Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience An
interdisciplinary field involving cognitive psychology, neurology,
biology, computer science, linguistics and specialists from other
fields who are interested in the connection between mental
processes and the brain.
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Consciousness Consciousness The process by which the brain
creates a model of internal and external experience. Can take many
forms.
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Nonconscious Processes Nonconscious Processes Any brain process
that does not involve conscious processing. Preconscious memories
Unconscious Processes
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Conscious and Nonconscious Minds What Consciousness Does For
Us: Restricts our attention Provides a mental meeting place where
sensation can combine with memory, emotions, etc. Allows us to
create a mental model of the world that we can manipulate.
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Levels of the Nonconscious Mind ThePreconscious : Preconscious
memories Information that is not currently in consciousness but can
be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls
attention to them. Example Salem is the capital of Oregon.
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Levels of the Nonconscious Mind The Unconscious A part of the
mind that houses memories, desires, and feelings that would be
threatening if brought to consciousness.
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Levels of the Nonconscious Mind The Unconscious: Many modern
psychologists view the unconscious in less sinister terms. Merely a
collection of mental processes that operate outside of awareness,
but not suppressing info or working at odds with
consciousness.
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Daydreaming Daydreaming A common (and quite normal) variation
of consciousness in which attention shifts to memories,
expectations, desires, or fantasies and away from the immediate
situation.
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Sleep Mysterious in many ways Perceptual window still open:
Move about your bed but you dont fall out. Roaring vehicles may not
disturb your sleep, but a babys cry wakes you instantly. The sound
of your name wakes you!
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Circadian Rythms Circadian Rhythms Bodily patterns that repeat
approximately every 24 hours, such as sleeping and waking. Our
biological clock. Body temperature rises in the morning to wake us
up, then falls at night to put us to sleep. Disruptions: Light
Staying up late Sleeping in late
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Sleep Stages 5 Stages Stage 1 Hallucinations occur: Falling,
floating, being pinned down. Start to relax. Stage 2 Sometimes
sleep walking occurs, you become more relaxed. Stage 3 and Stage 4
Deep sleep, hard to awaken. Stage 5 REM Sleep. Eyes move rapidly,
heart rate and blood flow increase.
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Sleep Paralysis Sleep Paralysis A condition in which a sleeper
is unable to move any of the voluntary muscles, except those
controlling the eyes. Normally occurs during REM sleep.
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Why sleep? Sleep affects: Memory Concentration Mood Hunger
Immune System If you struggle with any of these things, add 1 hour
of sleep per night and they will improve!!!
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Why Sleep? Sleep: Helps us recuperate Makes memories Feeds
creative thinking Plays a role in the growth process
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Sleep Debt Sleep Debt A sleep deficiency caused by not getting
the amount of sleep that one requires for optimal functioning.
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Sleep Disorders Insomnia Persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep. Narcolepsy Experience periodic, overwhelming
sleepiness. Sleep Apnea Trouble breathing during sleep. Night
Terrors Deep sleep episodes that seem to produce terror.
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Dreams Start during REM Sleep Humans spend 600 Hours a year
dreaming, experience 1500 dreams a year, and more than 100,000
dreams in a lifetime.
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What We Dream Dreams Hallucinations of the sleeping mind.
Manifest Content - The story line of a dream, taken at face value
without interpretation. Latent Content The symbolic meaning of
objects and events in a dream. Usually an interpretation based on
Freuds psychoanalytic theory.
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Why We Dream To satisfy our own wishes. To file away memories.
To develop and preserve neural pathways. To make sense of neural
static. To reflect cognitive Development.
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Activation-Synthesis Theory Activation Synthesis Theory The
theory that dreams begin with random electrical activation coming
from the brain stem Dreams, then, are the brains attempt to make
sense of to synthesize this random activity.
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Hypnosis Hypnosis An induced state of awareness, usually
characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and
highly focused attention. Uses of hypnosis
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Meditation Meditation A state of consciousness often induced by
focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions,
and minimizing external stimulation. May be intended to enhance
self knowledge, well-being, and spirituality.
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Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive Drugs Chemicals that affect
mental processes and behavior by their effects on the brain.
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Psychoactive Drugs Hallucinogens Drugs that create
hallucinations or alter perceptions of the external environment and
inner awareness. Table 5.1 p. 183
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Opiates Opiates Highly addictive drugs, derived from opium,
that can produce a profound sense of well-being and have strong
pain-relieving properties.
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Depressants Depressants Drugs that slow down mental and
physical activity by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses in
the central nervous system.
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Stimulants Stimulants Drugs that arouse the central nervous
system, speeding up mental and physical responses.
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Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance The reduced effectiveness a drug
has after repeated use.
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Psychoactive Drugs Physical Dependence A process by which the
body adjusts to, and comes to need, a drug for its everyday
functioning.
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Psychoactive Drugs Addiction A condition in which a person
continues to use a drug despite its adverse effects often despite
repeated attempts to discontinue using the drug. Can be physical or
psychological
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Psychoactive Drugs Withdrawal A pattern of uncomfortable or
painful physical symptoms and cravings experienced by the user when
the level of drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated.
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Psychoactive Drugs Psychological dependence A desire to obtain
and use a drug even though there is no physical dependence.