5
7/29/2019 Cognitive M o d e l s of Speech Processing.pdf http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cognitive-m-o-d-e-l-s-of-speech-processingpdf 1/5 Book Reviews Cognitive Models of Speech Processing Gerry T. M. Altmann (editor) (University of Sussex) Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press (The ACL-MIT Press Series in Natural Language Processing), 1990, x + 540 pp. Hardbound, ISBN 0-262-01117-4, $55.00 Reviewed by Howard S. Kurtzman National Institute of Mental Health This volum e is one of the most valuable publications in psycholinguistics of the last decade. It is a collection of 22 chapters, all written by leading contemporary investi- gators, presenting much of the best recent empirically-based research and speculation on spoken language comprehension by humans (mainly adults). The chapters divide into three general areas, all of primary current concern: word identification (occupying about two-thirds of the book), syntactic parsing, and the relation between intonational structure and syntactic structure. Literally every chapter develops interesting ideas in a clear and rigorous fashion. The volume is particularly useful because, unlike most collections, the chapters engage one another substantively. Three chapters act as explicit commentaries on oth- ers, and elaborate independent points as well. Many of the other chapters also contain specific responses to the claims and approaches described in related chapters. Further, the editor's introduction comprehensively delineates the areas of agreement, disagree- ment, and complementarity among the chapters. As a whole, the book provides a coherent picture of the rich theoretical and methodological scene that comprises psy- cholinguistics today. In the following, I summarize the background and major themes of each group of chapters. 1. Word Identification Current theoretical and methodological approaches to auditory word identification are strongly inspired by the work of Marslen-Wilson (1987) and his colleagues. This work indicates that upon reception of the initial sounds of a word, all of the words in the perceiver's lexicon that share those initial sounds are activated in parallel. These words might vary in their degree of activation, depending upon how closely they fit the auditory stimulus. As further sounds are received, the activation levels are adjusted, until a point is reached (perhaps before the end of the word stimulus) at which a decision procedure determines that one word has significantly greater activation than any others and adopts it as the lexical percept. In addition, syntactic and semantic context can influence activation levels or the decision procedure. Arising from this general conception are a number of specific issues addressed by the contributors (Richard Shillcock; Uli Frauenfelder and Guus Peeters; Dennis Norris;

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Page 1: Cognitive M o d e l s of Speech Processing.pdf

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B o o k R e v i e w s

C o g n i t iv e M o d e l s o f S p e e c h P r o c e s s i n g

Gerry T. M . Altm ann (editor)( U n i v e r s i t y o f S u s s ex )

C a m b r i d g e , M A : T h e M I T P r e s s

( T he A C L - M I T P r e s s S er ie s in N a t u r a l

Lan g u ag e P r o ces s in g ) , 1 9 9 0 , x + 5 4 0 p p .

H ar db o un d , ISBN 0-262-01117-4 , $55.00

Reviewed by

Howard S . KurtzmanNational Inst i tu te o f M ental H ealth

T h i s v o l u m e i s o n e o f t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e p u b l i c a t i o n s i n p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c s o f t h e l a s t

d e c a d e . I t i s a c o l le c t i o n o f 2 2 c h a p t e r s , a l l w r i t t e n b y l e a d i n g c o n t e m p o r a r y i n v e s ti -

g a t o r s, p r e s e n t i n g m u c h o f t h e b e s t r e c e n t e m p i r i c a l l y - b a s e d r e s e a r c h a n d s p e c u l a t i o n

o n s p o k e n l a n g u a g e c o m p r e h e n s i o n b y h u m a n s ( m a i n l y ad u lt s ). T h e c h a p te r s d i v i d e

i n t o t h r e e g e n e r a l a r e a s , all o f p r i m a r y c u r r e n t c o n c e rn : w o r d i d e n ti fi c a ti o n ( o c c u p y i n g

a b o u t t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e b o o k ) , s y n t ac t ic p a r s in g , a n d t h e r e la t io n b e t w e e n i n t o n a ti o n a l

s t r u c t u r e a n d s y n t a c t i c s t ru c t u r e . L i t e r a ll y e v e r y c h a p t e r d e v e l o p s in t e r e s t i n g i d e a s i n

a c l e a r a n d r i g o r o u s f a s h i o n .T h e v o l u m e i s p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l b e c a u s e , u n l i k e m o s t c o l l e c t i o n s , t h e c h a p t e r s

e n g a g e o n e a n o t h e r s u b s t a n t i v e l y . T h r e e c h a p t e r s a c t a s e x p l i c i t c o m m e n t a r i e s o n o t h -

e rs , a n d e l a b o r a t e i n d e p e n d e n t p o i n t s a s w e ll . M a n y o f t h e o t h e r c h a p t e rs a l so c o n t a in

s p e c if i c r e s p o n s e s t o t h e c l a im s a n d a p p r o a c h e s d e s c r i b e d i n re l a t e d c h a p t e r s . F u r t h e r ,

t h e e d i t o r ' s i n t r o d u c t i o n c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y d e l i n e a te s t h e a r e a s o f a g r e e m e n t , d i s a g re e -

m e n t , a n d c o m p l e m e n t a r i t y a m o n g t h e c h a p t er s . A s a w h o l e , t h e b o o k p r o v i d e s a

c o h e r e n t p i c t u r e o f t h e r ic h t h e o r e ti c a l a n d m e t h o d o l o g i c a l s c e n e th a t c o m p r i s e s p s y -

ch o l in g u i s t i c s t o d ay .

I n t h e fo l lo w i n g , I s u m m a r i z e t h e b a c k g r o u n d a n d m a j o r t h e m e s o f e a c h g r o u p o f

c h a p t e r s .

1. W ord Identification

C u r r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l a n d m e t h o d o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h e s t o a u d i t o r y w o r d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n

a r e s t r o n g l y i n s p i r e d b y t h e w o r k o f M a r s l e n - W i l s o n (1 98 7) a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s . T h i s

w o r k i n d ic a t e s t h a t u p o n r e c e p t i o n o f t h e i ni ti al s o u n d s o f a w o r d , a l l o f t h e w o r d s i n

t h e p e r c e i v e r ' s l e x i c o n t h a t s h a r e t h o s e i n i t i a l s o u n d s a r e a c t i v a t e d i n p a r a l l e l . T h e s e

w o r d s m i g h t v a r y i n t h e ir d e g r e e o f a c t iv a t io n , d e p e n d i n g u p o n h o w c l o s el y t h e y f it t h e

a u d i t o r y s t i m u l u s . A s f u r t h e r s o u n d s a r e r e c e i v e d , t h e a c t i v a t i o n l e v e l s a r e a d j u s t e d ,u n t il a p o i n t i s r e a c h e d ( p e r h a p s b e f o r e th e e n d o f t h e w o r d s t i m u l u s ) a t w h i c h a

d e c i s i o n p r o c e d u r e d e t e r m i n e s t h a t o n e w o r d h a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y g r e a t e r a c t i v a t i o n t h a n

a n y o t h e r s a n d a d o p t s i t a s t h e l e x i c a l p e r c e p t . I n a d d i t i o n , s y n t a c t i c a n d s e m a n t i c

c o n t e x t c a n i n f l u e n c e a c t i v a t i o n l e v e l s o r t h e d e c i s i o n p r o c e d u r e .

A r i s in g f r o m t h is g e n e r a l c o n c e p t i o n a r e a n u m b e r o f s p ec i fi c i s s ue s a d d r e s s e d b y

t h e c o n t r i b u t o r s ( R i c h a r d S h il lc o c k ; U l i F r a u e n f e l d e r a n d G u u s P e e t e r s ; D e n n i s N o r r is ;

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Co m putational Linguistics Volume 18, N um be r 1

A n n e C u t l er ; P a u l L u c e , D a v i d P i so n i , a n d S t e v e n G o l d i n g e r ; W i l li a m M a r s l e n -W i ls o n ;

J a n C h a r l e s -L u c e , P a u l L u c e , a n d M i c h a e l C lu f f; E l le n B a r d; G e r r y A l t m a n n ; J a c q u e s

M e h l e r, E m m a n u e l D u p o u x , a n d J u a n S e g u i [ tw o c h a p t er s ]; C y n t h i a C o n n i n e ; A r t h u r

S a m u e l ; L o r ra i n e T y le r; H e n r y T h o m p s o n a n d G e r r y A l t m a n n ; J e f fr e y E l m a n ):

1. W h a t a l g o r i t h m u n d e r l i e s t h e d e c i s i o n p r o c e d u r e f o r a d o p t i o n o f a

p a r t i c u l a r w o r d ?

2 . I t i s a l r e a d y k n o w n t h a t t h e f r e q u e n c i e s o f o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e w o r d

c a n d i d a t e s i n f l u e n c e t h e s p e e d o f w o r d i d e n t if i ca t io n . W h a t i s th e l o c u s

o f t h i s i n f lue nc e : i n i t i a l a c t i va t ion l e ve l s o r t he de c i s ion p r oc e du r e ?

3 . W h a t i n f l u e n c e , i f a n y , d o e s t h e s i z e o f t h e s e t o f a c t i v a t e d w o r d

c a n d i d a t e s h a v e u p o n i d e n t if i c a ti o n p r o c e s se s ?

4 . D o s t r o n g l y a c t i v a t e d w o r d c a n d i d a t e s in h i b i t t h e a c ti v a t i o n l e v el s o fo t h e r c a n d i d a t e s ?

5 . W ha t i s t he r o l e o f t he sy ll a b l e , pa r t i c u l a r ly t he s t re s se d sy l l ab l e ?

6. H o w a r e w o r d b o u n d a r i e s i n t h e c o n t i n u o u s s p e e c h s t r e am l o ca t ed ?

7 . W h a t is t h e n a t u r e a n d d e g r e e o f c o n t e x t u a l i n f l u e n c e s o n w o r dide n t i f i c a t i on? ( T h i s i s t he i s sue o f modu la r i t y ; va r ious c ha r a c t e r i z a t i ons

o f w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e a u t h o r s . )

T h e c h a p t e r s p r o v i d e c o n t r a s t i n g r e s p o n s e s t o e a c h o f t h e s e i s s u e s , w i t h m a n yc h a p t e r s a d d r e s s i n g m o r e t h a n o n e i s s u e . D a t a a r e r e p o r t e d f r o m p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i ce x p e r i m e n t s o n h u m a n s , c o g n i ti v e s im u l a t io n s ( w h i c h a r e r ea l ly a n o t h e r f o r m o f p s y -

c h o l i n g u i s t i c e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n ) , a n d s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s o f d i c t i o n a r i e s . M u c h o f t h er e s e a r c h a i m s t o d e v e l o p p r e c i s e c o n n e c t i o n i s t m o d e l s , w i t h t h e m a j o r i n f l u e n c e s

b e i n g M c C l e l l a n d a n d E l m a n ' s ( 1 9 8 6) T R A C E m o d e l a n d J o r d a n ' s (1 98 6) re c u r r e n t -l in k d y n a m i c n e t w o r k s . F u r t h e r m o r e , E l m a n ' s c h a p t e r, w h i c h i s f r a m e d a s a r e p l y t o

F o d o r a n d P y l y s h y n (1 98 8), d e m o n s t r a t e s j u st h o w r a d i c a l a n a l t e r n a t i v e t o t r a d i ti o n a l

s y m b o l - b a s e d p r o c e s s i n g c o n n e c t i o n i s m c a n b e (c f. r e l a t e d w o r k b y E l m a n ( 19 9 0) a n d

va n G e lde r ( 1990)) .

2. Syntactic Parsing

S o m e t h e o r i s ts ( e.g ., C l i f to n a n d F r a z i e r 1 9 89 ) h a v e c l a i m e d t h a t o n l y g e n e r a l s t r u c t u r a l

p r i n c i p l e s a n d s t r a t e g i e s a r e u s e d b y i n i t i a l p a r s i n g p r o c e s s e s , w i t h a p p l i c a t i o n o fl e x i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n d e l a y e d u n t i l a l a t e r s t a g e o f p a r s i n g . T h e c h a p t e r b y M i c h a e l

T a n e n h a u s , S u s a n G a r n s ey , a n d J u li e B o l a n d p r e s e n t s e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e ( i n c l u d i n gn e u r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l r e su l ts ) a g a i n s t t h i s c l a im . T h e i r w o r k i n d i c a te s t h a t l o c a t in g w h -

g a p s i s i m m e d i a t e l y g u i d e d b y t h e p a r s e r a t t e m p t i n g t o a s s ig n t h e t h e m a t i c r o le s

s p e c i fi e d b y t h e v e r b ( se e a l so T a n e n h a u s a n d C a r l s o n 1 9 8 9 ; K u r t z m a n , C r a w f o r d ,a n d N y c h i s - F l o r e n c e 1 9 91 ). T h e i r e x p e r i m e n t s a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t c o n t r o l r e la t i o n s ( a s

in Jane forced/promised M ar y to go to the store) a r e i m m e d i a t e l y c o m p u t e d o n t h e b as is o ft h e v e r b .

L y n F r a z ie r 's c h a p t e r d e v e l o p s a v i e w o f th e p a r s e r a s m o d u l a r l y o r g a n i z ed . S h ea r g u e s f o r s e p a r a t e m o d u l e s f o r: b u i l d i n g c o n s t i t u e n t s t r u c t u r e , a s s i g n i n g b i n d i n g r e -

l a t i ons ( e . g . , i n w h- c ons t r uc t ions ) , a s s ign ing the ma t i c r o l e s , a nd a s s ign ing syn ta c t i c

88

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Book Reviews

c on s t i t ue n t s t o d i s c ou r se e l e m e n t s (c f. W e inbe r g 1987 ) . F r a z i e r c l a ims tha t t he f i r s t

t w o o f t h e s e a r e c o m p l e t e l y " in f o r m a t i o n a l l y e n c a p s u l a t e d , " w h i c h i s o n e o f J e r r y

F o d o r ' s ( 19 8 3) c r i te r ia fo r a m o d u l e . T h e o t h e r t w o , h o w e v e r , a r e o n l y " p s e u d o e n c a p -

s u l a t e d ," s i n c e t h e y m a k e c o n s t r a i n e d u s e o f n o n l i n g u i s t i c in f o r m a t i o n ( b u t o t h e r w i s e

o b e y F o d o r ' s c r i t e r i a ) . T h e y s e r v e a s i n t e r m e d i a r i e s b e t w e e n l i n g u i s t i c a n d g e n e r a l

k n o w l e d g e ( s im i l a r to t h e c l a i m s o f T a n e n h a u s a n d C a r l s o n 1 98 9).T h e c o m m e n t a r y c h a p t e r b y J a n e t D e a n F o d o r a n a l y z e s a n d e x t e n d s t h e p r o p o s a ls

o f T a n e n h a u s e t a l. a n d F r a z i e r i n t e r m s o f t h e b r o a d i s s u e s t h a t o r g a n i z e r e c e n t p a r s i n g

r e s ea r c h , i n c l u d i n g s i n g l e v e r s u s p a r a l l e l a n a l y s i s a n d t h e r o l e o f s e m a n t i c i n fl u e n c e s.

T h e c l a im s p u t f o r w a r d i n t h e s e c h a p t e r s a r e n o t s p e c if ic to s p o k e n l a n g u a g e p r o -

c e ss in g . R e s e a r c h e r s t o d a y a s s u m e t h a t m o s t p a r s i n g p r o c e s s e s o p e r a t e o n b o t h s p o k e n

a n d w r i t t e n i n p u t , a n d i n f a c t p a r s i n g e x p e r i m e n t s ty p i c a l l y u s e o n l y w r i t t e n s t im u l i

( b e c a u s e c o n t r o l l e d p r e s e n t a t i o n i s e a s i e r t o m a i n t a i n ) . H o w e v e r , s p o k e n l a n g u a g e

d o e s u n i q u e l y g i v e r i s e t o q u e s t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g t h e r o l e o f i n t o n a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n

in pa r s ing .

3 . I n t o n a t i o n

I n r e c en t y e ar s t h e d o m i n a n t l in g u is ti c a p p r o a c h t o e x p l a in i n g i n t o n a ti o n p h e n o m -

e na ha s be e n tha t r e p r e se n t e d by S e lk i r k ( 1984 ) , w ho pos i t s d i s t i nc t l e ve l s o f i n to -n a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e , s y n ta c t ic s t ru c t u r e , a n d i n f o r m a t i o n s t r u c t u r e ( c o n c e r n e d w i t h f o -

c u s / p r e s u p p o s i t i o n ) . ( Se e a l so I n k e l a s a n d Z e c 1 99 0.) M a r k S t e e d m a n ' s c h a p t e r a r g u e s

t h a t t h e a l t e r n a t iv e a p p r o a c h o f c o m b i n a t o r y c a t e g o ri a l g r a m m a r ( S t e e d m a n 1 9 8 9) a l-l o w s t h e s e t h r e e le v e ls t o b e c o l l a p s e d i n t o o n e . T h is t h e n o p e n s u p t h e p o s s i b il it y o f a

s e n t e n c e c o m p r e h e n s i o n s y s t e m t h a t u s e s s y n t ac t ic , i n t o n a t io n a l , a n d s e m a n t i c i n f o r-m a t i o n s i m u l t a n e o u s l y a n d e ff ic ie n tl y i n t h e w o r d - b y - w o r d p r o c e s s in g o f t h e i n c o m i n g

s e n t en c e ( s ee al so A l t m a n n a n d S t e e d m a n 1 98 8). A r a v i n d J o sh i 's c o m m e n t a r y c h a p -

t e r ar g u e s t h a t t r e e -a d j o in i n g g r a m m a r s c a n b e d e v e l o p e d t h a t a r e w e a k l y e q u i v a l e n tt o c o m b i n a t o r y c a t e g o r i a l g r a m m a r s a n d t h a t a l s o m a i n t a i n a c l o s e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n

s y n t a c ti c a n d i n t o n a t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e ( a l th o u g h n o t t h e i d e n t i t y r e la t i o n a s p r o p o s e d b yS t e e d m a n ) .

F in a ll y, t h e c h a p t e r b y M i t ch e l l M a r c u s a n d D o n a l d H i n d l e o f f e r s a p a r s e r - b a s e da c c o u n t o f o b li g a to r y i n to n a t i o n b o u n d a r i e s ( th o s e b o u n d a r i e s w h o s e a b s e n ce w o u l d

r e n d e r t h e s t r in g u n g r a m m a t i c a l o r w o u l d r e q u i r e th a t a d i f f e r e n t s y n t a c t ic st r u c t u r e

b e a s s i g n e d t o it). M a r c u s a n d H i n d l e a s s u m e , fo l l o w i n g w o r k s u c h a s t h a t o f T a n e n -ha us a nd h i s c o l l e a gue s , t ha t t he syn ta c t i c pa r se r a c t i ve ly a s s igns a ve r b - spe c i f i e d

t h e m a t i c ro l e t o e a c h c o n s t i t u e n t a s i t i s id e n t i fi e d . H o w e v e r , t h e y f u r t h e r a s s u m e t h a t

a n i n t o n at i o n b o u n d a r y t e r m i n a t e s t h e m a t i c a s s i g n m e n t f o r a p a r ti c u l ar v e r b . M a r c u sa n d H i n d l e a r g u e , w i t h i n t h e d e t e rm i n i s t ic p a r s i n g f r a m e w o r k o f d e s c r ip t i o n t h e o r y( M a r c u s 1 9 8 7 ), t h a t o b l i g a t o r y b o u n d a r i e s o c c u r a t al l a n d o n l y t h e p o i n t s t h a t a r e

n e c e s s a r y t o p r e v e n t m i s a s s i g n m e n t o f t h e m a t i c r ol es . ( Se e r e l a t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r kby Ca r r o l l a nd S low ia c z e k 1987 . )

4 . C o n c l u s i o n

T h i s v o l u m e p r o v i d e s c o m p l e t e s t a te - o f -t h e - a rt c o v e r a g e ( as o f 1 9 9 0) o f r e s e a r c h in

a u d i t o r y w o r d i d e n ti f ic a t io n , i n c l u d i n g s p ec i fi c m e t h o d o l o g i e s a n d d a t a . I ts c o v e r a g eo f p a r s i n g a n d i n t o n a t i o n r e s e a r c h i s n o t a s b r o a d o r d e t a i l e d , b u t t h e c h a p t e r s d ot o u c h u p o n a ll t h e c h i ef i s s u e s a n d p r e s e n t i m p o r t a n t i d e a s t h a t w i l l b e i n f l u e n t ia l i nf u t u r e w o r k .

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Co m puta t iona l L ingu i s ti c s Vo lume 18, Nu m ber 1

A l t h o u g h t h e v o l u m e i s p r i m a r i l y a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p s y c h o l i n -

g u i s ti c s li t er a t u r e, m o s t o f it i s a c c es s ib l e t o a n y m o t i v a t e d r e a d e r w h o i s g e n e r a l l y

a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e i s s ue s u n d e r l y i n g r e c e n t i nv e st ig a ti to n o f s p e e c h a n d l a n g u a g e p r o -

c e s s i n g . M a n y o f t h e c h a p t e r s a r e a d m i r a b l e f o r t h e i r c a r e f u l o r g a n i z a t i o n o f c o m p l e x

m a t e r ia l . T h e e d i t o r ' s i n t r o d u c t i o n i s a n a c c u r a t e a n d u s e f u l o v e r v i e w o f t h e v o l u m e ,

a l t h o u g h i t p r o v i d e s n o t s o m u c h a n o r i e n t a t io n o r g r o u n d i n g a s a h i g h - le v e l s u m m a r yt h a t m a k e s s e n s e o n l y af te r t h e c h a p t e rs h a v e b e e n s k i m m e d f o r t h e ir m a i n p o i n ts .

A s t h i s v o l u m e d e m o n s t r a t e s , p s y c h o l i n g u i s t i c s h a s g r o w n e n o r m o u s l y i n b o t h

r a n g e a n d s o p h i s t i c a t i o n s i n ce t h e d a y s o f F o d o r , B e v e r, a n d G a r r e t t ( 19 74 ). N o t o n l y

h a v e n e w e m p i r i c a l m e t h o d s b e e n d e v e l o p e d , b u t c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n s e n s u s h a s b e e n

a t t a i n e d o n t h e c o n c e p t u a l f r a m e w o r k s w i t h i n w h i c h s p e c i f i c t h e o r e t i c a l c l a i m s a r e

f o r m u l a t e d a n d t e st e d . (N o n e t h e le s s , o n e b r o a d c o n c e p t u a l is s u e t o u c h e d u p o n i n th i s

v o l u m e f o r w h i c h t h e re i s n o t y e t c o n s e n s u s i s w h e t h e r c o n n e c t i o n is t re p r e s e n t a t io n s

c a n a d e q u a t e l y c a p t u r e t h e l i n g u is t ic k n o w l e d g e t h a t h a s t r a d i t i o n a l l y b e e n e x p r e s s e d

i n t h e f o r m o f e x p li c it s y m b o l i c r ul e s. ) F u r t h e r , t h e r e h a s b e e n a s i g n i f i c a n t c o n v e r -

g e n c e o n p a r t i c u l a r c l as s e s o f p r o c e s s i n g m o d e l s . T h e o u t l o o k f o r a c o g n i t i v e t h e o r yo f l a n g u a g e h a s n e v e r b e e n b r ig h t er .

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Nych is-Florence , C. (1991). "Loc a t ingwh-traces." In Principle-Based Parsing,ed ited b y R . C. Berwick, S. P. Ab ney, andC. Tenny. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 347-382.

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S teedm an , M. (1989) . "Co ord ina t ion andc o n s t it u e n c y i n a c o m b i n a t o r y g r a m m a r . "In Alternative C onceptions of Phrase

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Tanenhaus , M. K . ; and Ca r l son , G . N .(1989) . "Lexica l s t ruc ture an d lang uag ecomprehens ion . " In Lexical Representationand P rocess, ed i t ed by W. D . Mars l en -Wilson. Ca m bridg e , MA: The MIT Press .

Van G elder , T. (1990). "Com posi t ion a l i ty : Aconne c t ionis t var ia t io n on a c lassica lt h e m e . " Cognitive Science, 14, 355-384.

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syntac t ic parser ." In Mo dularity inKnowledge Representation andNatural-Language U nderstanding, e d i t e d b yJ. L. Garf ie ld . Cambridge , MA: The MITPress, 259-276.

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B o o k R e v i e w s

Howard S. Kurtzman r e c e i v e d h i s P h .D . i n c o g n i t i v e p s y c h o l o g y f r o m M I T a n d h a s t a u g h t a t C o r -

n e l l U n i v e r s it y . H e i s n o w a t t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f M e n t a l H e a l t h ( B as ic B r a i n a n d B e h a v i o r a l

S c i e n c e s D i v i s i o n ) , 5 6 00 F i s h e r s L a n e , R o c k v i l l e , M D 2 0 85 7 ; e - m a i h h s k x @ v a x 5 . c i t . c o r n e l l . e d u

9 1