CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING ON KOREAN … · code switching and code mixing on korean television music show after school club . fithria luthfiyani . nim. 1110026000020 . english

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING ON KOREAN TELEVISION

MUSIC SHOW AFTER SCHOOL CLUB

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI

NIM. 1110026000020

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014



A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI

NIM. 1110026000020



STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014

i

ABSTRACT

FithriaLuthfiyani, Code Switching and Code Mixing on Korean Television Music

Show After School Club. Thesis. Jakarta: English Letters Department, Adab and

Humanity, Jakarta Islamic State Syarif Hidayatullah, 2014.

Keywords: code mixing, code switching, English, Korean

The aim of this research is to find out types and influential factors of code

mixing and code switching in music show After School Club. The writer uses

descriptive analysis method by watching and marking some utterances containing

code mixing and code switching and then analyzing them.

The instrument of this research is the writer herself by watching the video,

marking the utterances containing code mixing and code switching, writing the

utterances in a note, and then analyzing by using Janet Holmes theory. The writer

found sixteen utterances identified as code mixing and code switching.

The results of this research show that there are 7 of 16 utterances are

classified as code mixing cases and 9 of 16 utterances are code switching cases.

The most frequent factors that influencing code mixing and code switching

phenomenon are participant and topic that the speaker mixes or switches the

language because the change of particular participant or topic in the conversation.

ii

APPROVEMENT



A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata One

FITHRIA LUTHFIYANI

NIM. 1110026000020

Approved by:

Advisor I Advisor II



STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIEF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2014

iii

LEGALIZATION

Name : Fithria Luthfiyani

NIM : 1110026000020

Title : Code Switching and Code Mixing on Korean Television Music

Show After School Club

The thesis entitled above has been defended before the Letters and

Humanities Faculty’s Examination Committee on November 21st, 2014. It has

already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

strata one.

Jakarta, November 21st, 2014

Examination Committee

Signature Date

iv

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in text.

Jakarta, November 21st, 2014

Fithria Luthfiyani

v

ACKNOWLEDMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise

to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for His help, affection and generosity in

completing the writer’s study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta. Then, peace and blessing is upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad

SAW and all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

On this occasion, the writer would like to say her sincere gratitude to her

beloved parents, Junaedi and Alm. Sri Insiah and also Kadarwati,who always

become motivator and give her love, advices, support, and pray for her every time

and everywhere. Also many thanks for her little brother, Muhammad Fikri

Mubarok who always be her mood booster. The writer also wants to give her

gratitude to Mr. Dhuha Hadiyansyah, M.Hum and Ms. Yenny Rahmawati, M.Ed

as the writer’s advisors for their time, guidance, patience, kindness, contribution

in correcting and helping her in finishing her thesis.

Also, the writer wants to say many thanks to the people who give much

contribution while the process of writing this thesis, they are:

1. Prof. Dr. Oman Fathurahman, M.Hum, the Dean of Adab and

Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif Hidayatullah

Jakarta;

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd, the head of English Letters Department and Elve

Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the Secretary of English Letters Department;

vi

3. All lectures of English Letters Department who had taught and shared

her a lot of things during the study.

4. Keluarga HAHA, Rana Meisara, Thia Askayuli, Bagus Putra

Ramadhansya, Debi Novianingrum, Yuliana Kuslambang Ningrum,

Muhammad Sazali and Fahmi Fahrurroji. Thank you for the memories,

laughs, supports, spirit, knowledges and love.

5. Her superbestfriends who have been regarded as her own sisters, Ika

Nurmala and Thia Rahma, thank you for always there. Wish us always

keep this friendship forever and support each other.

6. KKN Yellow (Youth Influential Fellowship), Muhammad Adi Rahman,

Muhammad Reza Hermanto, Ridho Alvin Harfian, Shakuntala

Febrina, Melina Hadera, Christie Adi Oktaviyana, Pranisa Syifadelima,

Andriesta Saputri, Nurali, FatihAdzkia, Leiza Sixmansyah, Rian

Lisandi , Muhammad Semmy, Rana Meisara, Thia Askayuli and Bagus

Putra Ramadhansya. Thanks for the good memories.

7. The writer’s roommate, Asisah, and other boarding house friends, Fita

Rahmawati, Ristha Ingrid Mandela, Epida Sari, and Dian.

8. Girls’ Talk, Izmi Istiqomah, Anjaswari Redno Pratiwi, and Fajria Ulfa.

At the beginning, we only just a circle of workmates, but now we can

share, laugh, hangout, talk about random things like best friends

9. Kim Seokyung 언니 and Ha Donghwa, 지금까지내친구주셔서감사합니다.

10. EXO, Kai, Sehun, Baekhyun, Chanyeol, D.O, Suho, Xiumin, Luhan,

Lay, Chen, and Tao. Thank you so much for always be her happiness,

vii

her inspiration, her energy, and herdream.You guys always give the

writer spirit to do this research. EXO-L will always love you. We are

one! EXO 사랑하자!

11. The employers of some University Libraries who have helped the

writer in finding some references.

12. Classmates in Elbie, Linguistic A, fellows and acquaintances in

English Letters Department 2010.

13. To all people and friends that are not mentioned, thank you very much.

May Allah SWT always bless, protects, and gives them more than they

have given to the writer. Hopefully this thesis will be advantageous for all people

who read it.

Jakarta, November 2014

Fithria Luthfiyani

viii

THE LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1 : Table of the technique of data analysis …………………..…..... 10

TABLE 2 : Table of Data 1 ……………………………………………........ 29








TABLE 10 : Table of Data 9 …………………………………….……........ 39

TABLE 11 : Table of Data 10 …………………………………….……...... 41

TABLE 12 : Table of Data 11 …………………………………….……...... 42

TABLE 13 : Table of Data 12 ………………..………………….……........ 43

TABLE 14 : Table of Data 13 ……………………..…………….……........ 45

TABLE 15 : Table of Data 14 …………………………..……….……........ 46

TABLE 16 : Table of Data 15 ………………………………..….……........ 47

TABLE 17 : Table of Data 16 …………………………………...……........ 48

ix

x

xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET ..................................................................................... ii

LEGALIZATION.......................................................................................... iii

DECLARATION……................................................................................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT............................................................................. v

THE LIST OF TABLES…............................................................................ viii

TRANSCRIPTION ………............................................................................ ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ….......................................................................... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1

A. Background of the study .............................................. 1

B. Focus of the study ........................................................ 6

C. Research questions ....................................................... 6

D. Significance of the study …………………………….. 7

E. Research Methodology ................................................ 7

1. Objectives of the research ……………………….. 7

2. Method of the research ........................................... 7

3. The Technique of data analysis .............................. 8

4. The Instrument of the research ............................. 9

5. Unit of Analysis ……………................................ 9

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ................................. 10

A. Previous Research ........................................................ 10

xii

B. Concept ........................................................................ 13

1. Language Choice ................................................... 13

2. Bilingualism …....................................................... 15

3. Code Switching and Code Mixing ........................ 18

4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing …..... 22

5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and

Code Mixing .......................................................... 25

CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS........................................................... 30

A. Data Description .......................................................... 30

B. Data Analysis ............................................................... 31

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ........................... 51

A. Conclusion ................................................................... 51

B. Suggestion and Discussion .......................................... 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 54

APPENDIX

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

The phenomena of code switching and code mixing become part of daily

conversation nowadays. It is due to people that often select codes and switch

back and forth from one code to another code. Code switching and code

mixing seems to serve important communicative and cognitive functions. As

the result, code switching and code mixing become a topic that often explores

in some researches. Code switching also brings contribution from a wide

variety of sociolinguistics setting in which the phenomenon is observed. A

number of code switching and code mixing researches suggest that code

switching is used as an additional resource to achieve particular interactional

goals with other speakers. Additionally, the use of code switching and code

mixing often reflect the social or cultural identities of the speakers. The switch

to a particular language in bilingual discourse can also used to signal ethnic

identity. The indexical link between language choice and ethnicity is

especially prevalent among language-minority children in the U.S. Minority

children sometimes identify themselves by their ethnic background in the

community, even when they adopt the lifestyle and values of the target

language group. Such co-membership in a minority community is frequently

reflected in code switching and the speakers in the same community tend to

have common orientations toward the norms and presupposition of each

2

language. Similarly, at Korean ethnic churches where code switching and code

mixing from English to Korean is widespread, the use of Korean in bilingual

discourse can serve several conversational functions, including marking

Korean ethnicity by reinforcing the indexical link between a language and the

speaker’s ethnic identity.1 Hoffmann explains that code switching can occur

quite frequently in an informal conversation among people who are familiar

and have shared educational, ethnic, and socio-economic background. It is

avoided in a formal speech situation among people, especially to those who

have little in common factors in term of social status, language loyalty, and

formality. 2 Switching language may serve in order to soften or strengthen

request or command, and saying something twice in different languages to

intensify or to eliminate ambiguity. 3

The members of bilingual community vary in the capacity of mastering

the languages used in the community. They have to be able to set a condition

where they can communicate effectively. They may choose a particular code

or variety since it makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless

where they are speaking. Most of them usually occupy more than one code

and require a selected code whenever they choose to speak with others. It is

needed more than one language to do code switching or code mixing as well.

1 Sun-Young Shin, “The Functions of Code Switching in Korean Sunday School”,

Heritage Language Journal, vol.1 no:7 (2010), p. 91-116. Accessed on May 24th

, 2014

http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/documents/personalpages/b/a/a.e.baker/en/tab-two/tab-

two/cpitem%5B20%5D/asset?1355373292648 2 Charlotte Hoffmann, An Introduction to Bilingualism, (Newyork: Longman, 1991)

p.116 3 Muriel Saville-Troike, The Ethnography of Communication, (UK: Basil Blackwell,

1982). p.69-70

http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/documents/personalpages/b/a/a.e.baker/en/tab-two/tab-two/cpitem%5B20%5D/asset?1355373292648

http://www.uva.nl/binaries/content/documents/personalpages/b/a/a.e.baker/en/tab-two/tab-two/cpitem%5B20%5D/asset?1355373292648

3

Therefore, in this research, the writer chooses English-Korea as the case of

code switching and code mixing. English is widely considered as the

international language. Spoken by innumerable people and being studied

every day, English has become the primary communication tool for many

purposes. Nevertheless, as globalization has increased, so has the spread of

English. Yet, although English is the language of education, politics and

business, other language communities exist and even flourish in western

society. Ethnic and speech communities find ways in which to express their

culture despite the English medium. English has had a variety of functions in

Korean society over the last century, and its development since the Korean

War has been mainly the result of international trade, particularly with the

United States (US). From the beginning, the Koreans were wary of the English

language. After the Korean War, English was used to communicate with the

US military government and the soldiers, as the military government had need

of people that could communicate in both languages. Thus the value of

English was highly practical, but also opportunistic, and almost immediately

had associations with prestige. By 1882, however, the Koreans had signed a

treaty with the United States, fostering the arrival missionaries, advisors,

traders, and teachers who brought the English language with them and who

soon began teaching it to Korean children via English only classes. After the

1988 Olympics, the government consciously associated English with

globalization, both cultural and economic, and began actively promoting

4

English language education to foster international competitiveness.4 Jun-Kang

Kim did a study for a dissertation entitled Globalization and English

Language Education in Korea Socialization and Identity Construction of

Korean youth found that the majority of high school and university level

English students that were interviewed believed English to be necessary for

finishing their educations and achieving success afterwards.5 Shim Jin Young

points out that English has become not only the most important foreign

language but also an essential tool for education, power, and success in South

Korea. She also claims that Englishization of Korean has advanced so far that

(i) existing native or Sino-Korean words have been replaced by English words,

(ii) Korean phonology has acquired new phonemes, and phonological rules:

and (iii) extensive Korean-English code mixing and switching can be found in

both formal and informal discourse.6

In another sides, the writer has some reasons why she chooses English-

Korean code switching and code mixing as the corpus of this research. First,

English-Korean is the brand new case in code choices’ research in State

Islamic University while most of the previous researches were chose English-

4 Brendan Flattery, “Language, Culture, and Pedagogy: An Overview of English in South

Korea”, University of Toronto, (2007). Accessed on April 9th

,2014

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/eng6365-flattery.htm 5 Kim Jun Kang, “Globalization and English Language Education in Korea: Socialization

Identity Construction of Korean Youth”, Diss. New Mexico State University, (2002). Accessed

on April 22nd

,2014

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/34517885_Globalization_and_English_language_edu

cation_in_Korea__socialization_and_identity_construction_of_Korean_youth 6 Shim, Rosa Jin Young, “Englishized Korean: structure, status, and attitudes”,World

Englishes, no. 13.(1994) p.225-244. Accessed on April 12th

, 2014

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-971X.1994.tb00309.x/abstract

http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/eng6365-flattery.htm

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/34517885_Globalization_and_English_language_education_in_Korea__socialization_and_identity_construction_of_Korean_youth

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/34517885_Globalization_and_English_language_education_in_Korea__socialization_and_identity_construction_of_Korean_youth


5

Indonesia or English with other language as the corpus of the research. Second,

the writer is capable in English and Korean language both spoken and written

skill. It makes her easy to understand the corpus well. The third reason, all

about Korean entertainment especially Kpop has become a trending topic

nowadays. The Korean entertainment industry already knew that Kpop not

only booming in South Korea but also around the world. So they often use

English-Korean as the medium for global spreading. Jamie Shinee Lee carries

out a sociolinguistic study of English mixing in Korean television shows and

commercials and tracks the use of English in pop-culture formats, such as

television commercials, shows and popular music. She also argues that

English language use is associated with representations of youthful people.

Lee’s first article on K-pop or Korean popular music addresses kinds of

English used by young artists in an expression of group identity. Lee notes a

heteroginity of code mixing and code switching both in Korean and English.7

Knowing the increasing number of Korean television programs that often mix

both in Korean and English, the writer decided to conduct a research on one of

Arirang TV’s music shows, After School Club, to help revealing the code

switching and code mixing strategy. Arirang TV is an international English-

language network based in Seoul, South Korea and it is operated by the Korea

International Broadcasting Foundation. Arirang TV provides news and

entertainment in Korea for the international community. One of its famous

7 Lee Jamie Shinee, “Linguistic Construction of Modernity: English Mixing in Korean

Television Commersials”, Language in Society, vol. 1 no.35 (2006), p. 59-91. Accesed on

May 1st, 2014 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-

971X.1994.tb00309.x/abstract



6

broadcasts is After School Club, a weekly live music show. This music show

provides video chat session through Google Hangouts as the interactive

medium for the guests and viewers. Usually the hosts switch and mix English

and Korean as they speak on this music show. Thus, the writer uses this music

show as the unit of analysis because the writer finds so many utterances

containing code switching and code mixing.

B. Focus of the Study

In this research, the writer is going to analyze the types and

influencing factors of code switching and code mixing in Arirang music show,

After School Club, which was accessed on Wednesday, June 23rd,

2013, by

focusing on its two hosts, Hanbyul and Eric Nam utterances which are spoken

in English and Korean.

C. Research Question

Based on the background and the focus of the study, the writer

formulates the questions to get more specific purpose. The research questions

are:

1. What types of code switching and code mixing which are used in

Arirang music showAfter School Club?

2. What are the influential factors of code switching or code mixing

which are used in Arirang music showAfter School Club?

7

D. Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this research will be advantageous for further researches

who would like to conduct the research with similar case, especially in the

study of sociolinguistics as additional reference. Practically, this research is

expected to give valuable knowledge of code switching and code mixing for

people especially bilingual speakers in order to use the proper code choices

while communicating with others.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

The objectives of the research are:

To know types of code switching and code mixing which are used

in Arirang music showAfter School Club.

To know the influential factors of code switching or code mixing

that are used in Arirang music showAfter School Club.

2. Method of the Research

The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method.

Qualitative method is a research method which relies on verbal data and

non numerical in the same manner as the basic of analysis and creative

problem solving of the research.8 Therefore, the writer describes and

analyzes code switching and code mixing which is used in Arirang music

8 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal PenelitianBahasadanSastra(Jakarta: Cella, 2007). p.8

8

show,After School Club, which is supplied from ArirangKpop YouTube

channel that accessed on Wednesday, June 12th,

2013.9

3. The Technique of Data Analysis

According to the method which is used, sociolinguistics theoretical

approximation method becomes the references of the

research.Sociolinguistics theoretical approached related to the theory or

knowledge which observes to the languages utilized in term of people.10

In analyzing the data of the research, the writer follows some steps

such as watching the video, marking the utterances containing code

switching and code mixing, writing in a note and then analyzing them.

In order to answer the research question, the writer uses Janet Holmes’

criteria to differentiate which utterances containing code switching or code

mixing and identifies the types and influential factors. Whenever the codes

choices (switching or mixing) occurred, the writer put marks on the

specified column of the following table:

This is a table of code switching and code mixing classification based

on Holmes theory.

9See http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmcuOcmEI7I

10 Abdul Chaer, LinguistikUmum(Jakarta: RinekaCipta, 1994) p.3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmcuOcmEI7I

9

Table 1.1

number of data

name of the host Playback Time

*

Code Choice

Code Switching Code Mixing

Type

Situational Metaphorical

Influential Factor

Participant Solidarity Status Topic

* Sentence containing code switching or code mixing.

4. The Instrument of the Research

In conducting this study, the main instrument is the writer herself and

also the writer was supported by some equipment such as Korean

dictionary and internet for browsing some information which was needed.

5. Unit of Analysis

To analyze code switching and code mixing, the writer uses a music

show from Arirang TV, After School Club, taken from ArirangKPop

YouTube channel which was accessed on Wednesday, June 23rd

2013. The

writer focuses on its two hosts, Hanbyul and Eric Nam’s utterances.

10

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Previous Research

This research is not the first one which uses code mixing and code

switching case as the topic. Previously, there are some researches that

observed about code mixing and code switching. In this part, the writer has

summarized some previous research regarding code mixing and code

switching that will be compared to this research.

The first research is “Code Mixing in Club Camilan Novel” by

DewiPusfitasari (2010, State Islamic University Jakarta), on this research,

DewiPusfitasari uses a descriptive analysis method to analyze the types and

function of code mixing. The unit analysis in her research is the

ClubCamilanNovel by Donna Talitha, Bella Widjaja and Brigitta NS in

2009.The result of the research shows that there are many cases of code

mixing which are found in literary works, especially novels by Indonesian

author. Besides that, code switching and code mixing used by Indonesian in

metropolitan and educated society because of their prestige motive.

The second is “An Analysis of Code Switching and Code Mixing in My

Stupid Boss” by Delifah Rita Indah Hutabarat (2011, University of Sumatera

Utara), Delifah finds out the type of code switching and code mixing in My

Stupid Boss novel according to Thelander and Suwito‟s criterion they are

11

inter-sentential and intra-sentential code choices. The data collected through

the study of literature and analyzed with descriptive qualitative method, then,

the results of the analysis are shown in percentage. The results of the research

revealed that there are 44 utterances containing code switching and code

mixing. The percentage are 18,18% of intra-sentential code switching, 2,27%

of intra-sentential code switching, 65,90% of inter-sentential code mixing and

13,63% of intra-sentential code mixing. Inter-sentential code mixing is the

most dominant type appears between characters‟ utterances in My Stupid Boss

novel.

The third is“English Code Switching and Code Mixing in Television

Advertisements and Its Contribution to Language Teaching.” By Citra Isna

(2012, IAIN Walisongo), the objectives of this study are to find out (1) the

types of code switching and code mixing in Indonesian television, (2) the

reasons of using code switching and code mixing, (3) the contributions of this

study to language teaching. This study uses descriptive qualitative study where

the researcher observed and collected the advertisements from the non civil

national television. The total number of the data is 74 utterances from 63 kinds

of advertisements. The findings showed that there are three types of code

switching and code mixing were used in the television advertisements, also

there are seven reasons why code mixing and code switching were used in

advertisements, and this study becomes one of example of language teaching,

for example, teacher can formulate code switching and code mixing

instructions in teaching advertisements through four aspect of language skill.

12

The fourth is a research by Meilisa (2013, Brawijaya University) “Code

Switching and Code Mixing Found in the Novel Supernova: Ksatria,

PuteridanBintangJatuh by Dewi Lestari”, Meilisa‟s research is about

investigating the types of code switching and code mixing which occur in the

dialogue spoken by the main characters and the reasons why the characters

switch or mix their dialogues. This research uses descriptive qualitative

method by applying Hoffmann‟s theory. In conclusion, she found four types

and nine reasons about the se of code switching and code mixing in the novel.

The fifth is “An Analysis of Code Switching in Intermediate Speaking

Class of English Education Department of Muria Kudus University in

Academic Year 2012/2013” by PiyahWidia(2014, University of Muria

Kudus), her thesis is about to analyze the types of code switching used by the

lecturers and students of intermediate speaking class D. She uses descriptive

qualitative research method and based on Lipski and Hoffmann theories to

identify and describe the data. The results showed that the types of code

switching and code mixing used by the lecturers and the students are relatively

the same. They are intersentential code switching and intrasentential code

switching. Meanwhile, the most dominant reason why the lecturersswitch the

codes is repetition for clarification and for the students, the reason is the using

of interjection.

From those previous researches, there are some comparisons that will

differentiate this research with another. From the first until the fifth study

above, English-Indonesia is the common languages used as the problem case,

13

but on this research, the writer chooses English-Korean which is the new one

as the problem case in State Islamic University SyarifHidayatullah Jakarta.

Besides that, the writer also can speak English and Korean both in written and

spokenso it can makes her easy in understanding the data of the research. Also

most of those studies are discussed about the reasons why people do code

choices. Meanwhile, this research is discussed about the influential factors of

code switching and code mixing. The last, analyzing the code choice from a

music show also gives a new color in code switching and code mixing

research whether in another researches, most of the data was taken from novel.

B. Concept

1. Language Choice

It has observed that the particular dialect or language one chooses to

use on any occasion is a code, a system used for communication between

two or more communities.11

Within each community, there is a variety of

language codes and ways of speaking available to its members, which is its

communicative repertoire. This includes “all varieties, dialects or styles

used in a particular socially-defined population, and the constraints which

govern the choice among them.”12

In every language society, someone who joined in different social

situation normally has repertoire such as alternative speech, which can

11

Ronald Wardhaugh, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,

1986) p.99 12

Muriel Saviel-Troike, op.cit. p. 51

14

change expending on the situation.13

The communicative repertoire may

also include different occupational codes, specialized religious language,

secret codes of various kinds, imitative speech, whistle or drum language,

and varieties used for talking to foreigners, young children, and pets.14

Ervin Tripp explains several factors that affect someone to choose

language which is included in:

a. The setting of (time and place) situation, such as family breakfast,

a party, a lecture or a date, etc.

b.The participants in the interaction, such as sex, age, occupation,

socioeconomic status, ethnicity, etc.

c. The topic of the interaction such as sport, work, politic, economic,

etc.

d.Function or goal of the interaction, such as request, thanks,

apology, greeting, etc.15

The social environments in which code choices occurs are vary and,

accordingly, many social variables which potentially influence speakers‟

choice of language in conversation need to be considered. Each of them is

quite complex by itself. These variables include community norms and

values, ethnicity, speakers‟ level of education and fluency, immigrant

13

Franҫ oisGrosjean, Life With Two Languages. An Introduction to Bilingualism

(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982) p. 127 14

Muriel Saviel-Troike, op.cit. p.51 15

Franḉ oisGrosjean, op.cit. p.128

15

status, social relation, relative prestige of the languages involved, and

setting, among others.16

Basically, language choice is the sequences of speech act

composition which has structure and object. If speech act becomes a social

phenomenon in certain situation even when in one particular direction,

speech act tends to be an individual phenomenon, psychological and

affected by linguistics ability of the speaker when someone express their

mind, idea, and though. It is influenced by specific times, setting, and role

relationship.

2. Bilingualism

One of the most revealing opportunities for studying language

socialization is in the case of people growing up bilingually, for they

manage not just to keep the two languages separate, but to learn quickly

which language to use to which person. They also realize which people

can be addressed in a mixture of the two languages.

There are many definitions regarding bilingual term. The simplest

definition of bilingual is a person who has some functional ability in a

second language.17

Along this lines, Beardsmore argues that bilingual is

“the person who is capable of functioning equally well in either of his

languages in all domains of activity and without any traces of the language

16

FlourianCoulmas.Sociolinguistics.The Study of Speaker’s Choices.(New York:

Cambridge University Press, 2005) p.121 17

Bernard Spolsky, Sociolinguistics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998) p.45

16

in his use of the other.”18

On the other hand, Haugen argues that

bilingualism is present “at the point where the speaker of one language can

produce complete, meaningful utterances in the other languages.”19

One special abilities of bilingual speaker is the skill of translation

from one language to other. The important feature of examining

bilingualism is the way each language was acquired. It is useful to

distinguish between mother tongue learning, second language learning,

and foreign language learning. Each of these, suggest different possible

kinds of proficiency. It is useful also to note the age of learning and the

time spent using the language.20

Another set of distinctions is skill of understanding speech (reading,

writing, and speaking). The receptive skills of reading and understanding

speech are often stronger in a learned language than are the productive

skills of speaking and writing.21

The difference between ability in language

is usually referred to as the difference between degree (proficiency or

competence in a language) and function (use of two languages). A person

who understands a second language well is termed a passive bilingual, or

is said to have receptive competence in second language. In contrast, a

18

Hugo BaetensBeardsmore, Bilingualism: Basic Principles (Avon: Multilingual Matters,

1982) p.7 19

Einar Haugen, Bilingualism in the Americas: A bibliography and research guide

(Montgomery: University of Alabama Press, 1956) p.10 20

Bernard Spolsky, op cit. p.45 21

Bernard Spolsky, op.cit. p.46

17

person who speaks and/or writes in both language is termed an active

bilingual.22

Bilinguals have a repertoire of domain-related rules of language

choice. Domain is an empirically determined cluster consisting of a

location, a set of role relationships, and a set of topics.23

Bilinguals do not

usually posses the same proficiency as monolingual speakers in either of

their languages. Levels of proficiency in language relate, in part, to which

domains that language is used in (e.g. family, work, school, religion, mass

media usage) and how often the language is used. Communicative

competence in one of a bilingual‟s two languages is usually stronger in

some domains than in others. A bilingual is likely to have a preferred

language.24

Few individuals live in a situation that allows regular use of their

three or more languages over a lifetime. The co-existence of multiple

languages will shift within and individual or family, according to religious,

cultural, social, economic, political and community pressures. This can be

also resulting language contact phenomena such as code switching and

code mixing.25

22

Kirsten Malmkjӕ r, The Linguistics Encyclopedia 2nd

Ed (New York: Routledge, 2002),

p.64 23

Bernard Spolsky, op.cit. p.46 24

Kirsten Malmkjӕ r. op.cit. p.65 25

Kirsten Malmkjӕ r. op.cit. p, 68

18

3. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Mixing and switching probably occur to some extent in the speech

of all bilinguals. Bilinguals often switch between their two languages in

the middle of conversation. These code-switches can take place between or

even within sentences, involving phrases or words or even parts of the

words. So that there is a sense in which a person capable of using more

than one languages.26

Where speakers competent in more than one language are present,

language contact takes place. The result of such contacts are various, some

of them are nonce-borrowing, quotation, interference, mixed discourse,

pidginization, or code switching.27

The term code mixing emphasizes hybridization, and the term code

switching emphasizes movement from one language to another. So that it

is not always easy to distinguish code switching from code mixing. We

also have to see the process from a lexical item to a sentence, social

condition, the communicant and other factor beyond the grammatical of

the sentence only.28

McLaughin (1984) emphasizes in Hoffmann the distinction between

switching and mixing by referring to code-switches as a language changes

26

Bernard Spolsky. op.cit. p.46 27

Florian Coulmas, op.cit p.108 28

Franḉ oisGrosjean, op.cit. p.11

19

occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries, whereas code-mixes take

place within sentence and usually involve single lexical items.29

Code switching occurs where speakers are aware of the two varieties

being distinct and are able to keep them apart, although they may not do so

habitually and may not be conscious of every switch they make.30

Code

switching happens spontaneously, not in a rehearsed fashion. A fairly

fluent command of first language and second language is generally

considered a defining characteristic of speakers who engage in code

switching.

It is similarly MaurielSaviel-Troike said in his book that “code

switching may be quite unconscious, and the fact of switching itself may

be as meaningful in expressing a closer or more informal relationship as

the referential content or specific forms used”.31

However, some common features stick out. Ideal code switchers

speak at least two languages which are habitually spoken in their

community. They are fluent in both languages, although they may not be

completely balanced bilinguals.

As Oksaar points out in Coulmas, “their linguistic repertoire

encompasses not just two main systems, first language (L1) and second

language(L2), but at least three, L1, L2 and LX, which is directly

29

Charlotte Hoffmann. An Introduction to Bilingualism (New York: Longman, 1991)

p.110 30

Charlotte Hoffmann, ibid. p110 31

Muriel Saviel-Troike, op.cit. p.63

20

connected with code switching.” Switching, is a linguistic skill in its own

right rather than a makeshift solution to an anomalous communication

problem. Code switchers accommodate to each other. They possess a

wider repertoire of adaptive strategies and modification devices than

monolingual speakers.32

Here is an example of code switching, as follows, [The italic is the

Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Hanbyul : Alright..alright. Let‟s talk a bit with Kai. I‟m gonna ask

Kai. What is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off

stage like this? Mudaemalgo, jinjjapidioreuldeungeseo [ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.]

paeneureulmanhabonikka, eottaeyo? [FANS] [MANY] [SEE] [HOW IS IT?]

(Mudaemalgo,

jinjjapidioreuldeungeseopaeneureulmanhabonikka,

eottaeyo?=They said, all of your fans are seeing your video

for many times, how is your feeling?)

The text above is the example of code switching because the

speaker speak in English in the beginning and switch into Korean at the

end of the utterance. This is called as code switching because there is a

language changes occurring across sentence boundaries.

Different from code switching, code mixing is a linguistic process

that incorporates material from a second language into a base language,

adding morphological markers of the base to introduced

32

Florian Coulmas, op.cit. p.113

21

elements.33

Redlinger and Park write as quoted in Hoffman“code mixing

refers to the combining of elements from two languages in a single

utterance.” 34

There are some definitions regarding the term of code

mixing.Grosjean explains that code mixing transfer elements of all

linguistic levels and units ranging from a lexical item to a

sentence.35

Talking about definitions, Genesee (1989) suggests in Troike

that it is desirable to extend the definition of mixing to include single word

utterances from two languages during the same stretch of conversation

between the speakers.36

Bhatia and Richie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of

various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses

and sentences) primarily from two participating grammatical systems

within a sentence. More specifically, code mixing is intra-sentential and is

constrained by grammatical principles. It may also be motivated by social

psychological factors.37

Moreover, with regard to function words, there seems to be a wide

range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs were

33

Nancy Bouvillain, Language, Culture and Communication, The Meaning Messages 4th

Edition (New Jersey: Pretice Hall, 2003) p.360 34

Charlotte Hoffmann. op.cit. p.105 35

Franḉ oisGrosjean, op.cit. p.11 36

MaurielSavielTroike, op.cit. p.105 37

Bhatia T.K and Ritchie W.C. Social and Psychological Factors in Language Mixing:

Hanbook of Bilingualism (UK: Blackwell Publishing, 2004) p.336-352

22

all observed to have been mixed in various ways.38

On the other side, here

is an example of code mixing, as follows, [The italic is the Korean words.

THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Eric Nam : Keuromyeoncould you show us it a little bit? [SO]

This text above is the example of code mixing because the speaker mix

Korean conjunction with English. Keuromyeonin English means „so‟.

Code switching and code mixing can express a lack of competence in

the base language such as, lexical items, and in this case code switching

and code mixing can compensate for this deficiency. However, as for code

switching and code mixing can be bilingual‟s specific code which enables

the speakers to express attitudes, intention, roles and to identify with a

particular group.

4. Types of Code Switching and Code Mixing

Muriel Saville-Troike identified two types of code switching and

code mixing, they are situational and metaphorical. It is based on Bloom

and Gumpezs‟s research in Hemnesberget‟s language in Norway.

Situational code switching and code mixing occurs when the

language change accompanies a change of topics or participants, or any

time the communicative situation is redefined.39

One speaker may speak a

different language depending on the situation, but the language spoken in

that particular situation does not vary. In this situation, many features

38

Muriel SavielTroike, op.cit. p.106 39

Muriel SavielTroike, op.cit. p.62

23

relating to social factors are involved in determining which language is to

be used. In addition, the notion of situational switching assumes a direct

relationship between language and social situation.

In supporting these views of situational code switching and code

mixing, Holmes argues that people sometimes switch code when there is

some obvious change in the situation, such as the participants and the

status relation between people or formality of their interaction.40

Within a

single conversation, Navajo teachers usually speak English to one another

when discussing matters related to school, for instance, but may switch to

Navajo to discuss their families, or rodeos and other community activities.

They may situationally switch into English if non-Navajo speakers join the

conversation, so the new arrivals will not be excluded.

Dealing with this, Wardhaugh has explained that situational code

switching and code mixing occurs when the languages used change

according the situations in which the conversantfind themselves. They

speak one language in one situation and another in a different one. The

speakers switch code to signal identities or to change the relations in the

roles of the participants in the conversation.41

This is an example of situational code switching and code mixing. [The

italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Eric Nam : He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he

really likes talk to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to

40

Janet Holmes, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics 2nd

Edition (England: Pearson

Education Limited, 2001) p.35 41

Wardhaugh, op.cit. p. 103

24

[ALSO] [AGAIN] oseyodwaelgotgatayo?

[COME][HAVE POSSIBILITY?]

(Keurigo to oseyodwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any

possibility for you guys to come back again?)

This is an example of situational code switching because there is a

topic and situational change in the utterance.

Metaphorical code switching and code mixing occurs within a

single situation, but adds meaning to such components as the role

relationships which are being expressed. Since speaking different

languages is an obvious marker of differential group membership, by

switching languages bilinguals often have the portion of choosing which

group to identify with in a particular situation, and thus can convey the

metaphorical meaning which goes along with such choice as well as

whatever denotative meaning is conveyed by the code itself.42

Holmes views metaphorical switching as the type of switching that

“each of the codes represents a set of social meanings, and the speaker

draws on the associations of each, just as people use metaphors to

represents complex meaning. The term also reflects the fact that this kind

of switching involves rhetorical skill. Skilful code switching operates like

metaphor to enrich the communication.”43

He also adds that switching can

42

Muriel Saviell-Troike, op.cit. p.62-63 43

Janet Holmes, op.cit p.41

25

achieve arrange of interesting rhetorical effects. The use of ethnic tags

signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in the utterances.44

In other hand this is an example of metaphorical code switching. [The

italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Hanbyul : Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera,

I‟ll count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.

[ONE, TWO, THREE]

This is an example of metaphorical code switching because there is

change of topic and situation while the speaker switch from English to

Korea.

5. The Influential Factors of Code Switching and Code Mixing

According to Holmes, there are four factors that may influence

people to switch code, they are:

1. Participants. The participants that use code switching to his or

her partners because they have certain will and goal. If a group of

people are talking in one language and a non-speaker enters, they

will switch code or topic or both. Viewing from the personality

of the participant, there are will and goal of codeswitching such

as the speaker who wants to change the situation without any

information in time and space.

Look at the conversation below as the example

44

Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.39

26

[The Maori is in italics. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Sarah : I think everyone‟s here except Mere.

John : She said she might be a bit late but actually I think that‟s

her arriving now.

Sarah : You are right. Kia ora Mere. Haeremai. KKeitepeheakoe?

[HI MERE. COME IN. HOW ARE YOU]

Mere : Kia ora e hoa. Kei tepai. Have you started yet?

[HELLO MY FRIEND. I‟M FINE]

In the conversation above, code switching appears between

English and Maori. People sometimes switch code within a

domain or social situation. When there is some obvious change in

the situation, such as the arrival of a new person, it is easy to

explain the switch. Mere is Maori and although the rest of the

meeting will be conducted in English.45

2. Solidarity (affective function). A speaker may similarly to another

language as a signal of group membership and shared ethnicity

with the addressee. Even speaker who is not very proficient in a

second language may use brief phrases and words for this

purpose. Scottish Highlanders who are not proficient speakers of

45


27

Gaelic nevertheless express their identification with the local

Gaelic speech community by using Gaelic tags and phrases in

this way too, whether their knowledge of Maori is extensive or

not. Such switches are often very short and they are made

primarily for social reasons – to signal the speakers ethnic

identity and solidarity with the addressee.46

The conversation below is the example of solidarity

[The italic word is Korean and THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL

CAPITAL]

Kate : I‟m not sure about these things, Maybe it‟s like

controversy or something.

Mi Yun: Uhnee, you don‟t know about these things? [OLDER SISTER]

Kate : Mmm..

This conversation is taken Amy E. Pagano‟s paper about the code

switching in Korean case. Kate and Mi Yun are her research

participants who come from South Korea and have been living in

Australia for years. On the conversation below, Mi Yun code

switches from Korean to English with the utterance „Uhnee’. Mi

Yun‟s utterance acts as an announcement that marks Kate‟s

46


28

higher age status.47

The use of ethnic tags signaled ethnic group

membership for the speakers because Mi Yun still use Korean

address term even though she has been living in Australia for

years.48

3. Social Context. A switch may also reflect a change in the other

dimensions, such as the status relationship between people or the

formality of their interaction. Who is talking to whom (e.g. wife-

husband, customer-shop keeper, boss-worker) is an important

factor. The setting or social context (e.g. home, work, school) is

generally relevant factor too. More formal relationship, which

sometimes involve status difference on the other way, friendly

relationship involving minimal social distance.49

4. Topic. According to Holmes, people may switch code within a

speech event to discuss a particular topic. Bilingual often find it

easier to discuss particular topics in one code rather than another.

And in some cases the topic has proved an influence on language

choice. University students in countries which use English for

tertiary education, such as Tanzania, Indonesia and Papua New

Guinea, often find it easier to discuss their university subjects

using English, for example, just as the students from

47

Amy E. Pagano, “Code switching: A Korean Case Study”, Griffith Working Papers in

Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication, vol.1 no.3 (2010), p.22-38. Accessed on May 5th

,

2014 http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/244422/3.-Pagano-Codeswitching-in-

Korean.pdf 48

Janet Holmes, op.cit. p.39 49

Janet Holmes, ibid. p.8

http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/244422/3.-Pagano-Codeswitching-in-Korean.pdf

http://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/244422/3.-Pagano-Codeswitching-in-Korean.pdf

29

Hemnesberget used standard Norwegian rather than the local

dialect to discuss national politics.50

Similar with this, Hoffmann

says that people sometimes prefer talk about a particular topic in

one language rather than in another. Sometimes, a speaker feels

free and more comfortable to express their emotional feelings in

a language that is not their everyday language.51

50

Janet Holmes, ibid. 51

Charlotte Hoffmann. op.cit. p.116

30

CHAPTER III

DATA ANALYSIS

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer discusses the research finding. The writer

observed Arirang music show After School Club by following four steps.

Firstly, the writer watches and downloads After School Club program from

ArirangKpop YouTube channel which was accessed on Wednesday, June

12th,

2013. Secondly the writer marks the utterances containing code

switching and code mixing. Thirdly, the writer collects and writes the data in

a note. The final step is analyzing the data based on the types and the factors

of code switching and code mixing.

For this study, the writer analyzes about sixteen utterances from Hanbyul

and Eric Nam who are the hosts of After School Club. The writer chooses their

utterances as the data because after she watched the video, she found that

these two hosts switched and mixed the code entirely. They switched and

mixed both in English and Korean whether they spoke each other, with the

guests, and the audiences. The length of this video is 54 minutes 03 seconds

but the writer finds the data related to code switching and code mixing start

from minute 11:18 until 48:38. The selected data can be seen as follows:

31

Hanbyul

Data 1: Just one thing about Exo, all my friends and all my lady friends,

they are fans of Exo and they are just going crazy to me. Jinjja jein

da paenieyo jeongmallo. (11:23)

Data 2: Six thousand? It‟s more than money that I have. Igeon cheoeum

issneundaeyo. (12:09)

Data 3: D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo? He‟s got it…

He‟s got it. Everyone has to be quiet. (15:20)

Data 4: Listen… oh na bogo deureurae. (15:37)

Data 5: Alright..alright. Let‟s talk a bit with Kai. I‟m gonna ask Kai. What

is it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this?

Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha

bonikka, eottaeyo? (23:07)

Data 6: Deudieo what‟s your name? Where are you from? (34:33)

Data 7: Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I‟ll

count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set. (48:38)

Eric Nam

Data 8: …so I‟ll countuntil three and we are gonna do this pose. Hana, dul,

set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi.(12:16)

Data 9: Well, we have something else prepared for Exo as well. We had so

many fans who sent the fan art, fan videos like way too many. So,

we picked a couple of them. Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga

eomjeong manhi deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot

gaeman ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo? (23:46)

Data 10: So we got five members of Exo that said dwaenjang jjigae was

their favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo. Hanwoo

jeongmal masisseo, keujyo? (33:45)

Data 11: So I heard, I think you won the lottery majimak sungan e hangout e

chugaduddaeyo, you just got added to hangout. So congratulations.

I‟ll give you thirty seconds to say or do whatever you want to

EXO. (37:41)

32

Data 12: He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk

to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo.

(41:27)

Data 13: Keuromyeon could you show us it a little bit? (42:09)

Data 14: Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero

keugosin gojyo keureohke? (43:33)

Data 15: Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo.(44:54)

Data 16: One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year

later from now. It‟s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is

EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang! (46:57)

B. Data Analysis

The data above are some utterances from Hanbyul and Eric Nam who are

the hosts of After School Club which have been chosen by the writer as the

sample of utterances containing code switching and code mixing. There are

16 data will be analyzed by the writer. The translation of Korean to English is

using free translation method. The further description of the data is under the

table. [The italic is the Korean words. THE TRANSLATION IS IN SMALL CAPITAL]

Table 3.1

Data 1

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time: 11:23

Just one thing about Exo, all my friends and all my lady friends, they

are fans of Exo and they are just going crazy to me. Jinjja jein da

paenieyo jeongmallo.

33

Jinjja jein da paeniyeyo jeongmallo [REALLY] [ALL] [FANS] [FOR REAL]

Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo =Really all of them are your fans

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√

Analysis:

The utterance above is counted as code switching because a language

changes occurring across phrase or sentence boundaries. Also this includes in

metaphorical code switching because this utterance happened in a single

situation where Hanbyul talks a topic about some of his friends are going

crazy and being fans to Exo. He also strengthens the topic by changing from

English to Korean by saying “Jinjja jein da paenieyo jeongmallo” which means

„Really all of them are your fans for sure’. In Korean, jinjja (진짜) and jeongmallo

(정말로) have a similar meaning that is „really‟. These words are used to make sure

or redefine about something.

34

Table 3.2

Data 2

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time 12:09

Six thousand? It‟s more than money that I have. Igeon cheoeum

issneundaeyo.

Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo [THIS] [FIRST TIME] [THE]

Igeon cheoeum issneundaeyo.= This is the very first time.

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√

Analysis:

This utterance happened when Hanbyul knows that there are almost six

thousand applicants of Google hangout because the guest star is Exo that has

a huge popularity nowadays and it is the most applicants ever compared with

the previous episodes of After School Club. Hanbyul‟s utterance is code

switching because it has two varieties of language across sentence boundaries

within the same speech event. This is also called as metaphorical code

switching because Hanbyul uses a metaphor of an amount of applicants of

35

Google hangout with money that he has where it is the topic that influence

him to switch the codes.

Table 3.3

Data 3


D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo? He‟s got it…

He‟s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.

ssi noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo? [ADDRESS TERM] [SONG] [SING] [CAN YOU?]

D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su isseulkkayo?=D.O, can you

sing Open Arms song?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √ √

Analysis:

This data is classified as code switching because it emphasizes

movement from one language to another across the sentence. Hanbyul asks

D.O to sing a song in Korean, then when D.O agree to do it, Hanbyul gives

instruction to the others (participants) to be quite since D.O is going to sing.It

is considered as situational code switching because Hanbyul changes the

36

situation when he said “D.O ssi Open Arms noraereul bulleo su

isseulkkayo?” that he asks D.O to sing a song then he change the topic by

saying “He‟s got it..he‟s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.” The term ssi(씨) in

first sentence, is an addressed term in Korean that addressed to a person that

do not have a close relationship to each other in the conversation and it is the

formal term in speaking. It also can be considered as solidarity. This data also

the example of status that Hanbyul as the host of this show asks D.O as the

guest star to sing a song.

Table 3.4

Data 4


Listen… oh na bogo deureurae.

na bogo deureurae [I] [WANT] [LISTEN]

Na bogo deureurae =I want to listen.

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√

37

Analysis:

In the video, Hanbyul previously speaks in English but suddenly D.O

says “listen..” with a husky voice and it makes Hanbyul surprised because he

did not expect D.O‟s voice would be like that. Because, the situation in the

studio becomes full of laugh and clap of hands from the others because of

D.O‟s voice, and it is called as situational code mixing. This utterance

considered as code mixing because Hanbyul mixes an English word within a

sentence while the rest of it are in Korean. D.O‟s-voice-effect is the topic that

makes Hanbyul do a code mixing.

Table 3.5

Data 5

Host : Hanbyul Playback Time23:07

Alright..alright. Let‟s talk a bit with Kai. I‟m gonna ask Kai. What is

it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this? Mudae

malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka,

eottaeyo?

Mudae malgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha [ALL] [SAY] [REALLY] [VIDEO] [ETC.] [FANS] [MANY]

bonikka, eottaeyo? [SEE] [HOW IS IT?]

Mudaemalgo, jinjja pidioreul deungeseo paeneureul manha bonikka,

eottaeyo?= They said, all of your fans are seeing your video for

many times, how is your feeling?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

38

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

This utterance classified as code switching because two varieties of

language take place between sentences. Hanbyul is speaking with Kai, as the

participant of the conversation, with two different languages because Kai is a

Korean native so Hanbyul employs Korean to strengthen the topic. First,

Hanbyul asks Kai about his feeling to have video chat with his fans in

English and then switch it to Korean in order Kai will understand well with

his question. The topic of the conversation is Kai‟s feeling about having

video chat with his fans and knowing that his fans watch his video a lot. It is

classified as metaphorical code switching because there is no situational

changes in the conversation.

Table 3.6

Data 6


Deudieo what‟s your name? Where are you from?

Deudieo [FINALLY]

Code Choice


√

Type

39


√

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

The utterance above is considered as code mixing because there seems to

be a wide range of possibilities: articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and

adverbs were all observed to have been mixed in various ways. There is a

mixing of Korean adverb “deudieo” which means „finally‟ within a single

utterance. The type of code mixing is metaphorical because it is happened in

a single situation. The topic is one of the sessions in After School Club where

the fans could interact directly with the guest stars by video chat through

Google Hangout. In the middle of video chat, one of the video chatters

(participant) got a technical problem with her voice that makes Hanbyul and

Eric Nam greet her repeatedly. After a long waiting for participant‟s technical

problem, finally Hanbyul could greet her.

Table 3.7

Data 7


Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I‟ll

count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.

Hana dul set [ONE] [TWO] [THREE]

40

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

This utterance considered as code switching because there is a language

change occurring across sentence boundaries. At the beginning Hanbyul

gives the instruction in English by saying “Before you go, we have to take a

picture, look at the camera. I‟ll count into three and do a pose.”Then he

switches it to Korean while counting “Hana dul set”. This is a metaphorical

code switching because Hanbyul counts in Korean not in English in the same

situation where they want to take a photo. The topic is counting before taking

a photo. The participants in this conversation are Exo members.

Table 3.8

Data 8

Host : Eric Nam Playback Time 48:38

…so I‟ll count until three and we are gonna do this pose. Hana,

dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halkedasi.

Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi [ONE][TWO][THREE] [IF] [THIS] [POSE] [DO] [AGAIN]

41

Hana, dul ,set hamyeon i pojeu halke dasi=If I count one, two, three,

let‟s do this pose once again.

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

Similar with the explanation of data 7, the utterance above also classified

as code switching because there is a change of two languages across

sentences. Both Hanbyul and Eric seem always use Korean when counting.

They always say hana, dul, set rather than one, two, three even they speak

English at the beginning. That why this data classified as metaphorical code

switching. Participant is one of the factors in this data because Eric is

directing Exo members to do a pose after he counts into three. Another factor

is status, Eric as the host is directing the guest star to take a photo together.

Table 3.9

Data 9


Well, we have something else prepared for Exo as well. We had so


we picked a couple of them. Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga

42

eomjeong manhi deurowassneunde, sigani eobseoseo myeotgaeman

ppobasseoyo. Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo?

Jinjja yongsanghago paenateuga eomjeong manhi [REALLY] [VIDEO] [FAN][ART] [VERY] [A LOT OF]

deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo. [COME IN] [TIME] [NO] [SOME] [ONLY] [PULLED]

Bosiljunbidwaesyeossnayo? [SEE][READY] [ENOUGH]

Jinjja yongsanghago paen ateu ga eomjeong manhi

deurowassneundae, sigani eobseoseo myeot gaeman ppobasseoyo.

Bosil junbi dwaesyeossnayo= We already received a number of

videos and fan arts, because of the limited time, so we picked some

of them. Are you guys ready to see?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √ √

Analysis:

Eric switches from English to Korean across the sentence boundaries so

it is an example of code switching. This is can be classified as metaphorical

code switching because it happens in a single utterances. Eric‟s status here as

the informant that gives information to Exo as the participant here, that their

fans sent a lot of fan videos and fan arts to them. Eric‟s information about

Exo fans can be considered as topic.

43

Table 3.10

Data 10


So we got five members of EXO that said doenjang jjigae was their

favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo. Hanwoo jeongmal

masisseo, keujyo?

doenjang jjigae hanwoo jeongmal masisseo keujyo? [SOYBEAN PASTE STEW] [BEEF] [REALLY][DELICIOUS][RIGHT (question tag)]

Hanwoo jeongmal masisseo, keujyo?= Korean beef is very

delicious, right?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

Bhatia and Ritchie said that code mixing refers to the mixing of various

linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clauses and

sentences). There are some words from different language mixed in a single

utterance so this is considered as code mixing. The word dwaenjang jjigae

means “soybean paste stew” and hanwoo means Korean beef this is

considered as the topic. Eric still uses Korean food term while speaking in

English and this is an example of metaphorical code mixing because there is

44

no topic change within the sentence, they still talking about food. There also

the use of ethnic tags that signaled ethnic group membership for speakers in

utterances. In this case, most of the participants in this conversation are

Korean.

Table 3.11

Data 11


So I heard, I think you won the lottery, majimak sungan e hangout e

chugaduddaeyo, you just got addedto hangout. So congratulations.

I‟ll give you thirty seconds to say or do whatever you want to Exo.

majimak sungan e hangout-e chugaduddaeyo [LAST] [MINUTE] [ADDED]

majimak sungan e hangout e chugaduddaeyo= you just got added in

the rest time of hangout session

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √ √

Analysis:

This is an example of code mixing because there is a combination of

elements from two languages in a single utterance. This is can be classified as

45

situational code mixing because there is a change of topic when Eric

congratulates the girl in video chat on the last minute of hangout session.

Then, he changes the topic by giving her time to speak to Exo. There are

some factors that influence this mixing. Eric‟s status is as the informant who

informs a girl in the video chat that she is the last one to get a chance to talk

with Exo. Eric mixes from English to Korean because he also wants to

inform that to Exo as another participant. The topic is the girl who talks in the

video chat.

Table 3.12

Data 12


He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk

to you guys for a long time. Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo?

Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo? [ALSO] [AGAIN][AGAIN] [POSSIBILITY]

Keurigo, to oseyo dwaelgotgatayo? = Also, is there any possibility

for you guys to come back here again?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

46

Analysis:

The utterance above is classified as code switching because there is a

language change occurring across the sentence boundaries. The situation

changes when Eric firstly talks in English to the viewers of After School Club

then he switch it when ask to Exo if they can come back soon to this show or

not. It means that the participant to whom Eric speaking is influencing him to

switch code. The topic also influences him to do code switching. There is a

topic and situational change in this conversation hence this is an example of

situational code switching.

Table 3.13

Data 13


Keuromyeon, could you show us it a little bit?

Keuromyeon [SO]

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√

47

Analysis:

This utterance happened when Eric requests Exo to show their dance

movement on air. By looking at the utterance above, there is a Korean

conjunction „keuromyeon’ which means „so‟ mixes with English during the

same stretch of conversation. It is can be considered as code mixing. Eric

mixes the Korean conjunction because he speaks to Exo that he knows they

also speak Korean well so they will understand well even he mixes the words.

This is can be classified as metaphorical code mixing. So, participant is the

main factor that influences Eric to mix codes.

Table 3.14

Data 14


Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air. Cheoeumero

keugosin gojyo keureohke?

Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke? [FIRST TIME] [THAT] [LIKE THAT]

Cheoeumero keugosin gojyo keureohke? = Is that the first time you

guys showing it?

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

48

Analysis:

This is an example of code switching. Eric speaks in two languages and

is able to keep the apart. The type of this switching is metaphorical code

switching because this utterance happened in a single situation. Eric is talking

to EXO members after they show a little dance movement to the hosts and

After School Club viewers. So in this case, participant is influencing Eric to

switch codes from English to Korea. Another influential factor is topic, Eric

want to make sure EXO that this is the first time they show the dance move

on air by switching the language.

Table 3.15

Data 15


Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo.

gatayo [LOOK LIKE]

Code Choice


√

Type


√

Influential Factor


√ √

49

Analysis:

The utterance above is considered as code mixing because it is involve

single lexical item during the same stretch of conversation. Eric use a Korean

phrase in the utterance above while talking to the viewers and EXO so this

utterance can be said as metaphorical code switching because there is no

situational changes during the conversation. The participants in the

conversation also become the factor why Eric mixes codes. Eric knows this

show is airing not only in Korea but also in some countries and also the guest

star of this show is a Korean boy band that most of them are Korean native so

he often mixes from English to Korea back and forth.

Table 3.16

Data 16


One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one year

later from now. It‟s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is

EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, il nyeon e yeongsang!

il nyeon-e yeongsang [ONE] [YEAR] [VIDEO]

il nyeon e yeongsang= a video for one year later

Code Choice


√

Type


√

50

Influential Factor


√ √

Analysis:

In the video, Eric was requesting Kris, one of Exo members, to say some

words that represent Exo‟s resolution in one year later and will be recorded in

a video (topic). From the data above, it is classified as code mixing because

Eric mixes a Korean phrase among English in a sentence. This is an example

of metaphorical code switching because no topic change in Eric‟s utterance.

Because talking to Kris, who also can understand Korea, Eric mixes from

English to Korean with no doubt. It means that participant is influencing Eric

to mix codes.

51

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions

After analyzing some utterances in music show After School Club, the

writer concludes that both Hanbyul and Eric Nam are bilingualism. Because

they can manage not just to keep the two languages separate, but also learn

quickly which language to be used to which person. They also realize which

people can be addressed in a mixture of the two languages, in this case English

and Korean. As the writer analyzes their utterances, Hanbyul and Eric Nam

know to whom they should employ English and Korean in the same time and

if they employ English in full sentence, at the end they switch it to Korean in

order to redefine the utterances so that the addressee will not

misunderstanding during the conversation.

The result of analysis shows that there are sixteen utterances containing

code switching and code mixing. From the cases, the writer finds 9 utterances

of code switching where there is a language changes occurring across phrase

or sentence boundaries and 7 utterances of code mixing, refers to the mixing

of various linguistic units (morphemes, words, modifiers, phrases, clause and

sentences). For the types of code switching and code mixing, the writer uses

the criterion from Bloom and Gumperz (1972) that strengthen by Janet

Holmes (2001). There are two types in this analysis, situational and

52

metaphorical. Most of the utterances that have been analyzed are classified as

metaphorical code switching and code mixing. The writer finds 12 utterances

of metaphorical code switching and code mixing where this type of code

choice depends on the existence of relationship between variable and social

situation. Also there are some code choices that use ethnic tags which signaled

ethnic group membership for speakers in the utterances. The rest of the

utterances are classified into situational code switching and code mixing that

the writer finds 4 cases in this research.

Meanwhile, the most frequent influential factors according to Janet

Holmes’s criterion (2001) are participant and topic (13 from 16 utterances).

This happened because both the hosts of After School Club only use Korean

with the guest star of this music show that most of them are Korean native but

when they are talking to the viewers, they change it to English. Topic also

influences them to switch or mix the languages. For instances, when they are

talking about food, they use some Korean words rather than English. They

prefer to say doenjang jjigae than soybean paste stew also for hanwoo or

Korean beef. As for solidarity and status, these factors connected each other

because both of them are concerned about the social relationships in

community and the way people signal aspects of their social identity through

their language. The writer finds one utterance that change because of

solidarity factor since the using of Korean address term in the conversation.

As for status factor, there are 3 utterances that have been classified. The status

53

here is host-guest star relationship that influences the speakers of using code

switching or code mixing in the conversation.

B. Suggestions

As this research about code switching and code mixing of English

speaking Korean community has been done, there still many possibilities for

further research regarding this topic in the future. Since this research does not

use interview method to get the data, the only way to analyze the data is

classifying the data according to the relevant theories. Therefore, the writer

suggests for those who interested in this topic, it would be better to use

interview method to look for the reason of code switching and code mixing in

order to get the accurate result.

There are many possibilities to take the sample of English – Korean code

switching and code mixing research not only from music shows but also from

another media such as radio, magazines, advertisements, reality shows, and

many more. Thus, there will be some variations in code switching and code

mixing research in the future.

54

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Farkhan, Muhammad. 2007. Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra. Jakarta:

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Academic Year 2012/2013. Kudus: University of Muria Kudus

APPENDIX

This is the transcription of Arirang Music Show After School Club which was

aired on Wednesday, June 23rd,

2013. The Korean and Chinese are written in

italic. The length of the video is 54:03.

Hanbyul : Ladies and gentleman, hello, konnichiwa, bonjour.

Eric Nam : Aw..what’s up, ta jiahao, holla, annyeonghaseyo, what’s up, I’m Eric

Nam.

Hanbyul : Hi welcome back! (hugging Eric Nam)

Eric Nam : Ah yeah nice to see you.

Hanbyul : Nice to see you too, I miss Tia tho.

Eric Nam : What? Anyway I’m happy to be back. You know, kinda miss him

and kinda miss the crew but I miss you guys more. So I’m so happy

that I’m here with you guys, yeah.

Hanbyul : I can say that we’re glad to have you back.

Eric Nam : Aw thank you thank you.

Hanbyul : We’re glad but I miss Tia as well.

Eric Nam : Hahaha

Hanbyul : To celebrate your comeback, why don’t you start to give a kiss for

all the viewers of After School Club.

Eric Nam : Ah this is awkward. Alright. (give a kiss to the camera) love you

guys.

Hanbyul : Nice nicehahahanow..you are all on After School Club right now, a

place for all kpop lovers.

Eric Nam : The live real time music request show.

Hanbyul& Eric Nam:After School Club!

Hanbyul : So don’t go anywhere. So check it in our twitter @arirang_ASC and

we’ll be back.

(( playingAfter School Club main logo song ))

Eric Nam : Yes, we’re coming from Seoul, South Korea. This is After School

Club available to you on Arirang TV, You Tube live stream as well.

Hanbyul : Yes, let’s go ahead. Let’s see who’s joining us on Roll Call

today.You guys already know that EXO is coming on the show

today. I’m curious who’s send the first tweet on Roll Call today. Ok.

Who is she? It’s gonna be on screen. It was @MelCecil16 from

Indonesia. Hi Indonesia please watch our show and follow us as well

on twitter. Ok yeah hahaha.

Eric Nam : Hi Indonesia. Love you guys. Ok. Mel, you are lucky that you will

receiving a sign CD from today’s guest. And we have a skin care

product and please send us your data on our website. You’ll get the

prize as soon as possible.

Hanbyul : Gonna be on screen right now all of the information of our show.

Just check our website and twitter.

Eric Nam : We got the first request song of the day

Hanbyul : Yeah one of the most popular tracks these days in the Korean music

industry. This is request from AdiSakuramoto on twitter. Thank you

for requesting that. And this is LC9 with Mamabeat/

(( playing request song))

Eric Nam : Huh what a work yeah!

Hanbyul : Mamabeat

Eric Nam : Here After School Club. This is the real time music show for all

Kpop lovers.

Hanbyul : And in just a moment, we are gonna have a favorite time on After

School Club. It’s called Hangout. Eric who is today member of the

week?

Eric Nam : Oh my God they are already here

Hanbyul : I can see them I can see them

Eric Nam : They are right over there

Hanbyul : They are all in white

Eric Nam : And this time they’re like wolves and gonnaawuuu... we gonna see

EXO. So don’t go anywhere

(( playing EXO’s video))

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : (screaming)

Hanbyul : Ok. One of the best group in music group right now. Please say hello

to all of you

Eric Nam : Yeah it’s EXO!

EXO : Hana, dul, set. We are one! Annyeonghaseyo EXO imnida.

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : wow!!

Hanbyul : Ok. Just for you guys, let’s have a..let’s have a hello from each

member of EXO

Chanyeol : Ne. Chen buteosijakhalkayo?

EXO : Ne

Chen : Ne. Anyyeonghaseyo. EXOeuimembeo Chen imnida.

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : Yeay, Chen!

Kris : Hello everyone. I’m Kris from EXO

Kai : Ne. Annyeonghaseyo Kai imnida

Luhan : Ne. AnnyeonghaseyoLuhanimnida

Baekhyun : Ne. AnnyeonghaseyoBaekhyunimnida

Suho : Ne. Annyeonghaseyo. LideoSuhoimnida

Tao : Ne. Annyeonghaseyo Tao imnida

Sehun : Ne. AnnyeonghaseyoEXOuimaknaeSehunimnida

D.O : Ne. Annyeonghaseyo EXO D.O imnida

Lay : Ta jiahao. Woxie EXO de Lay

Xiumin : Annyeonghaseyo EXO Xiuminimnida

Chanyeol : Ne. Annyeonghaseyo EXO Chanyeolimnida

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : wow wow

Hanbyul : Welcome welcome

Eric Nam : We got Korean and Chinese and we have EXO in the house. So it’s

the first time we have twelve people in the studio and it feels so

small. We need a big studio.

Hanbyul : We had nine before

Eric Nam : Hahaha alright alright

Hanbyul : the studio feels like brightening right now. And they are like angels

in heaven. Cheonsahahaha

EXO : hahaha

Eric Nam : Anyway, Kris, is it true that you guys had traveled so much that you

guys breakfast in China and then eating dinner in Korea and sleep

somewhere else in Japan?

Kris : Hmm..it’s a little bit true. However we do travel a lot. Sometimes

we’re like eating breakfast in China and then eating dinner in Korea

haha So Chinese food in the morning and Korea food in the evening

yeah. But these days we’ve been working in Korea and China for the

first single. And this time we’re kindaa..base in Korea so hmm

yeah..so yeah.. (something wrong with his mike)

Eric Nam : We’re good we’re good

Suho : Pyeonhagehaseyo ne

Eric Nam : Hahaha no worries

Kris : I’m pyeonhageinneundaeyo

All : Hahaha

Hanbyul : Just one thing about Exo,all my friends and all my lady friends, they

are fans of Exo and they are just going crazy to me. Jinjjajein da

paenieyojeongmallo.

Eric Nam : Jeoneunyongugeseowaneun, dongsaengikyeseok EXO

yaegihaneungoya. EXO EXOsajinjjigojum bone dallago.

Hanbyul : Sajinjjigo. We’re gonna take it.

Eric Nam : I have a younger sister in London who keeps telling about EXO

Hanbyul : Now. Ok. I have a lot of questions. But some fans are waiting for us

on Hangout. So we’re go ahead to talk to them.

Eric Nam : Ok first, I’m gonna let you guys know, we got more than six

thousand applicants for Hangout.

Hanbyul : Six thousand?

Eric Nam : That’s the most ever..ever..it’s the record in After School Club

Hanbyul : Six thousand? It’s more than money that I have.

Igeoncheoeumissneundaeyo.

Eric Nam : It’s the record in After School Club

Hanbyul : so I’ll countuntil three and we are gonnado this pose. Hana,dul, set

hamyeon i pojeuhalkedasi.

EXO : Ne..ne..

Eric Nam : Ok. One, two, three, let’s Hangout

All : ( make a pose to the camera )

Eric Nam : it’s like a baby wolf

Hanbyul : ok. This is everybody on the Hangout please say hi

EXO : Hi

Hanbyul : And these are the ten that were lucky ones

Eric Nam : Alright we have the first Hangout guest, what’s up?

All : Hi

Hanbyul : Are you ok? Please say hello to EXO

(There are too many people on the Hangout guest so they can’t hear well)

Hanbyul : what’s your name and where are you from?

Eric Nam : Ok. Please say something to EXO. What would you like to say?

Ika Santos : (her voice is not really clear)

Hanbyul : I think what she said is, she is really shy and they are gathered as

EXO fans because they are from the same school. Just before we go

on, Ika, can only one of you to talk to us because we cannot hear

well here. Put earphone first or whatever. How I think, what do you

want to do for us today? I think you’ve prepared something.

Ika Santos : I want to sing HawakKamay

All : Ah..

Ika Santos : (singing HawakKamay) (EXO are singing along with them)

Hanbyul : Thank you, Ika. Is there anything else you want to ask to EXO?

Ika Santos : Can I ask D.O to sing Open Arms, please?

Hanbyul : D.O ssi Open Arms noraereulbulleosuisseulkkayo? He’s got it…

He’s got it. Everyone has to be quiet.

D.O : Ok. Listen.

Hanbyul : Listen… oh nabogodeureurae.

Eric Nam : Alright

D.O : (singing Open Arms song )

Hanbyul : Thank you so much for requesting D.O to sing Open Arms song.

We’re gonna see you next time. See ya

Eric Nam : Alright we’re gonna see the next Hangout.

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : next hangout please

EXO : Hi (greet the Hangout guest)

Hanbyul : Who are you and where are you from? ….I think you are in mute

mode. Ok. Try again. Ok. Please don’t mute your mike. Is it working?

I don’t think……we’re gonna fix you. We’re gonnacomeback to you

after this. And we have our next Hangout. Ok. See you. Bye..haha

Eric Nam : Ok. We are gonna to see the next Hangout.

Hanbyul : What’s your name? Where are you from?

Lauren : We are one. We are Chicago EXO fans.

All : wow!

Eric Nam : Please say something to EXO

Lauren : Ok. Hi. I’m Lauren. Nice to meet you all.

Kris : Nice to meet you, Lauren.

Hanbyul : Is there any particular member you like to talk to?

Lauren : Umm, actually there is. Umm my favorite is Kai

Hanbyul : Alright, Kai

Eric : Kai..me too. Me too

Kai : Hi

Eric : Ok. What would you like to say to Kai?

Lauren : Umm I just want to say from the bottom of my heart, you are such an

inspiration to me. I watch your videos everyday for inspiration. You

know, I enrolled the dance competition this year and I won this year

with the song Two Moons from EXO.

All : Wow!!

EXO : Wow!!

Suho : chamkanboyeodeurilsuiseulji?

Hanbyul : Suho actually ask you, could you show us the dance. What did you

dance at the competition?

Lauren : Yeay, actually right now, we can do that. Yeay.

Hanbyul : ok. Let’s do it!

Eric : yeah… yeah show it! Show it! They are so crowded there, it’s like,

move! move! I’m going to dance

EXO : (laughing)

Eric : allright, here we go. Music.Music. Music play, come on!

Eric : I almost lost at the airport in Chicago.

Hanbyul : really?

All : (watching Lauren’s dance move) Wow! Wow! (clapping hands)

Kris : it’s crazy.

Suho : excellent

All : yeah…yeah.. (clapping hands) wow..wow…

Lauren : Thank you

Hanbyul : Lauren, if you are, umm do you have last question or request for

EXO right now?

Lauren : yeah, oh my God, I’m sorry for the mess. Yes, umm Kai oppa, can

you show us some of ballet moves, please

Eric Nam : a balledallagohaneundae

Kai : Jeomothagesseojigeumkeundanaegajalbkeboyodeureugeseumnida

Eric Nam : Kai is in pressure because you are so good. Ok

Kai : meonjeo (showing a ballet step) keudaume( showing another step)

All : yaeh yeah

Eric Nam : Kai ssihanbeonman

Hanbyul : ok. I’m gonna ask you one more question. If you are an EXO

manager for one day what would you do?

Lauren : ok first, I want to take them to Chicago and ten I want to drink

bubble tea with them and hangout at the park.

Eric Nam : Anyways Lauren please say bye to EXO. EXO

majimakinsabutakderimnida

Lauren : Bye

Hanbyul : Alright..alright. Let’s talk a bit with Kai. I’m gonna ask Kai. What is

it like...meeting your fans for video chat off stage like this?

Mudaemalgo, jinjjapidioreuldeungeseopaeneureulmanhabonikka,

eottaeyo?

Kai :

Hanbyul : He said that he hasn’t have enough chance to talk to the fans in

person but talking to you guys gives him a lot of strength and he is

very happy.

Eric Nam : Well, we have something else prepared for Exo as well. We had so


we picked a couple of them.

Jinjjayongsanghagopaenateugaeomjeongmanhideurowassneundae,

siganieobseoseomyeotgaemanppobasseoyo.

Bosiljunbidwaesyeossnayo? Alright, they are ready to see

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : Video cue!

(( Playing fan video ))

Hanbyul : wow how is it?

Kris : That’s nice. Crazy

Chen : Akkacheoumebojilseulttae,

yongsangeseojohuineukdaewaminyeochumeul..ah..ireonmaldogwaen

iamaireonggomoreugaeneundaejohaonjehanbeondenseubeteulhamni

da

All : woaah (laughing)

Hanbyul : the person who did the dance, the first dance, the wolf dance

Eric Nam : He is asking you to do the dance battle

Hanbyul : if you are ready to get loose, you gonna loose

All : (laughing)

Hanbyul : should we meet the next Hangout

Eric Nam : Alright let’s go to hangout. C’mon. oh ok..ok.. wegonna wait we

have.. why don’t we do a game?

Hanbyul : Ok. We gonna play a game

Eric : this is an opportunity to all of you because there are so many people

who cannot join this live. They can join us on twitter, right?

Hanbyul : Yeah

Eric Nam : and we are gonna have some fun time with EXO. Alright while we

do this, you have to listen carefully for the hint. And if you think you

know the answer. You tweet us @arirang_ASC with the hashtag

EXOASC. The first person who can answer the question will get a

sign CD from EXO. Yes, are you ready to go?

Hanbyul : Are you ready?

Kris : Yes

EXO : Yes

Hanbyul : Ok. Let’s go

Eric : Alright, the first question. The answer is one of the nickname of

EXO members. Luhan will give the first hint

Kris : cheotbeonjjehinteu

Luhan : Dongmul

Suho : Animal? Animal?

Eric Nam : Ah..animal. That’s the first hint.

Hanbyul : Animal. Ok. That’s the first hint. Go on .ok. Next hint from

Baekhyun

Baekhyun : Saramgwagateunboeryeuyeyo

Hanbyul : and Suho please for the next hint

Suho : hmm igeo..hmm.. kogireulmeokjianhayo

Hanbyul : Ah..the meat can be eaten. And next one from Tao as well for the

hint, oh no nono it’s Chanyeol

Chanyel : oh

Hanbyul : oh we got..we got the answer

Eric Nam : we got the answer yeah we got the answer

Hanbyul : I think they are looking for the first tweet

Eric Nam : don’t forget the prize is a sign CD from EXO. I wanna a sign CD

Kris : I want too

Hanbyul : there are a lot of answers

Eric Nam : Can we pick one?

Hanbyul : Ok. We found it

Eric Nam : Ok. It is Celina Cruz. The answer is deer

Hanbyul : Deer is the answer. Congratulation to Celina

Eric Nam : Luhanssi, I byeolmyeongeoteohkehaneungoya? How does it go? The

nickname?

Luhan : jixiewo de mingxue de syunenjuxueqingchen de xioulu.

Johuideuireumdeusigasaebyeolsaseum

Chanyeol : sebyeoksaseum

Luhan : Ne sebyeoksaseum

Hanbyul : His name in Chinese is deer of the dawn

Eric Nam : Saebyeokuisaseum. Ok. Yes, that’s how we got it. And you look

being new everyday because of the dawn. Ok. Sorry for that haha

Hanbyul : Now we gonna go to the next question, right. We still do the games

with EXO. And we have so many people joining with us right

now,they want to perform the most in this country. And Tao, can you

give us the first hint?

Tao : som

Hanbyul : island. Ok. Next.Sehun

Sehun : Haebitchikeuriwoyo

Eric Nam : the want sunlight. Ok. D.O. go on

D.O : a..kagosipdalandeuroga

Hanbyul : and then Lay

Lay : sijeun pal-I jejakdwaejoittajyo

Hanbyul : In the middle of filming season 8. That’s the popular program in this

country

Eric Nam : next. Xiumin

Xiumin : saisikkajangtaitanikeonenchunggeubeul sip-i nyeonsawol sip-il i

nara-e

sauseuhempeutonangeultonangdyogeureulhyanghaneungjeungchum

murechyeo

Eric Nam : so this is where the titanic left from

Hanbyul : when the titanic left over in 1912

Eric Nam : Alright. And then next

Hanbyul : we still don’t have the answer

Eric Nam : ajigeun dab-euneobseo

Chanyeol : J.K. Rowling

Hanbyul : J.K. Rowling. I think we have the answer

Eric Nam : we got the answer @heavy_heart

Hanbyul : Great Britain. You gotta right. Wow

Eric Nam : seven members choose U.K. Luhan and xiumin, why did you choose

for U.K? waeyukeirogagosipda?

Xiumin : jeorangluhanirangchukgureuljohahaneundae

Eric Nam : You like soccer

Xiumin : giemandwaendamyeon,

pelimereuligeugyeongseungeureseojohuiEXOgagongyuranghaebogo

sipeoseoyo

Hanbyul : so they really want to perform at the premier league

Eric Nam : that’s the dream. Kkokkeureohgedwaesigilbaramnida

Hanbyul : ok. Now we go on to the next question. What is EXO favorite food?

Eric Nam : Korean food

Hanbyul : can..hmm.. who’sgonna give the first hint? Chen?

Chen : igeojum..eoryeoisuinneundae…kongebyeonjin

Hanbyul : beans that transform into this food. Alright. Kris

Kris : fer..mented?

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : fermented yeah. Alright next one Kai?

Kai : Gochujjanggwahamkkehangugeumsigegihun yang

yongjungeanaijuyo

Hanbyul : So this is the main ingredients of making Korean food. Gochujjang.

Alright Luhan yeah

Luhan :

choumechokokukipanjyukinjularasseoyokeundaekeugolnwosokeun

daeroguyo

Hanbyul : the main ingredients look like chocolate cookie

Eric Nam : I think you can mix it into the soup . And we got it. We just got the

answer. We got it we got it. We got dwaenjjangjigae.

Hanbyul : the other said bbble tea, kimchi, samgyeopsal. I just want to tell you

that, those are not made with a dwaenjjang which is a paste yeah.

Kimchi is made with cabbage.

Eric Nam : So we got five members of Exo that said dwaenjangjjigae was their

favorite food. And the second place was hanwoo.

Hanwoojeongmalmasisseo, keujyo?

Hanbyul : who likes dwaenjjangjigae?

Kai : dwaenjjangjigaeneunjonbu da johayo

Hanbyul : Everybody like dwaenjjangjigae. Ok. We gonna meet the next

Hangout right now. Hangout number 3. Ok. Can we get you online?

Who are you? And where are you from?

Erin Qi : is it working?

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : yes, it is

Hanbyul : Deudieo what’s your name and where are you from?

Erin Qi : I’m Erin. I’m from U.S but I’m living in China right now

All : Ah

Hanbyul : please say hello to EXO

Erin Qi : Hmm..Suho, Baekhyun, Chanyeol, D.O, Kai, Sehun, Xiumin and

Chen, Annyeonghaseyo and to Kris, Lay, Luhan and Tao, ta jiahao,

woaini men

Kris : xiexie

Eric Nam : Erin, please tell us how popular EXO in China?

Erin Qi : I think actually EXO has a lot of fans in China hmm I don’t know

especially in Beijing and Shanghai. A lot of people now know who

they are

Hanbyul : ok. They know who they are already

Eric Nam : yes, I heard that you said that you found it a destiny to be an EXO

fan

Erin Qi : Hmm actually on the day of EXO debut showcase, I got accepted in

my dream school which is a school for compose a song

Suho : keureomyeon..ne..

jeohuiEXOreulwihaeseoeumakeulhanajakkusuiseuinnayo?

Hanbyul : ah sist, can you write him a song? Did you hear that?

Erin Qi : hmm I actually can translate their song Baby Don’t Cry but I don’t

have piano right now so yeah

Hanbyul : Ok. Do you have anything else to say to EXO before you leave?

Erin Qi : I just want to say something in Chinese ( speak in Chinese )

Hanbyul : thank you for joining us

Eric Nam : thank you, Erin. Bye

Hanbyul : ok. We gonna see the next Hangout. Let’s go. Can we get you online?

Kris Rulla : Hello

Eric Nam : Hi. What’s your name? and where are you from?

Kris Rulla : I’m Kris

Hanbyul : Ok. Kris. Yeah

Eric Nam : Ok. This is Kris from U.S. please say hello to EXO

Kris Rulla : Hello EXO

EXO : Hi

All : Hahaha

Eric : So I heard, I think you won the lottery majimaksunganehangout e

chugaduddaeyo, you just got addedto hangout. So congratulations.

I’ll give you thirty seconds to say or do whatever you want to EXO.

Kris Rulla : Ok. I’ve preapared something (going to sing a song)

Hanbyul : Ah noraebulleodeurilkeyo

Kris Rulla : (singing EXO’s Into Your World Song)

All : (clapping hands after listening to her)

Eric Nam : Ok. Thank you so much for hanging out. And would you please say

goodbye to EXO?

All : Bye. See ya

Eric Nam : Ok. We have another Hangout. Wow so many Hangouts

Hanbyul : lease come online. We got one more

Melissa : Hello

Hanbyul : Hello. Who are you? Where are you from?

Melissa : I’m Melissa and I’m from Colombia

Eric Nam : Melissa from Colombia. Ok. Ok. We got you. Do you wanna say

something to EXO?

Melissa : I want to say that because of EXO I’ve been learning Korean for two

years. And I’ll be there next year

Hanbyul : Do you wanna try a short Korean dialogue with one of the members?

Melissa : Yeah wanna talk to Lay

Lay : Hi. Annyeonghaseyo

Melissa : Ok. Annyeonghaseyo..hmm..

jeoneunsumeusalhaseyonunaragobulleojuseyo

Lay : Ah nunaanneonghaseyo

All : wow!

Eric Nam : Ok. Melissa thank you so much for Hangout

Hanbyul : what she just said is please call her older sister

Lay : saranghaejusyeosseokamsahamnida.

Nunasaranghaejusyeosseokamsahamnida

All : woah

Hanbyul : Nuna, thank you so much for loving us and thank you we gonna say

goodbye. That’s a lot Hangout members

Eric Nam : yeah

Hanbyul : I could say that EXO fans are love EXO so much

Eric Nam : Baekhyunssi.

Jigeumjilsiganeurobaewodeureulnaganeundaeeottaesseoyo? How

does it feel to connect with fans in real time?

Baekhyun : ah

ireohkejeongmalmanheuncheonsegyepaenbundeurelgwaireohkeyaeg

ireulmanhinaonikkajeongmalhaengbokhaeyojigeum i

sunganjeongmaloraeoraedonganyaeginabogosipeo

Eric Nam : He said so happy to talk to the fans like this and he really likes talk

to you guys for a long time. Keurigo to oseyodwaelgotgatayo?

EXO : Yes, of course

Hanbyul : ok. Next we gonnataje some questions from the fans. All of them are

curious about the music video, right. And in the music video they do

something like a tree. I don’t know what it was. Monkey?Or

something? Can you tell us how you filmed that, Kris?

Kris : Well, actually we filmed that like in shadow, so it looks really cool

when we are inside

Eric Nam : Keuromyeoncould you show us it a little bit?

EXO : Yes

(EXO is getting ready to do some dancing in their music video)

Hanbyul : Ok. They are ready

Eric Nam : Can we see the music video first before the live one?

Hanbyul : here it is

(EXO starts to dancing)

Hanbyul : wow that’s amazing

Eric Nam : Alright, thank you so much for showing us on air.

Cheoeumerokeugosingojyokeureohke?

EXO : yeah

Eric Nam : This is the first time they are showing it

Hanbyul : Even without the shadow they still look really cool

Eric Nam : Yeah

Hanbyul : Chanyel, are you the one at the back and doing this?

Chanyeol : yeah like this

Eric Nam : how long did you practice this dance?

Kris : the whole it took alost 3 or 4 months.

Hanbyul : you did it almost every day in 4 months?

Kris : hmm almost every day yeah. It was a pretty hard to learn

Eric Nam : Guys this is how hard EXO is working for you. And I really

appreciate it

Hanbyul : Now. Let’s have some fans on the twitter. Who’ve join today and we

gona know the lucky ones. We gonna read right now. Real time

tweets.

Eric Nam : it’s from @malvin_yubin, “Eric and Hanbyul look like some kungfu

master holding hands hahaha”, ah thank you

All : (laughing)

Eric Nam : Oh thank you. We are Kungfu Master gatayo. Kris would you like to

read one for us?

Kris : @bb_candy501. “he just popped up of the tree haha, you guys just

made my day”.

Hanbyul : Next. We have After School Club fan service. Hmm yeah to

celebrate special day at After School Club. We gonna wish you a

happy birthday. Can you read for us, Kris?

Kris : @Baekhyunie28. “greet e Hanbyuloppa and EXO please. Happy

birthday jay-ah jagiyasaranghae fighting”

Eric Nam : keureomyeon, one more just one more

Kris : from @Celina_Cruz. “I’m a unicorn in Philippines who turned 17

yesterday! A birthday greeting or song would make me so happy”

Eric Nam : Keureomyeon, let’s sing a happy birthday song. Hana, dul, set

All : (singing happy birthday)

Hanbyul : you just heard a happy birthday from EXO

Eric Nam : Ok. One last request. Ok, can you write a letter to your fans, one

year later from now. It’s like a…oh this is what we want to be..this is

EXO..yeah something like this. Ok, ilnyeon e yeongsang!

Kris : I think hmm one year from now the one thing that we wanna do most

is our first world tour and we will starting in Korea and then China

and America and Europe and everywhere around the world yeah.

And I hope the fans will stay with us and see you guys. And

hopefully next year we can see you guys. And always support EXO

thank you

Hanbyul : I hope it will be true. And I hope to be a guest on their tour. You too,

Eric

Eric Nam : Yeah

Hanbyul : Just before we sent you off. Can you guest what song it is. Nan

neukdaego neo minyeo!

Eric Nam : (don’t know the answer)

Hanbyul : it’s EXO!!

Eric Nam : oh my God

Hanbyul : We gonna leave you with the EXO track, Wolf. And before you go,

you have to take a picture

Eric Nam : majimakinsahagokeurigosajin

EXO : Jigeumkkaji EXO isseumnida. Kamsahamnida

Hanbyul : Before you go, we have to take a picture, look at the camera, I’ll

count into three and do a pose. Hana, dul, set.

((playing EXO’s song Wolf))

(EXO already left the studio)

Eric Nam : So empty already. They are really cool guys. I just speak like a huge

fan

Hanbyul : I’m the big fan of EXO

Eric Nam : Hopefully they will come back again. Anyways, now we have to

choose the top shot. Alright let’s take a look to somebody’s topshots.

Hanbyul : Yeah. Ok. Do we look sexy now?

Eric Nam : no, we are not sexy

Hanbyul : who needs Eric, Tia is better. I agree with this hahaha

Eric Nam : oh no… next we got VIXX

Hanbyul : (laughing while looking at Leo’s photo)

Eric Nam : Leo you really look happy right now

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : (laughing so hard)

Eric Nam : Alright. One more. Oh this is kinda cute too

Hanbyul : sunflower

Eric Nam : what do you think? What’s your favorite? This one?

Hanbyul : Yeah haha. A top shot winner will get a sign CD from today’s guest

Eric Nam : Alright, next week we have MBLAQ in the studio. Sp apply

Hangout on our website. And now we have a request song

for..a..Shinhwa with This Love. Bye. Every Wednesday 5 PM

Hanbyul& Eric Nam : Join us on After School Club.SeeYa!

Documents

CODE SWITCHING AND CODE MIXING ON KOREAN … · code switching and code mixing on korean television music show after school club . fithria luthfiyani . nim. 1110026000020 . english