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1482007.2 1
2 2007.2
Abstract
We studied rice seedling emergence in direct seeding in submerged
soil to determine the degree of forced sprouting, temperature and
seeding depth in 8 representative rice cultivars. We found
germination in submerged soil was optimal at 25 for 2-3 days, and
that seedling emergence varied widely among cultivars seeded 2 or 3
deep at 25 and 1 deep at 15. We propose a new way of evaluating
seedling emergence in field tests, placing seeds from 23
representative rice cultivars on seeder tape 20 deep in the soil. .
Results showed a positive correlation between the percentage of
seedling emergence in growth chamber tests and that in field tests.
We found that a new gene source, "Ta Hung Ku" from China, had the
highest percentage of seedling emergence and could be used as a
cross parent for high seedling emergence in submerged soil. Rice
cultivars screened as gene sources for high seedling emergence
included Aka- mai, Arroz da Terra, Dunghan Shali and Ta Hung Ku. We
then selected lines with high seedling emergence by repeated
selection from early generations from progenies of crossing with
Akamai or Ta Hung Ku. In testing the seedling emergence of 347 F3
lines of Dontokoi/Ta Hung Ku, 96 B1F2 lines and 96 B1F3 lines of
Dontokoi//Dontokoi/Ta Hung Ku, we found that seedling emergence
frequency tended to be a continuous distribution with a single
peak, suggest- ing that many genes are involved in seedling
emergence. We also report several new QTLs of seedling emergence in
B1F3 lines not previously recognized, insofar as we know.
Key wordsrice, direct seeding, seedling emergence, genetic
resource, breeding
3
………………………………………………………………………………… 4 ………………………………………………………… 6 …………… 6
………………………… 10 ………………………………… 12 ……………………………………………………………………………… 13
………………………………………… 13 …………………… 13 ………………………………………………… 20
……………………………………………………………………………… 21 ……………………………………………………… 25
…………………………………… 25 Arroz da Terra …………………… 26 Dunghan Shali
……………………… 28 Ta Hung Ku ……………………… 29 Ta Hung Ku …………………… 31 375
…………………………… 33 ……………………………………………………………………………… 36 QTL
……………………………………………… 36 Ta Hung Ku ………………………… 36 Ta Hung KuB1F3QTL
………… 40 ……………………………………………………………………………… 41
…………………………………………………………………………………… 41
…………………………………………………………………………………… 43
……………………………………………………………………………………… 43 Summary
…………………………………………………………………………………… 47
4 2007.2
1971 1976 1994 0.211987 25829 1997a1997b GhaiyaLaki jhota
1975
1993 1035 1985 1988 1991 1987 1992Saka and Izawa 1999
5
1993 199519962000 1996 1997Won and Yoshida 2000Kato-Noguchi 2001
1992Sato and Maruyama 2002 Ogiwara and Terashima 2001 1985300100
1988 39ZenithArborio SesiaRomeo32 1991 98 1992 38 199317 Italica
Livorno20Kaeu N-17 Yamauchi1993 IRRI1,000 1995Biswas and
Yamauchi1997 ASD 1994 144145 Binatangan Saka and Izawa1999 18
Aswina Ogiwara and Terashima2001 25 Arroz da Terra
Italica LivornoKaeu N-17 1993Arroz da TerraOgiwara and Terashima
2001 300 Arroz da Terra Dunghan ShaliTa Hung Ku Ta Hung Ku Ta Hung
Ku Ta Hung Ku B1F3 QTL 2000 2001
6 2007.2
0.0 0.4 1.2 4.9
78 81 76 62
a a a b
Arborio Lemont
95 95 87 94 90 58 52 57
a a a a a b b b
71 71 72 74 44 54 16
a
60 59 47 45 65 29 8 1
a a ab ab a b bc c
90 88 78 85 80 36 4 0
a a a a a b c c
36 37 11 22 24 10 0 0
a a ab ab ab ab b b
3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0
a a a a a a a a
5
19851993Yamauchi 1993Ogiwara and Terashima2001 KibiTa Hung KuHei
Chiao Chui Li Hsiang Keng KokuhoroseM401 ArborioItalica Livorno
Dunghan Shali Arroz da Terra MaratteliJumula Tam Cau A Rojofotsy
73BFR13AASD DA23
IR3625 100 25 30 199626 30 2025 -1 2520
093 6570 75Hei Chiao Chui Li Hsiang Keng93KibiTa Hung Ku
11
90 033 Ta Hung KuDunghan Shali 0.563 50 50 -1
-1 1992Sato and Maruyama 2002 Ogiwara and Terashima 2001
1996
**1
Arroz da TerraItalica LivornoTa Hung Ku 45×30×
20 2025 25 202025
2520 25 Ta Hung Ku Arroz da Terra 2025
(
Ta Hung Ku Dunghan Shali Italica Livorno Arroz da Terra Kibi Hei
Chiao Chui Li Hsiang Keng Maratteli 1 Jumula 2 Arborio Kokuhorose
M401 Rojofotsy 738 DA23 Tam Cau 9A FR13A ASD1 IR36
33 33 23 17 15 11 9 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 - -
a a b bc bcd cde cdef def ef ef ef ef ef ef f f f f f f f f f
90 85 70 85 90 93 75 83 80 50 63 70 65 58 83 75 55 43 20 18 5 0 0 0
0
abc abc abcdef abc abc ab abcdef abcd abcde fg cdefg abcdef bcdefg
defg abcde abcdef efg gh hi hi i i i i i
A 1.74 95 B 1.72 75 B 1.55 93 C NAMPUNG 2.24 75 A 1.66 90 A 1.77 73
A 1.67 90 A 1.65 73 F Krasznodarec5001 2.11 90 A 1.66 73 A 1.50 88
B 1.82 73 A 1.58 88 F Lido 2.23 73 A 30 1.58 88 A 1.74 70 A 1.69 88
A 1.53 70 A 1.81 88 B 1.74 70 A 1.55 88 B 1.72 70 B 1.83 88 F
Monticelli 1.87 70 B 1.76 88 A 37 1.81 68 B 1.76 88 A 1.77 68 C
ODAE 1.67 88 A 1.67 68 C 300 1.90 88 A 1.57 68 A 1.68 85 B 1.86 68
A 1.68 85 E TexasFortuna 2.30 68 B 148 1.76 85 A 1.71 65 C SEOLAG
1.75 85 A 1.68 65 H 2.19 85 A 1.68 65 A 1.59 83 A 1.73 65 A 1.70 83
A 1.86 65 A 1.59 83 A 88 1.63 65 A 1.59 83 B 1.82 65 A 1.63 83 B
1.76 65 F Ardito 1.61 83 B 1.85 65 F Wzbeuskij 2.11 83 C CHIAG 1.59
65 A 1.71 80 F Romeo 1.91 65 A 1.53 80 A 76 1.77 63 A 27 1.68 80 A
1.78 63 A 1.55 80 A 96 1.55 63 A 1.72 80 A 1.71 63 A 1.59 80 A 1.56
63 B 80 B 1.75 63 B 1.82 80 C DOBONG 1.76 63 E M401 2.21 80 A 1.55
60 F Cigaron 1.83 80 A 2.12 60 A 1.83 78 B 1.68 60 B 1.72 78 B 1.72
60 B 1.70 78 C 295 1.82 60 B 1.70 78 F Ticinese 1.83 60 F
Belozernij 1.81 78 A 12 1.81 58 F ItalicaLivorno 2.11 78 A 30 1.86
58 A 1.83 75 A 1.69 58 A () 1.86 75 A 1.71 58 A 1.71 75 A 1.63 58 A
1.56 75 A 1.68 58 B 1.69 75 B 1.83 58 B 1.58 75 B 1.89 58 B 58 B 45
C DONGJIN 1.69 58 D 2.31 45 F Ringo 2.39 58 A 1.75 43 A 1.67 55 A
1.44 43 A 1.69 55 A 1.65 43
16 2007.2
A 1.71 55 B 1.76 43 A 1.78 55 A 1.68 40 A 1.63 55 A 1.77 40 A 1.65
55 A 1.59 40 A 1.56 55 A 151 1.57 40 A 1.66 55 B 22 1.80 40 B 1.83
55 B 149 40 B 1.75 55 C 30 2.04 40 B 1.82 55 F Arborio 2.21 40 B
1.82 55 B 1.86 38 C SEONJIN 1.85 55 B 1.86 38 D 60 1.73 55 C
SAEGWANG 1.86 38 D 1.71 55 D 4 2.07 38 F Anseatico 2.48 55 D 2.07
38 F Roma 2.33 55 G PTB29 2.38 38 A 1.73 53 G Silewah 2.43 38 A
1.67 53 A 1.58 35 A 38 1.58 53 B 1.73 35 A 1.56 53 C 295 1.82 35 A
91 1.58 53 D Ragasu 1.93 35 B 53 A 1.96 33 D 1.56 53 A 1.81 33 E
M201 2.23 53 A 31 1.44 33 A 1.71 50 A 1.67 33 A 1.58 50 B 1.70 33 A
1.66 50 D 2.30 33 A 1.66 50 D 2.19 33 A 1.68 50 E S201 33 B 29 1.83
50 A 1.77 30 B 22 1.80 50 A 1.74 30 B 1.69 50 A 18 1.74 30 B 1.79
50 A 1.58 30 A 1.60 48 A 1.65 30 A 1.50 48 B 132 1.78 30 A 35 1.63
48 B 1.76 30 A 1.66 48 C 251 2.28 30 B 29 1.83 48 D 2.11 30 B 48 D
410 2.62 30 B 1.82 48 D 2.07 30 D 1.55 48 D 2.19 30 E M202 2.15 48
F Arlorio 2.27 30 F Cigalon 1.83 48 A 1.81 28 A 1.71 45 B 1.79 28 A
1.63 45 B 1.86 28 B 1.96 45 D 1.89 28 B 395 45 A 1.69 25 B 1.66 45
A 1.91 25 A 1.86 25 C 22 3.00 5 A 1.92 25 C 327 2.46 5 B 25 C 338
2.38 5 D 2.00 25 D IR661 3.04 5 E TexasBlueBonnet 3.33 25 D 204
3.27 5 E Lemont 3.00 25 D 1.89 5 F CH-D 25 E Bonnet73 3.50 5 F
Sessia 25 F Europa 2.32 5
B 23 H 1.84 5 C 20 1.96 23 C 262 2.19 3 D 2.23 23 C 347 2.15 3 D
2.07 23 D 13 2.07 3 E Vista 2.24 23 D 2.12 3 G ChinsurhBoro 2.28 23
E CPSLO17 3.00 3 A 1.39 20 F Alorio 3 A 2.04 20 F Ballila 1.77 3 B
1.72 20 C 49 2.52 0 C 2.32 20 C 287 2.61 0 C 21 2.07 20 C 299 2.20
0 F Wzbeuskij 20 C 30 2.04 0 A 1.67 18 C 251 2.28 0 B 18 C 2.32 0 C
54 2.35 18 C 21 2.07 0 F Duborskij 1.81 18 C 2.68 0 G PTB29 2.38 18
C 46 2.19 0 G Kasalath 18 C BAEGYANGBYEO 2.07 0 D 2.07 17 C 258
2.07 0 A 17 1.67 15 D 11 2.04 0 B 1.75 15 D 2.00 0 C 42 1.93 15 D
2.00 0 D 2.23 15 D 1.89 0 D 2.15 15 D 2.07 0 D 10 2.84 15 E Saturn
2.27 0 H 1.80 15 F Ribe 0 C 23 2.46 13 F Balilla 0 D 2.07 13 G
LakhiJhota 1.67 0 D 2.07 13 G Dular 2.48 0 E Starbonnet 3.24 13 G
Kalchani 0 E Bonnet 3.50 13 G N22 2.25 0 H KinandangPuti 2.62 13 G
Mudo 0 C 2.61 10 G Phulchali 0 D K 2.19 10 G Surjankhi 2.67 0 D
2.10 10 H 1.76 0 D 2.07 10 H IR36 3.04 0 D 1.89 10 H 1.80 0 G
RassolpurDesi 3.30 10 H 2.20 0 G Chitta 1.74 10
C 299 2.20 8 D 410 2.62 8 D 10 2.84 8 F Delta 8 A 15 1.57 5
Yamauchi1993 1995 ASD N22DA23 FR13AASD Saka and Izawa1999Aswina
Aswina 1995 Aswina 1997 13
**1
20 2007.2
-1 Ta Hung KuArozz da TerraDunghan Shali Italica Livorno 475097 50
-1,21997 28
5028 98 AMBARBU BELYIKAEU N 16UZ ROSZ 2691 28Ta Hung Ku Arozz da
TerraDunghan ShaliItalica Livorno 19961997 1996 1996 1997
Ta Hung KuKAEU N 16KAEU N 17 0.668 Arroz da TerraItalica Livorno
Ogiwara2001 Arroz da Terra 1993 17 Arroz da TerraKAEU N 17 Italica
Livorno 20Arroz da TerraItalica Livorno KAEU N 17 1016.4
199618.21997 Arroz da Terra Italica Livorno
1993 Ta Hung Ku Arroz da Terra Italica LivornoKAEU N 17
21
Ta Hung Ku Arroz da TerraItal- ica LivornoKAEU N 17
1996 1997
Ta Hung Ku 33 a 48 a KAEU N 16 00015465 42 ab KAEU N 17 00015429 42
ab KAEU N 648B 00015496 38 abc ALAKULSKIJ 00015474 38 abc Arroz da
Terra 17 bc 38 abc KAEU N 1255 00015452 37 abc AL KYLCYK 00015476
37 abc UZROS 269 00015512 34 bcd KAEU N 101 00015456 34 bcd UZROS 9
00015506 33 bcde Dunghan Shali 33 a 32 bcdef Italica Livorno 23 b
31 bcdefg KAEU N 632 00015461 30 cdefgh KAEU N 635 00015462 30
cdefgh DOUSKIJ 2 00015473 29 cdefgh Kibi 15 bcd Hei Chiao Chui Li
Hsiang Keng 11 cde Maratteli 9 cdef 6 def 5 ef Jumula 2 4 ef 3 ef
Arborio 2 ef 2 ef 2 ef 28 cdefghi USTOBISKIJ 00015503 27 cdefghij
KARATAISKII 00015436 27 cdefghij KYRNIYZY 00015475 24 defghijk
AMBARBU BELYI 00015433 23 defghijk US TOBINSKIJ (3948) 00015447 22
efghijk DONSZKOJ 2 00015523 21 fghijk KAEU N 1273 00015460 20
ghijkl KRASNODARSKIJ 424 00015522 19 hijklm UZ ROSZ 269 00015435 17
ijklm KAEU N 651 00015453 16 jklm KAEU N 1260 00015454 15 klm GNOM
00015529 13 klm
1996 1997
DUBOVSKIJ 129 00015455 9 lmn BELYI SKOUS 00015434 8 mn DUBOVSKIJ
00015515 1 n UZROS 59 00015510 0 n 1 f Kokuhorose 1 f 1 f M401 0 f
Tam Cau 9A 0 f Rojofotsy 738 0 f FR13A 0 f DA23 0 f 0 f 0 n
5
19961997
24 2007.2
(1997) Ta Hung KuArroz da TerraKAEU N 16
Arroz da Terra Dunghan ShaliTa Hung Ku Ta Hung Ku F3B1F2 6357Ta
Hung Ku6570PL3 375PL13376 Arroz da TerraDunghan Shali
Ta Hung Ku 375PL13 376 375PL13 Ta Hung Ku
QTL
Ta Hung Ku
Ta Hung KuF3F4 Ta Hung Ku B1F2B1F3B1F4
Ta Hung KuF3347F4
37
14Ta Hung Ku B1F296B1F394B1F4173 , F4 B1F4B1F3
F3F4B1F2B1F3B1F4 F3 11 B1F2 B1F3 1213F3
F4 14 15
B1F4Ta Hung Ku B1F3 B1F3 B1F3 16 1989 Ta Hung Ku
11 F3 12 B1F2
13 B1F3B1F4
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
n=94
0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
n=173
Ta Hung Ku
Ta Hung Ku
(% )
Ta Hung Ku QTL DNA DNAQTL DNA DNA DNA DNA Soller and Beckmann 1983
1991
Ta Hung Ku B1F3B1F2 Ta Hung Ku B1F395 20 CTABMurray and Thompson
1980DNA DNADNA Ta Hung KuDNA SSRPCR Williams 1990
PCR McCouch 1997Kashi 1997SSR 384McCouch 2002 4527 9520 B1F3 Ta
Hung Ku t
17 Ta Hung Ku 199723 F5 RFLPQTL 13 QTL 23 Ta Hung KuQTL 1996 QTL
QTL 12
41
B1F3Ta Hung Ku B1F3QTL QTL
25
20
300 95
Ta Hung KuTa Hung Ku
F2500 85F3 6357 68
148 Arroz da Terra148 Dunghan Shali
Ta Hung Ku F3 F4 6570
876570 PL3
10 Ta Hung Ku B1F2 Ta Hung Ku B1F3B1F4 375376
11 376375 375 PL13
12 Ta Hung Ku F3B1F2B1F3 F3 F4 B1F4B1F3 Ta Hung Ku
13 Ta Hung Ku B1F3QTL QTL
14
15
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47
New Evaluation of Seedling Emergence in Direct Seeding in Submerged
Soil and Breeding Rice for High
Seedling Emergence
Hisatoshi OHTA
Summary
We studied rice seedling emergence in direct seeding in submerged
soil to determine the degree of forced sprouting, temperature, and
seedling depth in 8 representative rice cultivars, i.e., Akihikari,
Koshihikari, Kinuhikari, Akage, Akamai, Arborio, Lemont and
Habataki. We found that germination in submerged soil was optimal
at 25 for 2-3 days. Germinated seeds with 0.4-1.4 coleoptiles were
placed 1 , 2 and 3 deep in submerged soil in a growth chamber at 15
and 25 . Seedling emergence varied widely among cultivars seeded 2
or 3 deep at 25 and 1 deep at 15 . We then compared the emergence
of 302 rice cultivars seeded 2 deep at 25including 58 (modern) and
106 (native) cultivars from Japan, 37 from China, 37 from Korea, 22
from Italy, 13 from America, 10 from India, 4 from Russia and 11
from other countries. Rice cultivars from India, Sri Lanka and
Bangladesh showed a significantly lower percentage of emergences
than those from Japan, suggesting that Indica cultivar seedlings
emerged poorly from submerged soil. We propose a new way of
evaluating seedling emergence in field tests using seeds on
seeder-tape placed 20 deep in soil with a tape seeder. Results of a
preliminary test for seedling emergence using 23 representative
rice cultivars showed a positive correla- tion between the
percentage of seedlings emerging in growth chamber and field tests.
To confirm this correlation, we repeated tests using 103 rice
cultivars, 47 from Russia and 50 from Nepal. Results showed a
significant correlation between values in growth chamber and field
tests. We found that a new gene source, "Ta Hung Ku" from China,
had the highest percentage of seedling emergence and could be used
as a cross parent for high seedling emergence in submerged soil. We
screened rice lines with high seedling emergence by sowing seeds 20
or 30 de- ep in soil at 20 or 25 in a growth chamber or placing
seeder-tape 20 deep in soil in the field. We used Akamai from
Japan, Arroz da Terra from Portugal, Dunghan Shali from Hungary,
and Ta Hung Ku from China, but found that these cultivars had many
inferior agronomic properties. To breed cultivars with good
agronomic properties plus high seedling emergence, we crossed these
cultivars with Japanese cultivars, Dontokoi and Kinuhikari. Due to
poor properties and frequent leaf blast, however, we did not find
any lines with high seedling emergence from progenies of crossing
with Arroz da Terra or Dunghan Shali. We found that selection
should be repeated from early generations
48 2007.2