect tiny amounts of force.[91]

PK hypotheses are also tested implicitly in a number of contexts outside parapsychological experiments. Gardnerconsiders a dice game played in casinos, where gamblers have a large incentive to affect the numbers that come up.This is in effect a large sample-size test of the same hypothesis as the J. B. Rhine dice experiments, but year afteryear the house takings are exactly those predicted by chance.[94] Psychologist Nicholas Humphrey argues that manyexperiments in psychology, biology or physics assume that the intentions of the subjects or experimenter do notphysically distort the apparatus. Humphrey counts them as replications of PK experiments (but implicitly so) inwhich PK fails to appear.[15]

In the book Parapsychology: The Controversial Science (1991), British parapsychologist Richard S. Broughton,Ph.D, wrote of the differences of opinion among top scientists encountered by Robert G. Jahn, director of the(now-closed) PEAR laboratory, regarding the psychokinesis research that the lab was engaged in at the time.[28]

Explanations in terms of biasCognitive bias research has been interpreted to argue that people are susceptible to illusions of PK. These includeboth the illusion that they themselves have the power, and that events they witness are real demonstrations of PK.[95]

For example, Illusion of control is an illusory correlation between intention and external events, and believers in theparanormal have been shown to be more susceptible to this illusion than skeptics.[17] [96] Psychologist ThomasGilovich explains this as a biased interpretation of personal experience. For example, to someone in a dice gamewilling for a high score, high numbers can be interpreted as "success" and low numbers as "not enoughconcentration."[84] Bias towards belief in PK may be an example of the human tendency to see patterns where noneexist, which believers are also more susceptible to.[95]

A 1952 study tested for experimenter's bias in a PK context. Richard Kaufman of Yale University gave subjects thetask of trying to influence 8 dice and allowed them to record their own scores. They were secretly filmed, so theirrecords could be checked for errors. The results in each case were random and provided no evidence for PK, butbelievers made errors that favoured the PK hypothesis, while disbelievers made opposite errors. A similar pattern oferrors was found in J. B. Rhine's dice experiments which at that time were the strongest evidence for PK.[97]

Wiseman and Morris (1995) showed subjects an unedited videotape of a magician's performance in which a fork bent and eventually broke. Believers in the paranormal were significantly more likely to misinterpret the tape as a demonstration of PK, and were more likely to misremember crucial details of the presentation. This suggests that

Psychokinesis 8

confirmation bias affects people's interpretation of PK demonstrations.[18] Psychologist Robert Sternberg citesconfirmation bias as an explanation of why belief in psi phenomena persists, despite the lack of evidence: "[P]eoplewant to believe, and so they find ways to believe."[98]

Psychologist Daniel Wegner has argued that an introspection illusion contributes to belief in psychokinesis.[99] Heobserves that in everyday experience, intention (such as wanting to turn on a light) is followed by action (such asflicking a light switch) in a reliable way, but the underlying neural mechanisms are outside awareness. Hence thoughsubjects may feel that they directly introspect their own free will, the experience of control is actually inferred fromrelations between the thought and the action. This theory of apparent mental causation acknowledges the influenceof David Hume's view of the mind.[99] This process for detecting when one is responsible for an action is not totallyreliable, and when it goes wrong there can be an illusion of control. This could happen when a external eventfollows, and is congruent with, a thought in someone's mind, without an actual causal link.[99]

As evidence, Wegner cites a series of experiments on magical thinking in which subjects were induced to think theyhad influenced external events. In one experiment, subjects watched a basketball player taking a series of freethrows. When they were instructed to visualise him making his shots, they felt that they had contributed to hissuccess.[100]

Magic and special effectsMagicians, sleight-of-hand-artists, etc., have successfully simulated some of the specialized abilities of PK (objectmovement, spoon bending, levitation, teleportation), but not all of the feats of claimed spontaneous and intentionalpsychokinesis have been reproduced under the same observed conditions as the original.[28] According tophilosopher Robert Todd Carroll, there are many impressive magic tricks available to amateurs and professionals tosimulate psychokinetic powers.[101] These can be purchased on the Internet from magic supply companies. Metalobjects such as keys or cutlery can be bent by a number of different techniques, even if the performer has not hadaccess to them beforehand.[102] Amateur-made videos alleging to show feats of psychokinesis, particularly spoonbending and the telekinetic movement of objects, can be found on video-sharing websites such as YouTube. Criticspoint out that it is now easier than ever for the average person to fake psychokinetic events and that without moreconcrete proof, the topic, apart from its enjoyment in fiction, will continue to remain controversial.[41]

The need for PK researchers to be aware of conjuring techniques was illustrated by events in the early 1980s. TheMcDonnell Laboratory for Psychical Research at Washington University reported a series of experiments in whichtwo subjects had demonstrated PK phenomena (including metal-bending and causing images to appear on film) andother psychic powers under laboratory conditions. Magician James Randi revealed that the subjects were two of hisassociates, amateur conjurers Steve Shaw and Michael Edwards. The pair had created the effects by standardtrickery, but the researchers, being unfamiliar with magic techniques, interpreted them as proof of PK. Thelaboratory closed not long after.[103]

Prize money for proof of psychokinesisInternationally, there are several individual skeptics of the paranormal and skeptics' organizations who offer cashprize money for demonstration of the existence of an extraordinary psychic power, such as psychokinesis.Experimental design must be agreed upon prior to execution, and additional conditions, such as a minimum level offame, may be imposed. Prizes have been offered specifically for PK demonstrations, for example businessmanGerald Fleming's offer of £250,000 to Uri Geller if he can bend a spoon under controlled conditions.[104] Theseprizes remain uncollected by people claiming to possess paranormal abilities.The James Randi Educational Foundation offers US$1,000,000 to anyone who has a demonstrated media profile aswell as the support from some member of the academic community, and who can produce a paranormal event, suchas psychokinesis, in a controlled, mutually agreed upon experiment.

Psychokinesis 9

Psychokinesis in religion, mythology, and popular cultureReligion and mythologyThere are written accounts and oral legends of events fitting the description of psychokinesis dating back to earlyhistory, most notably in the stories found in various religions and mythology. In the Bible, for example, Jesus isdescribed as transmuting water into wine, which "could be called psychokinesis",[105] healing the sick, andmultiplying food.[106]

Mythological beings, such as witches, have been accused of levitating people, animals, and objects.[107] The courtwizard and prophet Merlin in the King Arthur legend, is said to have used his power to transport Stonehenge acrossthe sea to England from Ireland.[108]

Popular culturePsychokinesis has been an aspect in movies, television, computer games, literature, and other forms of popularculture. An early example is the 1952 novella Telek by Jack Vance. Notable portrayals of psychokinetic charactersinclude Sissy Spacek as a troubled high school student in the 1976 film Carrie, based on the Stephen King novel ofthe same name, and Ellen Burstyn in the healer-themed film Resurrection (1980).[109] [110] Psychokinesis is alsocommonly used as a power in a large number of videogames and role playing games.

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[14] Girden, Edward (September 1962). "A review of psychokinesis (PK)". Psychological Bulletin 59 (5): 353–388. doi:10.1037/h0048209.[15] Humphrey, Nicholas K. (1995). Soul Searching: Human nature and supernatural belief. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-5963-4.[16] Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). "psychokinesis (PK)" (http:/ / skepdic. com/ kinesis. html). Skepdic.com. The Skeptics Dictionary. . Retrieved

2007-10-05.[17] Benassi, Victor A.; Paul D. Sweeney, and Gregg E. Drevno (1979). "Mind over matter: Perceived success at psychokinesis" (http:/ / psycnet.

apa. org/ journals/ psp/ 37/ 8/ 1377/ ). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37 (8): 1377–1386. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1377. .

Psychokinesis 10

Retrieved 2008-11-16.[18] Wiseman, Richard; Robert Morris (1995). "Recalling pseudo-psychic demonstrations" (http:/ / search. ebscohost. com/ login.

aspx?direct=true& db=bth& AN=9507101503& site=ehost-live). British Journal of Psychology 86 (1): 113–125. . Retrieved 2008-11-29.[19] Hajela, Deepti (October 3, 2005). "New exhibit looks at occult photography" (http:/ / www. azcentral. com/ ent/ arts/ articles/ 1003occult.

html). Associated Press story. . Retrieved January 19, 2008.[20] Myers, Frederic William Henry (December 1890). Proceedings. London, England: Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. "For the

alleged movements without contact... M. Aksakof's new word 'telekinetic' seems to me the best attainable." Note: this quote as a citedreference can also be seen on page 722 in the multivolume "The Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition", 1989, Clarendon Press, Oxford,England, ISBN 978-0-19-861229-2." The "M. Aksakof" is actually "A. Aksakof," as indicated in this 1896 quarterly journal Borderland (http:// books. google. com/ books?id=xq7NAAAAMAAJ& pg=PA108& lpg=PA108& dq="M. + Aksakof"& source=bl& ots=YMwgKVAR-e&sig=qCIIsxHiworWDZ3_SXKwT1K200A& hl=en& ei=Qa8PTL3HI4KB8gaPtOXnCA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q="M. Aksakof"& f=false)

[21] "Online Etymology Dictionary" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=telekinesis). Archived (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/61GUrRMj3) from the original on 2011-08-27. . Retrieved January 20, 2007. "Telekinesis. 1890, said to have been coined by Alexander N.Aksakof (1832-1903) Imperial Councilor to the Czar... Translates Ger. 'Fernwirkung.'"

[22] ed. in chief Frederick C. Mish (2005). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=TAnheeIPcAEC). Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 1004. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5.OCLC 146761465. . "Psychokinesis (1914)...."

[23] "Parapsychology Foundation "Basic terms in Parapsychology"" (http:/ / www. parapsychology. org/ dynamic/ 060100. html). Archived(http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 61GUruitx) from the original on 2011-08-27. . Retrieved December 22, 2006.

[24] Holt, Henry (1914) (PDF). On the Cosmic Relations (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Kts0AAAAMAAJ). Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin. .Retrieved 2007-12-13.

[25] Spence, Lewis (2003-02-01). Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=gq1LhcH48GQC).Kessinger Publishing (reprint publisher). pp. 752–753, 879, 912, 933. ISBN 978-0-7661-2817-0. .

[26] "Parapsychological Association - Glossary: PK/Psychokinesis" (http:/ / parapsych. org/ glossary_l_r. html#p). . Retrieved July 19, 2006.[27] "Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Introduction" (http:/ / www. lfr. org/ LFR/ csl/ library/ Fsu1.

pdf) (PDF). Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3. 1992. p. 1. . Retrieved July 3, 2007. "AMP research programs in the Soviet Union haveprimarily focused on experimental studies in 'distant influence' on animate an inanimate systems; i.e., psychokinesis (PK) and bio-PK."

[28] Broughton, Richard S. (1991-07-30). Parapsychology: The Controversial Science (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4GlRAAAAYAAJ).New York: Ballantine Books. pp. 35, 75–79, 149, 161–162, 329–330. ISBN 978-0-345-35638-3. .

[29] "Overview of Current Parapsychology Research in the Former Soviet Union, Abstract" (http:/ / www. lfr. org/ LFR/ csl/ library/ Fsu1. pdf)(PDF). Subtle Energies Volume 3, Number 3. 1992. p. 1. . Retrieved July 3, 2007. "The authors primarily discuss experiments in anomalousperturbation (often referred to as psychokinesis—PK and bio- which have been the main focus of AMP research programs in the SovietUnion."

[30] Berger, Arthur S.; Berger, Joyce (1991-02). The Encyclopedia of Parapsychological and Psychical Research (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=SmzGQgAACAAJ). New York: Paragon House. pp. 326, 341, 430. ISBN 978-1-55778-043-0. .

[31] editor in chief, Richard Cavendish ; editorial board, C.A. Burland ... [et al.] ; new edition edited and compiled by Richard Cavendish andBrian Innes.; Brian Innes (1995) [1970]. Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown (http:/ /books. google. com/ ?id=H-QaAQAAMAAJ). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 2442. ISBN 978-1-85435-731-1.OCLC 228665658. . "Spiritualism aroused violent antagonism and criticism concentrating particularly on the physical phenomena occurring atseances, which opponents claimed were faked." Page 1626, v. 12: entry on Matthew Manning.

[32] Davis, Eric; physicist, Ph.D, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, 2004. "Teleportation Physics Study" (http:/ / www. fas. org/ sgp/ eprint/teleport. pdf) (PDF). p. 55. . Retrieved July 19, 2006. "Telekinesis is a form of PK, which describes the movement of stationary objectswithout the use of any known physical force."

[33] Colman, Andrew M. (2009). A Dictionary of Psychology. New York City: Oxford University Press, Inc.. ISBN 978-0-19-9534067-7.[34] Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (2001-07-17). Encyclopedia of the Strange, Mystical & Unexplained (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=DenWAAAAMAAJ). New York: Gramercy Books. pp. 454, 456, 478, 609. ISBN 978-0-517-16278-1. .[35] "Library.ThinkQuest.org - Glossary: Macro PK and Micro PK" (http:/ / library. thinkquest. org/ C0120993/ glossaryfull. html). . Retrieved

October 14, 2006.[36] Roll, William G.; Pratt, J. G. (1958). The Seaford Disturbances. Journal of Parapsychology, Vol. 2,. pp. 79–124.[37] "Parapsychological Association - Glossary: "RSPK"" (http:/ / parapsych. org/ glossary_l_r. html#r). . Retrieved January 5, 2007.[38] Pratt, J. G.; Stevenson, Ian (Vol. 70, January 1976). An Instance of Possible Metal-Bending Indirectly Related to Uri Geller. The Journal of

the American Society for Psychical Research. "As far as I can say, no one in the apartment that night would take credit for being theresponsible PK agent."

[39] Reader's digest ; [chief contributing writer, Richard Marshall ; contributing writers, Monte Davis, Valerie Moolman, Georg Zappler].(1990). Mysteries of the Unexplained (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=MjqcKUX9x74C). Readers Digest Association. p. 181.ISBN 978-0-89577-146-9. OCLC 10605367. . "Attempting to understand the forces at work, researchers in parapsychology have hypothesizedthat the poltergeist's feats in moving objects (which are seen to fly in violation of the laws of gravity, gliding, rising, and turning corners) areexamples of psychokinesis, or PK—the ability to influence inanimate objects by mind power."

Psychokinesis 11

[40] Kakalios, James (2005-10-04). The Physics of Superheores (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=4Ne3QgAACAAJ). New York: GothamBooks/Penguin Group, Inc.. p. 133. ISBN 978-1-59240-146-8. . "Knowing that all matter is composed of atoms, we now recognize that whenan object is "hot," the kinetic energy of the constituent atoms is large, while when an object is 'cold,' the kinetic energy of the atoms is lower."

[41] Genzmer, Herbert; Hellenbrand, Ulrich (2007-03). "Psychokinesis" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=uHgAGQAACAAJ). Mysteries of theWorld: Unexplained Wonders and Mysterious Phenomena. Bath, United Kingdom: Parragon Books Ltd. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4054-9022-1. .

[42] the editors of Time-Life Books. (1988-11). Mind Over Matter (volume of Mysteries of the Unknown encyclopedia series) (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=WIZ53Ea82GQC). New York: Time-Life Books. pp. 7–8, 27, 82, 85. ISBN 978-0-8094-6336-7. OCLC 17877875. .

[43] Hathaway, Michael R. (2003-09-01). "Glossary" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=8_262Olw3RUC). The Everything Psychic Book. Avon,Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media / F+W Publications Company. pp. 139, 271. ISBN 978-1-58062-969-0. . "Psychokinesis. The ability tolevitate, move objects, heal, and manipulate psychic energy...Psychokinesis is the ability to...create healing."

[44] ed. in chief Frederick C. Mish (2004). Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Eleventh Edition (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=TAnheeIPcAEC). Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. p. 1284. ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5.OCLC 146761465. . "Teleportation. The act or process of moving an object or person by psychokinesis."

[45] Colman, Andrew M. (2001). Dictionary of Psychology (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=2tenQgAACAAJ). Oxford, England, UK: OxfordUniversity Press. p. 599. ISBN 978-0-19-866211-2. . "Psychokinesis. The movement or change of physical objects by mental processes"

[46] editor in chief, Richard Cavendish ; editorial board, C.A. Burland ... [et al.] ; new edition edited and compiled by Richard Cavendish andBrian Innes.; Brian Innes (1995). Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=H-QaAQAAMAAJ). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 2354. ISBN 978-1-85435-731-1. OCLC 228665658. ."Shape-shifting. The idea that it is possible, in certain circumstances, for men to change their natural bodily form... Sorcerers also, and somegreat heroes, were believed to have the same power, by virtue of magical knowledge or some innate quality; and so, though more rarely, werea few otherwise ordinary people who acquired the gift through possession of a charm or the performance of a ritual act."

[47] "Mass Media Funk" (http:/ / skepdic. com/ refuge/ funk3. html). The Skeptic's Dictionary. . Retrieved February 27, 2007. "Those whopractice TT [Therapeutic Touch] believe they are able to move 'energy,' some sort of psychic force field or chi which they believe permeatesthe body and surrounding aura."

[48] Bersani, F.; Martelli, A. (1983). Psychoenergetics: The Journal of Psychophysical Systems. United Kingdom: Gordon and Breach SciencePublishers. pp. 99–128. "The effects observed range from the typical bending of metal objects, such as spoons, keys, bars, etc., to strangeeffects like light flashes and teleportation."

[49] McCoy, Edain (1999-03-01). Astral Projection for beginners (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=ak1__e0HmgYC). Woodbury, Minnesota:Llewllyn Publications. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-56718-625-3. . "Creative visualization is the practice of mentally envisioning a desired outcome,infusing it with personal energy, and then releasing it to the cosmos so that it can grow to manifest in the physical. While all that soundsunduly complicated, what it boils down to is that it creates a thoughtform on the astral plane that, with proper effort, can be brought into thephysical world."

[50] editor in chief, Richard Cavendish ; editorial board, C.A. Burland ... [et al.] ; new edition edited and compiled by Richard Cavendish andBrian Innes.; Brian Innes (1995). Man, Myth & Magic: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Mythology, Religion, and the Unknown (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=H-QaAQAAMAAJ). New York: Marshall Cavendish Corporation. p. 2679. ISBN 978-1-85435-731-1. OCLC 228665658. ."The evocation of a tulpa, an entity created entirely by an act of the imagination, was described by Alexandra David-Néel in her book Magicand"

[51] Study conducted by the Gallup Organization between October 8, 2005 and December 12, 2005 on behalf of the Baylor Institute for Studiesof Religion, Baylor University, of Waco, Texas, in the United States. (http:/ / www. baylor. edu/ content/ services/ document. php/ 33304. pdf)

[52] "Magicians and the Paranormal: A Survey" (http:/ / richardwiseman. com/ magicsurvey). . Retrieved May 7, 2008. Published April 23, 2008.[53] Caidin, Martin (January 1994). "Telekinesis" (http:/ / www. fatemag. com/ fatemagold/ issues/ 1990s/ 1994-01. html). Fate (Lakeville,

USA: Llewellyn Publications/Galde Press, Inc.). .[54] Auerbach, Loyd (1996-05-01). Mind Over Matter (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=77xnPQAACAAJ). Kensington Publishing Corporation.

ISBN 978-1-57566-047-9. .[55] Heath, Pamela Rae (2011-02-24). Mind-Matter Interaction: A Review of Historical Reports, Theory and Research (http:/ / books. google.

com/ ?id=OwVgHlx4KQEC). Jefferson, North Carolina USA: McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4971-2. .[56] Auerbach, Loyd (June 2004). "The Psychokinetic Zone". Fate (Lakeville, USA: Galde Press, Inc.). Monthly column "Psychic Frontiers"[57] "Swift, September 24, 2004" (http:/ / www. randi. org/ jr/ 092404from. html). . Retrieved February 1, 2011. Online newsletter of the JREF.[58] Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Px0RAQAAIAAJ) (2nd ed.). Prometheus.

p. 126. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. .[59] Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Px0RAQAAIAAJ) (2nd ed.). Prometheus.

p. 130. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. .[60] Wiseman, Richard (1997). Deception & Self-deception: Investigating Psychics (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=pDMNAQAAMAAJ).

Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3. . chapters 6-8[61] J. Gaither Pratt, H. H. Jürgen Keil (1973). First Hand Observations of Nina S. Kulagina Suggestive of PK on Static Objects. 67. Journal of

the American Society for Psychical Research. pp. 381–390.[62] Jürgen Keil (1984) (in German). Parapsychologie in der Sowjetunion. 26. Zeitschrift für Parapsychologie und Grenzgebiete der

Psychologie. pp. 191–210.

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[63] Paraphysics R&D - Warsaw Pact (U). Prepared by U.S. Air Force, Air Force Systems Command Foreign Technology Division.DST-1810S-202-78, Nr. DIA TASK NO. PT-1810-18-76 (http:/ / www. dia. mil/ publicaffairs/ Foia/ pa_warsaw. pdf). Defense IntelligenceAgency. 30. March 1978. pp. 7–8. . "G.A. Sergevev is known to have studied Nina Kulagina, a well-known psychic from Leningrad.Although no detailed results are available, Sergevev's inferences are that she was successful in repeating psychokinetic phenomena undercontrolled conditions. G.A. Sergevev is a well-respected researcher and has been active in paraphysics research since the early 1960's."

[64] "Swift, March 14, 2008" (http:/ / www. randi. org/ site/ index. php/ swift-blog/ 174-swift-march-14-2008. html#i14). . Retrieved July 8,2010. Online newsletter of the JREF.

[65] "Swift, August 27, 2004" (http:/ / www. randi. org/ jr/ 082704gluton. html#7). . Retrieved July 8, 2010. Online newsletter of the JREF.[66] Transcript of Miroslaw Magola investigation on "Stan Lee's Superhumans" (http:/ / www. livedash. com/ transcript/

stan_lee's_superhumans-(human_wolf)/ 5916/ HISTP/ Sunday_September_19_2010/ 302954/ )[67] "Miroslav Magola’s amazing "attractive" powers" (http:/ / www. mind-energy. net/ archives/

285-Translation-of-article-about-Miroslaw-Magola-from-German-magazine. html). . Retrieved July 8, 2010. Translation of German magazineMysteries.

[68] Tuft, Keith (1999-05-01). True Life Encounters Unexplained (True-Life Encounters Series) (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=wAUHAAAACAAJ). TV Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 978-1-57500-024-4. .

[69] Muldoon, Sylvan (1947). Psychic Experiences of Famous People. Chicago: Aries Press. pp. 55–56. See endorsement quote by Thurston atEusapia Palladino article. Text of entire book (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?hl=en& id=IqSDMEYSJPEC& dq="psychic+ experiences+of+ famous+ people"& printsec=frontcover& source=web& ots=HjCAB02RH-& sig=L0ADK8cZoGF0QT-tNo2nxcD280Y#PPA56,M1) alsoavailable at google.books.com

[70] Green, Elmer; Alyce Green (1977). Beyond Biofeedback (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=f3aN8vnf3YIC). Knoll Publishing Co.pp. 197–218. ISBN 978-0-440-00583-4. .

[71] "" (http:/ / www. swamij. com/ pdf/ swami-rama-beyond-biofeedback. pdf) (PDF). pp. 12–16. . Retrieved July 24, 2007.Elmer Green'sdescription of Swami Rama's alleged psychokinetic demonstration (with illustrations).

[72] Roll, William G.; Storey, Valerie (2004-05-18). Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=y-X8haq31KAC). New York: Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-8294-3. OCLC 55117933. .William G. Roll, Ph.D., and Jeannie Lagle (Masters degree) both state that they witnessed psychokinesis involving Tina Resch. Rolladditionally reports numerous other cases he investigated.

[73] "Official website of Dean Radin" (http:/ / www. deanradin. com/ NewWeb/ bio. html). . Retrieved June 9, 2007. see also Dean (http:/ /www. deanradin. com/ spoon. htm)

[74] "Official website of Pamela Heath" (http:/ / pamelaheath. com/ about. htm). . Retrieved June 9, 2007.[75] "Official website of Michael Crichton" (http:/ / www. crichton-official. com/ aboutmc/ biography. html). . Retrieved June 9, 2007. See also

spoonbending.html (http:/ / www. crichton-official. com/ features/ ).[76] Hasted, John B. (1981-03-05). The Metal Benders (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=PLc9AAAAIAAJ). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

ISBN 978-0-7100-0597-7. OCLC 7923491. .John B. Hasted (1921-2002), Ph.D., Physics professor, University of London. In his book TheMetal- Benders, he describes his research of psychokinesis claimants and psychokinesis events he personally witnessed.

[77] Ronson, Jon (2006-04-04). The Men Who Stare at Goats (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=KrwdbEHBd6AC). New York: Simon &Schuster. pp. 63, (Back cover). ISBN 978-0-7432-7060-1. ."In 1979, a secret unit was established by the most gifted minds within the USArmy. Defying all known accepted military practice—and indeed, the laws of physics—they believed that a soldier could adopt a cloak ofinvisibility, pass cleanly through walls, and, perhaps most chillingly, kill goats just by staring at them."; "Lenny from Special Forcesdisappeared into the room where the goat was. He came back and answered, with surprise and solemnity, "The goat is down.'"

[78] Steinberg, Jeffey (August 26, 2005). "Cheney's 'Spoon-Benders' Pushing Nuclear Armageddon". Executive Intelligence Review (LaRouchePublications)."In reality, Fort Bragg, by 1978, was already a hotbed of mind-war experimentation. Among the programs carried out at remotecorners of the sprawling special operations base: the Goat Lab, where a team of New Age- trained Special Forces soldiers attempted to burstthe hearts of goats, in an adjacent holding pen, through the power of psychic concentration." Article available online at (http:/ / www.uri-geller. com/ articles/ 2005/ august/ eir. htm).

[79] Roll, William G.; Storey, Valerie (2004-05-18). Unleashed — Of Poltergeists and Murder: The Curious Story of Tina Resch (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=y-X8haq31KAC). New York: Paraview Pocket Books/Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7434-8294-3. OCLC 55117933. .Two police officers witnessed alleged psychokinetic activity in the Resch home in the 1984 Columbus poltergeist case.

[80] Schoch, Robert M. (January/February 2008). "Psychokinesis: A Scientist Searches for the Reality Behind PK's Representations". AtlantisRising (Livingston, Montana USA): 42–43, 70–71.

[81] Hennacy Powell, M.D., Diane (2009-01-13). The ESP Enigma: The Scientific Case for Psychic Phenomena (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=pvlv2efnFY0C). New York: Walker & Company. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8027-1606-4. .

[82] Frazier, Kendrick (1990-12-31). "Improving Human Performance: What About Parapsychology?" (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=AzQNAQAAMAAJ). In Kendrick Frazier. The Hundredth Monkey and Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books.pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-0-87975-655-0. .

[83] Gardner, Martin (1981-09). "Einstein and ESP" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=XjENAQAAMAAJ). In Kendrick Frazier. ParanormalBorderlands of Science. Prometheus. pp. 60–65. ISBN 978-0-87975-148-7. .

[84] Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=LURGkHCPAJEC). Simon & Schuster. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4. .

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[85] Sutherland, Stuart (1994). Irrationality: the enemy within (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=HAVjQgAACAAJ). Penguin books. p. 309.ISBN 978-0-14-016726-9. . "[T]he movement of objects without the application of physical force would, if proven, require a completerevision of the laws of physics. (...) [T]he more improbable something is, the better the evidence needed to accept it"

[86] Sagan, Carl (1995). [[The Demon-Haunted World (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=CYo7PgAACAAJ)]: Science as a candle in the dark].Headline. pp. 208–212. ISBN 978-0-7472-7745-3. .

[87] Feynman, Richard P. (1999-02-01). [[The Meaning of It All (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=AdGBQwAACAAJ)]]. Penguin. pp. 68–71.ISBN 978-0-14-027635-0. .

[88] "Biological Utilization of Quantum Nonlocality" (http:/ / www. tcm. phy. cam. ac. uk/ ~bdj10/ papers/ bell. html). . Retrieved December 18,2008. Foundations in Physics, Vol. 21, pp. 197-207, 1991, Plenum Press, New York.

[89] Michael Hanlon (2007-05-29). 10 Questions Science Can't Answer (Yet) (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=5y-NgsrQn8MC). New York:Macmillan. pp. 165–166. ISBN 978-0-230-51758-5. .

[90] Gilovich, Thomas (1993). How We Know What Isn't So: The fallibility of human reason in everyday life (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=LURGkHCPAJEC). Simon & Schuster. pp. 160, 169. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4. .

[91] Park, Robert L. (2002-07). Voodoo Science: The road from foolishness to fraud (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=xzCK6-Kqs6QC). OxfordUniversity Press. pp. 198–200. ISBN 978-0-19-860443-3. .

[92] Frazier, Kendrick (1990-12-31). "Improving Human Performance: What About Parapsychology?" (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=AzQNAQAAMAAJ). In Kendrick Frazier. The Hundredth Monkey and Other Paradigms of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books.pp. 149–161. ISBN 978-0-87975-655-0. .

[93] Radin, Dean (1997). The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena. HarperEdge.[94] Gardner, Martin (1957). [[Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=TwP3SGAUsnkC)]]. Dover. p. 307.

ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. .[95] Blackmore, Susan J. (1992). "Psychic Experiences: Psychic Illusions". Skeptical Inquirer 16: 367–376.[96] Blackmore, Susan J.; Tom Trościanko (1985). "Belief in the paranormal Probability judgements, illusory control, and the "chance baseline

shift."" (http:/ / search. ebscohost. com/ login. aspx?direct=true& db=bth& AN=5701336& site=ehost-live). British Journal of Psychology 76(4): 459–468. . Retrieved 2008-11-16.

[97] Gardner, Martin (1957). [[Fads & Fallacies in the Name of Science (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=TwP3SGAUsnkC)]]. Dover. p. 306.ISBN 978-0-486-20394-2. .

[98] Sternberg, Robert J.; Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern (2007). "Critical Thinking in Psychology: It really is critical" (http:/ / books.google. com/ ?id=3mA9NPAgWR0C). In Robert J. Sternberg, Henry L. Roediger, Diane F. Halpern. Critical Thinking in Psychology.Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-521-60834-3. . "Some of the worst examples of confirmation bias are in research onparapsychology (...) Arguably, there is a whole field here with no powerful confirming data at all. But people want to believe, and so they findways to believe."

[99] Wegner, Daniel M.; James C. Kaufman, Roy F. Baumeister (2008). "Self is Magic" (http:/ / isites. harvard. edu/ fs/ docs/ icb. topic67047.files/ 2_13_07_Wegner. pdf). In John Baer, James C. Kaufman, Roy F. Baumeister. Are we free?: psychology and free will. New York:Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-518963-6. . Retrieved 2008-07-02.

[100] Pronin, Emily; Daniel M. Wegner, Kimberly McCarthy, Sylvia Rodriguez (2006). "Everyday Magical Powers: The Role of ApparentMental Causation in the Overestimation of Personal Influence" (http:/ / www. wjh. harvard. edu/ ~wegner/ pdfs/ Pronin, Wegner, McCarthy,& Rodriguez (2006). pdf). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (American Psychological Association) 91 (2): 218–231.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.2.218. ISSN 0022-3514. PMID 16881760. . Retrieved 2009-07-03.

[101] Carroll, Robert Todd (2003-07-17). "Psychokinesis" (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=6FPqDFx40vYC). The Skeptic's Dictionary: acollection of strange beliefs, amusing deceptions, and dangerous delusions. Wiley. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-471-27242-7. .

[102] Hines, Terence (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=Px0RAQAAIAAJ) (2nd ed.). Prometheus.pp. 127–131. ISBN 978-1-57392-979-0. .

[103] Colman, Andrew M. (1987). Facts, Fallacies and Frauds in Psychology. Unwin Hyman. pp. 195–6. ISBN 978-0-09-173041-3.[104] Hutchinson, Mike (1988). "A Thorn in Geller's Side". British and Irish Skeptic (July/August): 2–4.[105] Brian, Denis (2000-11). The Voice of Genius: Conversations with Nobel Scientists and Other Luminaries (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=x1BYMA-8oq8C). New York: Basic Books, imprint of Perseus Books. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7382-0447-5. . ". . . parapsychologists arestudying some of the unusual events recorded in the Bible: changing water into wine could be called psychokinesis; . . . People have spoken ofsuch things from early times and they seem to occur in every civilization."

[106] Heath, Pamela Rae, M.D., Psy.D. (2003-07). The PK Zone: A Cross-Cultural review of Psychokinesis (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=nRfTKWwCTIoC). Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-595-27658-5. . "Religion has seemed to provide fertile ground forboth spontaneous and intentional PK. Every great religious tract of mankind includes stories of people with the ability to heal and to multiplyfood, such as the Bible says were performed by Jesus Christ."

[107] Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (1989). The Encyclopedia of Witches and Witchcraft. New York: Facts on File. p. 201. ISBN 0-8160-1793. "Inhauntings, witches, poltergeists, and fairies have been blamed for levitating people, animals, and objects."

[108] Newall, Venetia; Richard Mercer Dorson (1974). The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft & Magic (http:/ / books. google. com/?id=99UQAQAAIAAJ). New York: The Dial Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-8037-2343-6. . "He performed many feats of magic, sailing throughthe ocean in a house of glass and transporting Stonehenge across the sea from Ireland."

[109] 1 " 1" (http:/ / movies. msn. com/ movies/ movie-awards-and-nominations/ carrie. 3). 1. Retrieved September 30, 2011.

Psychokinesis 14

[110] 2 " 2" (http:/ / movies. msn. com/ movies/ movie-awards-and-nominations/ resurrection. 5/ ?ipp=15). 2. Retrieved September 30, 2011.

Further reading• The Conscious Universe: The Scientific Truth of Psychic Phenomena, Dean Radin, HarperEdge, 1997.• William Braud (2003-12). Distant mental influence: its contributions to science, healing, and human interactions

(http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=WEUHAAAACAAJ). Hampton Roads Pub Co Inc. ISBN 978-1-57174-354-1.• Richard John Wiseman (1997). Deception & self-deception: investigating psychics (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=pDMNAQAAMAAJ). ISBN 978-1-57392-121-3.• Charles T. Tart; Huston Smith, Kendra Smith (2009-03-15). The end of materialism: how evidence of the

paranormal is bringing science and spirit together (http:/ / books. google. com/ ?id=tzZj0FHfMggC). Ions / Nhp.ISBN 978-1-57224-645-4.

• Entangled Minds: Extrasensory Experiences in a Quantum Reality, Dean Radin, Pocket Books, 2006.• Diane Hennacy Powell (2009-01-13). The ESP Enigma: The Scientific Case for Psychic Phenomena (http:/ /

books. google. com/ ?id=pvlv2efnFY0C). Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1606-4.• Lynne McTaggart (2007-12-18). The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe (http:/ / books.

google. com/ ?id=VtNaz_vSnIIC). Harper Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-06-143518-8.• James Randi (1982-06-01). Flim-flam!: psychics, ESP, unicorns, and other delusions (http:/ / books. google. com/

?id=UHoQAQAAIAAJ). Pyr Books. ISBN 978-0-87975-198-2.• James Houran; Rense Lange (2001-06-30). Hauntings and poltergeists: multidisciplinary perspectives (http:/ /

books. google. com/ ?id=BwTP31-3JRcC). McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-0984-6.• Thomas Gilovich (1993). How we know what isn't so: the fallibility of human reason in everyday life (http:/ /

books. google. com/ ?id=LURGkHCPAJEC). Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-911706-4.

Published Papers on PK / TK• The Journal of Non-Locality and Remote Mental Interactions (http:/ / emergentmind. org/ journal. htm) A journal

of PK-related research papers published by EmergentMind.org.• Examining Psychokinesis: The Interaction of Human Intention With Random Number Generators – A

Meta-Analysis (http:/ / www. ebo. de/ publikationen/ pk_ma. pdf) by Holger Bösch, Fiona Steinkamp, and EmilBoller, Psychological Bulletin, 132, 497-523, 2006.

• Solar-periodic full moon effect in the Fourmilab RetroPsychoKinesis Project experiment data: an exploratorystudy (http:/ / www. anomalistik. de/ sdm_pdfs/ etzold. pdf) by Eckhard Etzold Journal of Parapsychology, Fall2005.

• Does Psi Exist and Can We prove It: Belief and Disbelief in Psychokinesis Research (http:/ / m0134. fmg. uva. nl/research/ PSI research/ papers/ 39. pdf) by Eckhard Etzold, presented at the Parapsychological AssociationConvention 2004.

• Material Deformation by Intention (http:/ / jackhouck. com/ mdi. shtml) by Jack Houck, presented at the Scienceof Whole Person Healing Conference, March 28, 2003.

• "Can Our Intentions Interact Directly with the Physical World?" by William G. Braud, European Journal ofParapsychology, Vol. 10, 1994.

• "A review of psychokinesis (PK)" by Edward Girden (1962). Psychological Bulletin 59 (5) pages 353-388doi:10.1037/h0048209

• The Persistent Paradox of Psychic Phenomena: An Engineering Perspective (http:/ / www. princeton. edu/ ~pear/pdfs/ IEEE. pdf) by Robert G. Jahn, (1982) Proceedings IEEE, 70, No.2, pp. 136–170.

• "Mind over matter: Perceived success at psychokinesis" (http:/ / psycnet. apa. org/ journals/ psp/ 37/ 8/ 1377/ ) byVictor A. Benassi, Paul D. Sweeney, and Gregg E. Drevno (1979). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology37 (8) pp. 1377–1386. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.8.1377

Psychokinesis 15

Military Papers on PK / TK• Psychokinesis and Its Possible Implication to Warfare Strategy (http:/ / www. dtic. mil/ docs/ citations/

ADB097979) A 1985 study on potential military applications of psychokinesis by the U.S. Army Command andGeneral Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas USA. Listed at the U.S. Defense Technical Information Center'swebsite and available to the public through the U.S. National Technical Information Service.

• Teleportation Physics Study (http:/ / www. fas. org/ sgp/ eprint/ teleport. pdf) A study published in 2004 thatreviews the current state research of real and hypothetical methods of teleportation. Includes a section titled PKphenomenon. Conducted by Eric Davis of Warp Drive Metrics, Nevada and sponsored by the U.S. Air ForceResearch Laboratory at Edwards AFB, California. Available publicly on the Federation of American Scientistswebsite.

• New Correlation Between a Human Subject and a Quantum Mechanical Random Number Generator (http:/ / oai.dtic. mil/ oai/ oai?verb=getRecord& metadataPrefix=html& identifier=AD0667953) A 1967 study by HelmutSchmidt conducted at the Boeing Scientific Research Laboratory in Seattle, Washington USA that concluded:"From the results, it is tentatively concluded that there exists a weak but significant correlation between thestatistical processes operative in these experiments and the experimenter who initiates the processes." Listed atthe U.S. Defense Technical Information Center's website and available to the public through the U.S. NationalTechnical Information Service.

External links• "The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR)" (http:/ / skepdic. com/ pear. html) entry in the online

edition of the Skeptic's Dictionary by philosopher Robert Todd Carroll.• Online Telekinesis Test (http:/ / www. psychic-experiences. com/ psychic-tests/ telekinesis-test. php)• The Intention Experiment (http:/ / theintentionexperiment. com/ the_experiments. htm) A series of scientifically

controlled, web-based PK experiments.• Mind Over Matter Study (http:/ / www. rhine. org/ researchcurrent. htm) An invitation by the Rhine Research

Center of Durham, North Carolina USA to submit reports of PK as part of an academic research study.• Hollywood Telekinesis and Psychokinesis Movie List (http:/ / jamesaconrad. com/ TK/ TK-movie-list. html)

Includes the "List of Cultural References to Psychokinesis and Telekinesis" that was formerly on Wikipedia.• Psychokinesis (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Society/ Paranormal/ Psychic/ Psychokinesis/ / ) at the Open Directory

Project• Can you kill a goat by staring into its eyes? (http:/ / www. dailymail. co. uk/ news/ article-1222369/

Can-kill-goat-staring-eyes-Thats-plot-Hollywood-film-U-S-army-experiment. html) Daily Mail, October 23,2009. In depth article on the U.S. military's psychic "super-soldier" program with emphasis on DMILS (DirectMental Interaction with Living Systems).

Article Sources and Contributors 16

Article Sources and ContributorsPsychokinesis  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=453938638  Contributors: 041744, 100110100, 200.191.188.xxx, 203.30.254.xxx, 24.15.135.xxx, 2help, 2over0, 5Q5,64.12.104.xxx, A Ramachandran, Aaron Brenneman, Accurizer, Acroterion, Adapa Atra-Hasis, Adashiel, Adraeus, Airconswitch, Akamandersd, Alaniaris, Alansohn, Ali2234, Allmightyduck,Alvis, Am kh 83, Andrew Gwilliam, AndyGondorf, Andycjp, Angelar7, Angie Y., Antaeus Feldspar, Antelan, Antidermis2319, AoS1014, Apocryphite, Aranel, Arnoldakar, Arthena, ArthurRubin, Asfarer, Auric, Avatar73, BBiiis08, BTLizard, Bacteria, Barticus88, Bazmatic, Beemer69, Ben-Zin, Ben-w, Bentogoa, Betoseha, Bindingtheory, Bjwebb, Blanchardb, Blinkycc13,Blizzard800, Bobet, Bobo192, Bobrayner, Bongwarrior, BorgQueen, Bovineone, Bruce1ee, Bubba73, Buchanan-Hermit, BullRangifer, CJoy555, Calabraxthis, Calhobs23, Can't sleep, clown willeat me, CapitalR, Carlosguitar, Carnildo, CarolGray, Caseymelcher, Casliber, Celestianpower, Chairman S., CharmedFreak123, Chiefskittles, Chris the speller, ChuckSmith, Chuckiesdad,Circeus, CirrusHead, Ck lostsword, Ckatz, Closedmouth, Cmdrjameson, ConfuciusOrnis, Coppertwig, CorbinSimpson, Cpl Syx, Crowley, Cynthia Sue Larson, DFRussia, DVD R W,DabMachine, Dancter, Danleary25, DarkfireTaimatsu, Darthnexus69, Darthveda, DaveWF, Dekisugi, Deltabeignet, Deor, Derek Ross, Dethme0w, Discospinster, Dmerrill, Doctormatt,Dogblack12, DonSlice, DowagerMonk, Dpbsmith, Dragon's Light, Drcheatlhopplint, DreamHaze, Drumsticks77, Dticresearch, Duh hoe, Duncharris, Dysson, ESkog, EdBever, Eleven even,Emblazoned, Ender Wiiggin, Energycult, Epbr123, Erencexor, Eric Winesett, Eudj, Evan Robidoux, Evercat, Everyking, Extransit, FJPB, Faramarz.M, Farseer, Father Goose, Fireleaf,FlyingToaster, Forteanajones, Fratrep, Furby73, G2 Wolf, Gaius Cornelius, GangofOne, Gary D, Gekedo, Gerweck, Giftlite, Gil987, Gilliam, Gjd001, Glenn, Golgofrinchian, Gonzalo84,Graham87, GrahamDo, Grizzly, Gtrmp, Gurch, Guyonthesubway, Hadal, Hob Gadling, HorsePunchKid, Horsten, Hveziris, Hydraton31, Imran, Infrogmation, InshaInsha, Ipkissian maskosis,Iridescent, Issuesixty soulsgreat, J04n, JFreeman, JRDarby, JaGa, Jack Cain, Jacobmfoster, Jade Keira, JamesAM, JamesStewart7, Japanese Searobin, Javsav, Jim62sch, Jimmy92, Jni, JoanneB,Jochen Schweizer, John of Reading, JohnOwens, Johnfos, Jondel, Jossi, Journalist, Justin The Claw, Jwalte04, JzG, K1llapanda, K2709, Kai hyuuga, Kaka1990, Kate, Kathryn NicDhàna, Kaziel,Kazuba, Kchishol1970, Kendrick7, KillerChihuahua, King Womp, Kingpin13, Kjp993, Klausschubert, Kotra, KramarDanIkabu, Krea, Kristialbryan, Ktyler5618, Kungfuadam, Kyouretsu, LC,LGagnon, LLcopp, LOTRrules, LSmok3, Lady BlahDeBlah, Lalala-i-rule, Laudaka, Lazyteen542, Lee Daniel Crocker, Leonardo2505, Liamdaly620, Lighthead, Limetom, Lincoln gb, Liu Bei,Logos5557, Loodog, Lord Hammu, Lorezskylines, LuckyLouie, LyleHoward, Macromonkey, Magiclite, Magnus Manske, Magore, Makeemdance, Malerin, Mandarax, Markt3, Martarius,MartinPoulter, Martino 8, Martinphi, Masterpiece2000, Match, MattKolter, McGeddon, McSly, Mccready, Meok, Michael A. White, Mike.lifeguard, Mild Bill Hiccup, Miskin, Mitsukai,MrGodot, N5iln, NawlinWiki, Nealparr, NewEnglandYankee, Niteowlneils, No substitute for you, Noclevername, Noosentaal, Northmeister, Nsajjansajja, NuclearWarfare, Ohnoitsjamie, Ollj,Ondeck1, Orangemarlin, Ortolan88, Otto4711, Oublier, OuttatheWorld, Pacific1982, Palica, Paul A, Paul August, Pearle, Perfectblue97, Petrb, Pfalstad, Philip Trueman, Physicistjedi, Piano nontroppo, Portillo, PouponOnToast, Prgrmr@wrk, Program Death, PsycheMan, Psyphics, Putnamehere3145, Queenmomcat, Quintote, Qxz, R'n'B, RAMChYLD, RFerreira, RWFanMS, RandolfRichardson, RaseaC, Raunchogrut, Razorflame, Rdsmith4, RedElden, RedHillian, RevRaven, RexNL, ReyBrujo, Reyk, Richard W.M. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Medium-Eva-Carriere-1912.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Medium-Eva-Carriere-1912.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Albert vonSchrenck-Notzing, German photographer (1862 – 1929)Image:Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edouard-Isidore-Buguet-PK-spirit-photographer.jpg  License: PublicDomain  Contributors: Édouard Isidore BuguetFile:Poltergeist-Therese Selles.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Poltergeist-Therese_Selles.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: unknown staff artistFile:Uri Geller.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Uri_Geller.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: photo taken by Aquarius2000File:Miroslaw-magola-wikipedia-3.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Miroslaw-magola-wikipedia-3.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Miroslaw MagolaFile:Médium et Aksakof002.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Médium_et_Aksakof002.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Fran6fran6

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