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Cold War Origins:After being Allies during WWII, the U.S. & U.S.S.R. soon viewed each other with increasing suspicion...
United NationsAgreed to by the “Big Three” @ the Yalta Conference (Feb. 1945); Debated for two months by 50 countries in San Francisco (April 1945)
Headquarters in NYC
GOAL:
Promote globalism
Create something stronger than the League of Nations
Recognize isolationism is a failure
UN Organization:Secretariat – oversees day-to-day programs, policies, & operations
General Assembly – Members bring ideas forward to all for open discussion
Security Council – Responsible for maintaining international peace and security; enforces rules through resolutions
Permanent Members: U.S., G.B., France, China, Russia = veto power
Economic & Social Council – 54 member countries serve on Council that conducts programs in medicine, education, and social needs
Trusteeship Council - overseas transition of colonies to independent states
International Court of Justice - judicial body of UN
Ideologies CLASH!• United States:
• Capitalism (Market economy): private citizens control almost all economic activity (ex. What to produce, who produces it, and for whom it is produced?)
• Democracy: right to vote, competing political parties
U.S.S.R.
• Communism (Command Economy): state controls all property & economic activity
• Totalitarian: one political party - the Communists; little to no rights for the citizens
Soviets Spread Communism
• WWII: Soviet troops occupied most of Eastern Europe
• USSR prevents free-elections which lead to communist governments
• 1948: these nations become "satellites" of Soviet Union (A country ruled by another nation)
• These nations serve as a buffer (security) for USSR from an invasion by Germany
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, romania, Yugoslavia, east Germany, poland
Satellite nations (1948):
"Iron Curtain Across Europe"
• Europe was now divided into TWO political regions; a mostly democratic Western Europe and a communist Eastern Europe
• 1946: Churchill said, "An iron curtain has descended across the continent."
• The phrase "iron curtain" came to stand for the division of Europe
U.S. Containment Policy
• Faced with Soviet threat, Truman decided it was time to "stop babying" the Soviets
• Containment meant the U.S. would prevent any further Soviet expansion
Truman Doctrine• Containment policy
expanded into a policy known as the Truman Doctrine in 1947
• Truman Doctrine: provided aid (money & military supplies) to support "free peoples who are resisting pressures"
• First used in Greece & Turkey (By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 mil.)
Marshall Plan• Post-war Europe was devastated
economically
• By June 1947, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a U.S. aid package to European nations
• Western Europe accepted the help, while Eastern Europe (Stalin) rejected the aid
• Over the next 4 years...16 countries received $13 billion in U.S. aid
• By 1952 Western Europe's economy was flourishing
Struggle Over Germany
• At the end of WWII, Germany was divided into four occupation zones
• U.S., France, & Great Britain combined their 3 zones into one zone - West Germany
• U.S.S.R. controlled East Germany
• Now the superpowers were occupying an area right next to each other - problems were bound to occur
Berlin Airlift
• 1948: Soviets attempted to block the three Western powers from access to Berlin
• 2.1 million residents of Berlin had only enough food for five weeks, resulting in a dire situation!
• For 327 days, planes took off and landed every few minutes (277,000 flights) - delivering 2.3 million tons of food, fuel, & medicine to West Berlin
• Realizing they were beaten & suffering a public relations nightmare, the Soviets lifted their blockade in May 1949
NATO Formed• Berlin blockade increased Western
Europe's fear of Soviet aggression
• 1949: USSR detonates its first atomic bomb
• As a result, ten Western European nations joined the U.S. & Canada (April 1949) to form defensive alliance
• An attack against one member was an attack against all
• NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization
U.S., Canada, great Britain, Belgium, Denmark, france, iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, netherlands, Norway, portugal, Greece, Turkey, West Germany
Nato members (1949):
Warsaw Pact• Soviet Union responded
to NATO by setting up the Warsaw Pact (1955)
• Made up of its satellite nations
• Communist counteraction
• “Treaty of mutual friendship, co-operation and mutual assistance”
Communism Spreads to Asia
• China becomes Communist (1949)
• U.S. supported nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek (fought Japan in WWII)
• Gov = inefficient & corrupt
• Communist leader, Mao Zedong gained support of peasants