Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad...Coconut Oil: A Unique Blend Of Triglycerides (TG) • DEGREE OF TG SATURATION ~ 87% • MEDIUM CHAIN LENGTH FATTY ACIDS (MCFA) IN COCONUT OIL

10/3/18

1

NW

https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org/event/22086/

Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad

1

Thanks for joining us! We will get started soon. While you’re waiting you can get handouts etc. by following the link below:

Connecting military family service providers and Cooperative Extension professionals to research

and to each other through engaging online learning opportunities

https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org

MFLN Intro

22

10/3/18

2

NW

https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org/event/22086/

Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad

3

Kristi Crowe-White PhD, RD Associate Professor, University of Alabama [email protected]

•  PhD in Food Science & Nutrition at the University of Maine while holding a fellowship with the National Science Foundation

•  Research Focus: impact of bioactive food compounds on reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress as mechanisms underpinning cardio-metabolic diseases

•  Current research funded by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, United States Department of Agriculture, and the American Heart Association

•  Holds service and leadership positions within the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

•  Active member of the Institute of Food Technologists serving as a Food Science Ambassador and Media Spokesperson

4

4

Today’s Presenter

10/3/18

3

Learning Objectives

•  THE PARTICIPANT WILL BE ABLE TO… •  DISCUSS THE COMPOSITION OF COCONUT OIL AND THE METABOLISM OF ITS

TRIGLYCERIDES. •  EXPLAIN THE SCIENCE BEHIND THE PURPORTED BENEFITS OF COCONUT OIL

FOR WEIGHT LOSS AND BLOOD LIPIDS. •  DISCUSS THE CONTROVERSIES SURROUNDING COCONUT OIL •  ASSIST CLIENTS IN UNDERSTANDING THE INCLUSION OF COCONUT OIL IN

CONTEXT OF HEALTHY DIETARY PATTERNS.

•  LEARNING NEED CODES •  2020 (COMPOSITION OF FOOD) •  2070 (MACRONUTRIENTS: FAT) •  5370 (WEIGHT MANAGEMENT AND OBESITY)

5

Triglyceride and Fatty Acid Review TRIGLYCERIDES ARE COMPOSED OF A GLYCEROL BACKBONE AND THREE FATTY ACIDS. FATTY ACIDS (FA) ARE COMPOSED OF CARBON CHAINS THAT CAN DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER IN… 1.  LENGTH OR NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS – SHORT, MEDIUM*, AND

LONG CARBON CHAINS

2.  DEGREE OF SATURATION DETERMINED BY DOUBLE BONDS*

3.  CONFIGURATION OF HYDROGENS ATTACHED TO DOUBLE BONDS

6

10/3/18

4

Coconut Oil: A Unique Blend Of Triglycerides (TG)

•  DEGREE OF TG SATURATION ~ 87%

•  MEDIUM CHAIN LENGTH FATTY ACIDS (MCFA) IN COCONUT OIL •  LAURIC ACID – C12:0

•  CAPRYLIC ACID – C8:0

•  CAPRIC ACID – C10:0

•  MEDIUM CHAIN TRIGLYCERIDES (MCT) IN COCONUT OIL •  58% OF LIPIDS IN COCONUT OIL

•  ENERGY PROVISION = 8.25KCAL/G

7

Licensed by J Chilek from AdobeStock

7

8

10/3/18

5

Mahan, L. Kathleen., Escott-Stump, Sylvia., Raymond, Janice L.Krause, Marie V. (Eds.) (2012) Krause's food & the nutrition care process /St. Louis, Mo. : Elsevier/Saunders,

9

Metabolism of TG with Long Chain

Fatty Acids

https://nutritionreview.org/2013/04/medium-chain-triglycerides-mcts/ 10

Metabolism of TG with Long Chain Fatty Acids

10/3/18

6

QUESTIONS

11

Science behind Coconut Oil

12


10/3/18

7

MCT and Weight Loss: Mechanisms

•  RAPIDLY METABOLIZED VIA Β-OXIDATION REDUCING THE OPPORTUNITY FOR UPTAKE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE

•  ENHANCED UTILIZATION OF MCT = ENERGY EXPENDITURE MORE SO THAN ENERGY STORAGE

•  POTENTIAL INCREASES IN SATIETY AS A RESULT OF MCT OXIDATION TO KETONES N = 21 studies

Duration = 4 to 16 weeks BMI = 20 -30 kg/m2

MCT Intake = 1% (2g/d) to 24% (54g/d) energy intake 13


MCT and Weight Loss: Research Update

PRIMARY OUTCOMES •  BODY WEIGHT (BW): - 0.51KG (95% CI, -0.80 TO -0.23KG)

•  WAIST CIRCUMFERENCE: -1.46CM (95% CI, -2.04 TO -0.87CM)

•  HIP CIRCUMFERENCE: -0.79CM (95% CI, -1.27 TO -0.30CM)

•  TOTAL BODY FAT: -0.39 (95% CI, -0.57 TO -0.22)

•  VISCERAL FAT: -0.55 (95% CI, -0.75 TO -0.34)

•  SUBCUTANEOUS FAT: -0.46 (95% CI, -0.64 TO -0.27)

•  SECONDARY OUTCOMES •  NO SIGNIFICANTLY ADVERSE INFLUENCES OF MCT ON LIPID PROFILES

DESPITE DOSE RANGE.

J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:249-263.14

10/3/18

8

Coconut Oil and Blood Lipids: Research Update

•  TWENTY-ONE STUDIES MEETING I/E WITH ONLY 8 CLINICAL TRIALS

•  COMPARED TO UNSATURATED OILS, THE FOLLOWING RESULTS WERE OBSERVED:

•  SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER TC AND LDL-C

•  DIVERGENT, ALBEIT NON-SIGNIFICANT FINDINGS RELATED TO HDL-C

•  COMPARED TO BUTTER, BLOOD LIPID LEVELS WERE SIMILARLY INFLUENCED WITH SOME STUDIES SHOWING NON-SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER BLOOD LIPIDS WITH COCONUT OIL AS THE PREDOMINANT SATURATED DIETARY FAT.

15


Coconut Oil and Brain Function: Mechanisms

•  INSULIN SIGNALING IS IMPAIRED IN COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT, ESPECIALLY ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE (AD), CONTRIBUTING TO INADEQUATE ENERGY PROVISION TO THE BRAIN.

•  KETONE BODY-DERIVED OXIDATION OF MCFA…..

•  ENHANCES MITOCHONDRIAL PRODUCTION OF ATP AND MAY PROVIDE AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL SOURCE TO SUSTAIN NEURONAL VIABILITY

•  ADDITIONAL RESEARCH IS WARRANTED TO DETERMINE IF ENERGY PROVISION VIA KETONES ALSO AFFECTS AMYLOID-Β LEVELS, A HALLMARK FEATURE OF AD.

16


10/3/18

9

Coconut Oil and Brain Function: Research Update

•  SEVERAL CLINICAL STUDIES REPORTED POSITIVE EFFECTS ON COGNITION AFTER CONSUMING MEDIUM CHAIN FATTY ACIDS INCLUDING COCONUT OIL

•  SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF BLOOD KETONES WERE OBSERVED

•  APOE-4 ALLELE CARRIERS HAVE INCREASED NUMBER OF AMYLOID PLAQUES AND RISK OF AD

•  BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF COCONUT OIL WERE NOT OBSERVED AMONG APOE-4 ALLELE CARRIERS WITH AND WITHOUT CURRENT AD DIAGNOSIS

•  COCONUT OIL AND THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER (BBB) •  FEW SMALL OR LARGE DRUGS CROSS THE BBB

•  EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT TWO KETONES DERIVED FROM MCFA CROSS THE BBB AND ENTER THE MITOCHONDRIA FOR CONVERSION TO ENERGY

17

J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:249-263.

QUESTIONS

18

10/3/18

10

Understanding Discordant Reportings

19


Research Findings in Context

“COCONUT OIL IS PURE POISON”

20

10/3/18

11

•  IN 2017, A NEW SCIENCE ADVISORY WAS ISSUED AGAINST SATURATED FATS, INCLUDING COCONUT OIL. THE ADVICE WAS BASED ON THE FINDINGS OF OVER 100 RESEARCH STUDIES, DATING FROM THE 1950’s.

•  THE AHA RECOMMENDS LIMITING ALL SATURATED FATS TO NO MORE THAN 5-6 PERCENT OF TOTAL CALORIES. THIS INCLUDES FATS FROM TROPICAL OILS, WHETHER OR NOT THEY CONTAIN MCTS.

•  THE 2015-2020 DIETARY GUIDELINES FOR AMERICANS ARE A LITTLE LESS STRICT, RECOMMENDING NO MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF TOTAL CALORIES COME FROM SATURATED FAT.

•  REMEMBER – IF USED, IT SHOULD BE A REPLACEMENT FOR OTHER SOURCES OF FAT NOT OTHER MACRONUTRIENTS OR IN ADDITION TO DAILY FAT INTAKE!

American Heart Association

21

QUESTIONS

22

10/3/18

12

Dietary Inclusion

of Coconut Oil

23

R&D Use of Coconut Oil in Processed Foods

•  LESS EASILY OXIDIZED AND STABLE IN COOKING DUE TO DEGREE OF SATURATION

•  ASIDE FROM COCONUT OIL, MCT OILS CAN BE MANUFACTURED.

24


10/3/18

13

Bioactive Compounds in Coconut Oil

•  ANTIOXIDANTS •  PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS - VIRGIN COCONUT OIL CONTAINS

7.78-29.18MG GALLIC ACID EQUIVALENTS PER 100G OIL

•  TOCOPHEROLS

•  PHYTOSTEROLS •  COMPOUNDS WITH STRUCTURAL SIMILARITY TO CHOLESTEROL

•  PRESERVING BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS •  CONTROLLED TEMPERATURE EXTRACTION AS USED IN VIRGIN

COCONUT OIL EXTRACTION. READ PACKAGING LABELS!

25

Types of Coconut Oil

•  PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED COCONUT OIL IS JUST AS HARMFUL AS OTHER HIGHLY PROCESSED OILS THAT CONTAIN TRANS FATS.

•  REFINED COCONUT OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM CHEMICALLY BLEACHED AND DEODORIZED COCONUT MEAT.

•  VIRGIN COCONUT OIL IS EXTRACTED FROM THE FRUIT OF FRESH, MATURE COCONUTS WITHOUT USING HIGH TEMPERATURES OR CHEMICALS. IT IS CONSIDERED UNREFINED OR VIRGIN.

26


10/3/18

14

Dietary Inclusion of Coconut Oil •  CULINARY APPLICATIONS

•  SMOOTHIES

•  BAKED DESSERTS OR FRUIT STIR FRY

•  SALAD DRESSINGS

•  PAN FRYING OR SAUTÉING, ESPECIALLY WITH FISH AND SEAFOOD

•  GRANOLA

•  CONFECTIONS

27


ContraIndications for the use of Coconut Oil

•  CAUTION WITH USE DURING PREGNANCY AND BREAST-FEEDING

•  CONTRAINDICATIONS – CIRRHOSIS OR OTHER LIVER PROBLEMS, DIABETICS WITH INABILITY TO METABOLIZE KETONES, INDIVIDUALS WITH ALTERED LIPID METABOLISM

•  POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS - DIARRHEA, VOMITING, IRRITABILITY, NAUSEA, STOMACH DISCOMFORT, INTESTINAL GAS, ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENCY, ETC. INCLUSION IN FOOD RATHER THAN BY THE SPOONFUL MAY REDUCE THE SIDE EFFECTS!

28

10/3/18

15

QUESTIONS

29

Nutrition & Wellness Continuing Education Credits MFLN Nutrition & Wellness is offering 1.0 CPEU for today’s webinar.

To receive credits, please complete the evaluation at: https://vte.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_5bW7jr6K2xCYlTL

30

30

10/3/18

16

Upcoming Nutrition & Wellness Event

•  Title: Clinical Insight into Vitamin B12 •  Time: 11am-12pm EDT •  Date: October 31, 2018 •  Location: militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org/event/22090 •  For more information on MFLN

visit militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org

3131

Learn with us at https://militaryfamilieslearningnetwork.org

32 32

Documents

Coconut Oil: Super Food or Super Fad...Coconut Oil: A Unique Blend Of Triglycerides (TG) • DEGREE OF TG SATURATION ~ 87% • MEDIUM CHAIN LENGTH FATTY ACIDS (MCFA) IN COCONUT OIL