CoconutFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation,
search For other uses, see Coconut (disambiguation)."Coconut Tree"
redirects here. For the Mohombi song, see Coconut Tree
(song).Coconut palmCocos nucifera
Coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Class:Monocots[1]
Order:Arecales
Suborder:Commelinids
Family:Arecaceae
Subfamily:Arecoideae
Tribe:Cocoeae
Genus:Cocos
Species:C. nucifera
Binomial name
Cocos nuciferaL.
The coconut palm (Cocos nucifera), is a member of the family
Arecaceae (palm family). It is the only accepted species in the
genus Cocos.[2] The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut
palm, the seed, or the fruit, which, botanically, is a drupe, not a
nut. The spelling cocoanut is an archaic form of the word.[3] The
term is derived from 16th-century Portuguese and Spanish coco,
meaning "head" or "skull",[4] from the three indentations on the
coconut shell that resemble facial features.Found throughout the
tropic and subtropic area, the coconut is known for its great
versatility as seen in the many uses of its different parts.
Coconuts are part of the daily diets of many people. Coconuts are
different from any other fruits because they contain a large
quantity of "water" and when immature they are known as tender-nuts
or jelly-nuts and may be harvested for drinking. When mature, they
still contain some water and can be used as seednuts or processed
to give oil from the kernel, charcoal from the hard shell and coir
from the fibrous husk. The endosperm is initially in its nuclear
phase suspended within the coconut water. As development continues,
cellular layers of endosperm deposit along the walls of the
coconut, becoming the edible coconut "flesh".[5] When dried, the
coconut flesh is called copra. The oil and milk derived from it are
commonly used in cooking and frying; coconut oil is also widely
used in soaps and cosmetics. The clear liquid coconut water within
is a refreshing drink. The husks and leaves can be used as material
to make a variety of products for furnishing and decorating. It
also has cultural and religious significance in many societies that
use it.Contents[hide] 1 Description 1.1 Plant 1.2 Fruit 1.3 Roots
1.4 Inflorescence 2 Etymology 3 Origin, domestication, and
dispersal 3.1 Origin 3.2 Domestication 3.3 Dispersal 3.4
Distribution 4 Natural habitat 4.1 Diseases 4.2 Pests 5 Cultivation
5.1 Harvesting 5.2 India 5.3 Maldives 5.4 Middle East 5.5 Sri Lanka
5.6 United States 5.7 Australia 5.8 Bermuda 5.9 Cooler climates 6
Overview of uses 7 Culinary use 7.1 Coconut water 7.2 Coconut milk
7.3 Coconut oil 7.4 Toddy and nectar 7.5 Heart of palm and coconut
sprout 7.6 Indonesia 7.7 Philippines 7.8 Vietnam 7.9 India 8
Commercial, industrial, and household use 8.1 Cultivars 8.2 Coir
8.3 Coconut fronds 8.4 Copra 8.5 Husks and shells 8.6 Coconut trunk
8.7 Coconut roots 8.8 Use in beauty products 9 Role in culture and
religion 9.1 Myths and legends 10 Medicinal uses 11 Other uses 11.1
Tool and shelter for animals 12 Allergies 12.1 Food allergies 12.2
Topical allergies 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16
External linksDescription[edit]Plant[edit]Cocos nucifera is a large
palm, growing up to 30m (98ft) tall, with pinnate leaves 46m
(1320ft) long, and pinnae 6090cm long; old leaves break away
cleanly, leaving the trunk smooth. Coconuts are generally
classified into two general types: tall and dwarf.[6] On very
fertile land, a tall coconut palm tree can yield up to 75 fruits
per year, but more often yields less than 30, mainly due to poor
cultural practices.[7] In recent years, improvements in cultivation
practices and breeding have produced coconut trees that can yield
more.[8][9]Fruit[edit]Botanically, the coconut fruit is a drupe,
not a true nut.[10] Like other fruits, it has three layers: the
exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp. The exocarp and mesocarp make up
the "husk" of the coconut. Coconuts sold in the shops of
nontropical countries often have had the exocarp (outermost layer)
removed. The mesocarp is composed of a fiber, called coir, which
has many traditional and commercial uses. The shell has three
germination pores (stoma) or "eyes" that are clearly visible on its
outside surface once the husk is removed.A full-sized coconut
weighs about 1.44kg (3.2lb). It takes around 6,000 full-grown
coconuts to produce a tonne of copra.[11]Roots[edit]This section
requires expansion. (May 2012)
Unlike some other plants, the palm tree has neither a tap root
nor root hairs, but has a fibrous root
system.[12]Inflorescence[edit]The palm produces both the female and
male flowers on the same inflorescence; thus, the palm is
monoecious.[12] Other sources use the term polygamomonoecious.[13]
The female flower is much larger than the male flower. Flowering
occurs continuously. Coconut palms are believed to be largely
cross-pollinated, although some[which?] dwarf varieties are
self-pollinating.Etymology[edit]
A dehusked coconut shell from Cte d'Ivoire showing the face-like
markings at the base
A cut coconut shellOne of the earliest mentions of the coconut
dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights story of Sinbad the
Sailor; he is known to have bought and sold coconuts during his
fifth voyage.[14] Tenga, its Malayalam name, was used in the
detailed description of coconut found in Itinerario by Ludovico di
Varthema published in 1510 and also in the later Hortus Indicus
Malabaricus.[15] Even earlier, it was called nux indica, a name
used by Marco Polo in 1280 while in Sumatra, taken from the Arabs
who called it jawz hind. Both names translate to "Indian nut".[16]
In the earliest description of the coconut palm known, given by
Cosmos of Alexandria in his Topographia Christiana written about
545 AD, there is a reference to the argell tree and its
drupe.[15][17]Historical evidence favors the European origin of the
name "coconut", for no name is similar in any of the languages of
India, where the Portuguese first found the fruit; and indeed
Barbosa, Barros, and Garcia, in mentioning the Malayalam name
tenga, and Canarese narle, expressly say, "we call these fruits
quoquos", "our people have given it the name of coco", and "that
which we call coco, and the Malabars temga".The OED states:
"Portuguese and Spanish authors of the 16th c. agree in identifying
the word with Portuguese and Spanish coco "grinning face, grin,
grimace", also "bugbear, scarecrow", cognate with cocar "to grin,
make a grimace"; the name being said to refer to the face-like
appearance of the base of the shell, with its three holes.
According to Losada, the name came from Portuguese explorers, the
sailors of Vasco da Gama in India, who first brought them to
Europe. The coconut shell reminded them of a ghost or witch in
Portuguese folklore called coco (also cca).[18][19] The first known
recorded usage of the term is 1555.[20][21]The specific name
nucifera is Latin for "nut-bearing".Origin, domestication, and
dispersal[edit]Origin[edit]
The range of the natural habitat of the coconut palm tree
delineated by the red line (based on information in Werth 1933,[22]
slightly modified by Niklas Jonsson)The origin of the plant is the
subject of debate.[23][24][25] O.F. Cook was one of the earliest
modern researchers to draw conclusions about the location of origin
of Cocos nucifera based on its current-day worldwide
distribution.[26] He hypothesized that the coconut originated in
the Americas, based on the fact that American coconut populations
predated European contact and because he considered pan-tropical
distribution by ocean currents improbable. Thor Heyerdahl later
used this hypothesis of the American origin of the coconut to
support his theory that the Pacific Islanders originated in South
America.[27] However, more evidence exists for an Indo-Pacific
origin either around Melanesia and Malesia or the Indian
Ocean.[23][24][25] The oldest fossils known of the modern coconut
dating from the Eocene period from around 37 to 55 million years
ago were found in Australia and India. However, older palm fossils
such as some of nipa fruit have been found in the
Americas.[25]Domestication[edit]Hugh C. Harries has done the most
extensive work tracing the probable trajectory of cultivation for
Cocos nucifera.[28] He notes that the usual trend for cultivated
plantshuman selection increasing the number or size of the edible
partsmakes little sense for coconuts, which are already
large-fruited. Instead, he suggests that human cultivation of the
coconut selected, not for larger size, but for thinner husks and
increased volume of endosperm, the solid meat or liquid water that
provides the fruit its food value. Although these modifications for
domestication would reduce the fruits ability to float, this
ability would be irrelevant to a cultivated population. Among
modern C. nucifera, notes two major types or variants: a
thick-husked, angular fruit which he calls niu kafa, after its
Polynesian name, and a thin-husked, spherical fruit with a higher
proportion of endosperm, called niu vai. Harries suggest that these
two variants reflect a trend of cultivation in C. nucifera: the
first coconuts were of the niu kafa type, with thick husks to
protect the seed, an angular, highly ridged shape to promote
buoyancy during ocean dispersal, and a pointed base that allowed
fruits to dig into the sand, preventing them from being washed away
during germination on a new island. As early human communities
began to harvest coconuts for eating and planting, they (perhaps
unintentionally) selected for a larger endosperm to husk ratio and
a broader, spherical base, which rendered the fruit useful as a cup
or bowl, the creating the niu vai type. The decreased buoyancy and
increased fragility of this spherical, thin-husked fruit would not
matter for a species that had started to be dispersed by humans and
grown in plantations. Harries adoption of the Polynesian terms niu
kafa and niu vai has now passed into general scientific discourse,
and his hypothesis is generally accepted.[29][30]Variants of C.
nucifera are also categorized as Tall (var. typical) or Dwarf (var.
nana).[31] The two groups are genetically distinct, with the Dwarf
variety showing a greater degree of artificial selection for
ornamental traits and for early germination and fruiting.[28][32]
The Tall variety is outcrossing while Dwarf palms are incrossing,
which has led to a much greater degree of genetic diversity within
the Tall group. It is believed that the Dwarf subgroup mutated from
the Tall group under human selection
pressure.[33]Dispersal[edit]Main article: Genomics of
domesticationIt is often cited that coconuts can travel 110 days,
or 3000 miles, by sea and still be able to germinate.[34] This
figure has been questioned based on the extremely small sample size
of the paper that makes this claim.[35] Thor Heyerdahl provides an
alternative, and much shorter, estimate based on his first-hand
experience crossing the Pacific Ocean on the raft Kon-Tiki: The
nuts we had in baskets on deck remained eatable and capable of
germinating the whole way to Polynesia. But we had laid about half
among the special provisions below deck, with the waves washing
around them. Every single one of these was ruined by the sea water.
And no coconut can float over the sea faster than a balsa raft
moves with the wind behind it."[27] He also notes that several of
the nuts began to germinate by the time they had been ten weeks at
sea, precluding an unassisted journey of 100 days or more. However,
it is more than likely that the coconut variety Heyerdahl chose for
his long sea voyage was of the large, fleshy, spherical niu vai
type, which Harries observed to have a significantly shorter
germination type and worse buoyancy than the uncultivated niu kafa
type.[28] Therefore Heyerdahls observations cannot be considered
conclusive when it comes to determining the independent dispersal
ability of the uncultivated coconut.Drift models based on wind and
ocean currents have shown that coconuts could not have drifted
across the Pacific unaided.[35] This provides some circumstantial
evidence that Austronesian peoples carried coconuts across the
ocean and that they could not have dispersed worldwide without
human agency. More recently, genomic analysis of cultivated coconut
(Cocos nucifera L.) has shed light on the movements of Austronesian
peoples. By examining 10 microsatelite loci, researchers found two
genetically distinct subpopulations of coconutone originating in
the Indian Ocean, the other in the Pacific Ocean. However,
admixture, the transfer of genetic material, evidently occurred
between the two populations. Given that coconuts are ideally suited
for ocean dispersal, individuals from one population possibly could
have floated to the other. However, the locations of the admixture
events are limited to Madagascar and coastal east Africa, and
exclude the Seychelles. This pattern coincides with the known trade
routes of Austronesian sailors. Additionally, a genetically
distinct subpopulation of coconut on the Pacific coast of Latin
America has undergone a genetic bottleneck resulting from a founder
effect; however, its ancestral population is the Pacific coconut,
which suggests Austronesian peoples may have sailed as far east as
the Americas.[36]Distribution[edit]The coconut has spread across
much of the tropics, probably aided in many cases by seafaring
people. Coconut fruit in the wild are light, buoyant and highly
water resistant, and evolved to disperse significant distances via
marine currents.[37] Specimens have been collected from the sea as
far north as Norway.[38] In the Hawaiian Islands, the coconut is
regarded as a Polynesian introduction, first brought to the islands
by early Polynesian voyagers from their homelands in Oceania.[16]
They have been found in the Caribbean and the Atlantic coasts of
Africa and South America for less than 500 years, but evidence of
their presence on the Pacific coast of South America predates
Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas.[24] They are now
almost ubiquitous between 26N and 26S except for the interiors of
Africa and South America.Natural habitat[edit]
Coconut germinating on Black Sand Beach, Island of HawaiiThe
coconut palm thrives on sandy soils and is highly tolerant of
salinity. It prefers areas with abundant sunlight and regular
rainfall (1500mm to 2500mm annually), which makes colonizing
shorelines of the tropics relatively straightforward.[39] Coconuts
also need high humidity (7080%+) for optimum growth, which is why
they are rarely seen in areas with low humidity, like the
southeastern Mediterranean or Andalusia, even where temperatures
are high enough (regularly above 24C or 75.2F).Coconut palms
require warm conditions for successful growth, and are intolerant
of cold weather. Optimum growth is with a mean annual temperature
of 27C (81F), and growth is reduced below 21C (70F). Some seasonal
variation is tolerated, with good growth where mean summer
temperatures are between 28 and 37C (82 and 99F), and survival as
long as winter temperatures are above 412C (3954F); they will
survive brief drops to 0C (32F). Severe frost is usually fatal,
although they have been known to recover from temperatures of 4C
(25F).[39] They may grow but not fruit properly in areas with
insufficient warmth, such as Bermuda.The conditions required for
coconut trees to grow without any care are: Mean daily temperature
above 1213C (53.655.4F) every day of the year Mean annual rainfall
above 1,000mm (39.37in) No or very little overhead canopy, since
even small trees require direct sunThe main limiting factor for
most locations which satisfy the rainfall and temperature
requirements is canopy growth, except those locations near
coastlines, where the sandy soil and salt spray limit the growth of
most other trees.Diseases[edit]Main article: List of coconut palm
diseasesCoconuts are susceptible to the phytoplasma disease lethal
yellowing. One recently selected cultivar, the Maypan, has been
bred for resistance to this disease.Pests[edit]The coconut palm is
damaged by the larvae of many Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth)
species which feed on it, including Batrachedra spp.: B.
arenosella, B. atriloqua (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), B.
mathesoni (feeds exclusively on C. nucifera), and B.
nuciferae.Brontispa longissima (coconut leaf beetle) feeds on young
leaves, and damages seedlings and mature coconut palms. In 2007,
the Philippines imposed a quarantine in Metro Manila and 26
provinces to stop the spread of the pest and protect the
$800million Philippine coconut industry.[40]The fruit may also be
damaged by eriophyid coconut mites (Eriophyes guerreronis). This
mite infests coconut plantations, and is devastating: it can
destroy up to 90% of coconut production. The immature seeds are
infested and desapped by larvae staying in the portion covered by
the perianth of the immature seed; the seeds then drop off or
survive deformed. Spraying with wettable sulfur 0.4% or with
neem-based pesticides can give some relief, but is cumbersome and
labor intensive.In Kerala, the main coconut pests are the coconut
mite, the rhinoceros beetle, the red palm weevil and the coconut
leaf caterpillar. Research on this topic has as of 2009[update]
produced no results, and researchers from the Kerala Agricultural
University and the Central Plantation Crop Research Institute,
Kasaragode are still searching for a cure. The Krishi Vigyan
Kendra, Kannur under Kerala Agricultural University has developed
an innovative extension approach called compact area group approach
(CAGA) to combat coconut mites.Cultivation[edit]Top ten coconut
producers in 2010
CountryProduction (tonnes)Footnote
Philippines19,500,000
Indonesia15,540,000
India10,824,100
Brazil2,759,044
Sri Lanka2,200,000F
Thailand1,721,640F
Mexico1,246,400F
Vietnam1,086,000A
Papua New Guinea677,000F
Malaysia555,120
Tanzania370,000F
World54,716,444A
No symbol = official figure, P = official figure, F = FAO
estimate,* = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, C = Calculated
figure,A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or
estimates);Source: Food And Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations:Economic And Social Department: The Statistical
Division
Coconut palms are grown in more than 80 countries of the world,
with a total production of 61million tonnes per year.[41] Coconut
trees are very hard to establish in dry climates, and cannot grow
there without frequent irrigation; in drought conditions, the new
leaves do not open well, and older leaves may become desiccated;
fruit also tends to be shed.[39]The extent of cultivation in the
tropics is threatening a number of habitats, such as mangroves; an
example of such damage to an ecoregion is in the Petenes mangroves
of the Yucatn.[42]Harvesting[edit]In some parts of the world
(Thailand and Malaysia), trained pig-tailed macaques are used to
harvest coconuts. Training schools for pig-tailed macaques still
exist both in southern Thailand, and in the Malaysian state of
Kelantan.[43] Competitions are held each year to find the fastest
harvester.India[edit]
Coconuts being sold on a street in India
Coconut plucking in Kerala, India
Coconut trees in Komarapalayam, Tamil Nadu
Green coconut fruit strands on the tree are featured on each
Maldivian rufiyaa banknote
Coconut trees are among the most common sights throughout
KeralaTraditional areas of coconut cultivation in India are the
states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Andhra Pradesh,
Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra, Odisha, West Bengal and the islands of
Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar. Four southern states combined
account for almost 92% of the total production in the country:
Kerala (45.22%), Tamil Nadu (26.56%), Karnataka (10.85%), and
Andhra Pradesh (8.93%).[44] Other states, such as Goa, Maharashtra,
Odisha, West Bengal, and those in the northeast (Tripura and Assam)
account for the remaining 8.44%. Kerala, which has the largest
number of coconut trees, is famous for its coconut-based
productscoconut water, copra, coconut oil, coconut cake (also
called coconut meal, copra cake, or copra meal), coconut toddy,
coconut shell-based products, coconut wood-based products, coconut
leaves, and coir pith.Various terms, such as copra and coir, are
derived from the native Malayalam language. In Kerala, the coconut
tree is called "Thengu" also termed as kalpa vriksham, which
essentially means all parts of a coconut tree is useful some way or
other.Maldives[edit]The coconut is the national tree of the
Maldives and is considered the most important plant in the country.
A coconut tree is also included in the country's national emblem or
coat of arms. Coconut trees are grown on all the islands. Before
modern construction methods were introduced, coconut leaves were
used as roofing material for many houses in the islands, while
coconut timber was used to build houses and boats.Middle
East[edit]The main coconut-producing area in the Middle East is the
Dhofar region of Oman, but they can be grown all along the Persian
Gulf, Arabian Sea and Red Sea coasts, because these seas are
tropical and provide enough humidity (through seawater evaporation)
for coconut trees to grow. The young coconut plants need to be
nursed and irrigated with drip pipes until they are old enough
(stem bulb development) to be irrigated with brackish water or
seawater alone, after which they can be replanted on the beaches.
In particular, the area around Salalah maintains large coconut
plantations similar to those found across the Arabian Sea in
Kerala. The reasons why coconut are cultivated only in Yemen's Al
Mahrah and Hadramaut governorates and in the Sultanate of Oman, but
not in other suitable areas in the Arabian Peninsula, may originate
from the fact that Oman and Hadramaut had long dhow trade relations
with Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Africa and Zanzibar, as well
as southern India and China. Omani people needed the coir rope from
the coconut fiber to stitch together their traditional high
seas-going dhow vessels in which nails were never used. The 'know
how' of coconut cultivation and necessary soil fixation and
irrigation may have found its way into Omani, Hadrami and Al-Mahra
culture by people who returned from those overseas areas.
Coconut trees line the beaches and corniches of Oman.The coconut
cultivars grown in Oman are generally of the drought-resistant
Indian "West Coast tall" (WC Tall) variety. Unlike the UAE, which
grows mostly non-native dwarf or hybrid coconut cultivars imported
from Florida for ornamental purposes, the slender, tall Omani
coconut cultivars are relatively well-adapted to the Middle East's
hot dry seasons, but need longer to reach maturity. The Middle
East's hot, dry climate favors the development of coconut mites,
which cause immature seed dropping and may cause brownish-gray
discoloration on the coconut's outer green fiber.The ancient
coconut groves of Dhofar were mentioned by the medieval Moroccan
traveller Ibn Battuta in his writings, known as Al Rihla.[45] The
annual rainy season known locally as Khareef or monsoon makes
coconut cultivation easy on the Arabian east coast.Coconut trees
also are increasingly grown for decorative purposes along the
coasts of the UAE and Saudi Arabia with the help of irrigation. The
UAE has, however, imposed strict laws on mature coconut tree
imports from other countries to reduce the spread of pests to other
native palm trees, as the mixing of date and coconut trees poses a
risk of cross-species palm pests, such as rhinoceros beetles and
red palm weevils.[46] The artificial landscaping adopted in Florida
may have been the cause for lethal yellowing, a viral coconut palm
disease that leads to the death of the tree. It is spread by host
insects, that thrive on heavy turf grasses. Therefore, heavy turf
grass environments (beach resorts and golf courses) also pose a
major threat to local coconut trees. Traditionally, dessert banana
plants and local wild beach flora such as Scaevola taccada and
Ipomoea pes-caprae were used as humidity-supplying green
undergrowth for coconut trees, mixed with sea almond and sea
hibiscus. Due to growing sedentary life styles and heavy-handed
landscaping, there has been a decline in these traditional farming
and soil-fixing techniques.Sri Lanka[edit]An early mention of the
planting of coconuts is found in the Mahavamsa during the reign of
Agrabodhi II around 589 AD.[15] Coconuts are common in the Sri
Lankan diet and the main source of dietary fat.[47] Sri Lanka is
home to the Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka.United
States[edit]The only places in the United States where coconut
palms can be grown and reproduced outdoors without irrigation are
Hawaii, southern Florida, and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam,
American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Commonwealth of
the Northern Mariana Islands.Coconut palms will grow from coastal
Pinellas County and St. Petersburg southwards on Florida's west
coast, and Melbourne southwards on Florida's east coast. The
occasional coconut palm is seen north of these areas in favoured
microclimates in the Tampa and Clearwater metro areas and around
Cape Canaveral, as well as the Orlando-Kissimmee-Daytona Beach
metro area. They may likewise be grown in favoured microclimates in
the Rio Grande Valley area of southern Texas near Brownsville,
along the upper northeast coast of by Galveston Island, and in the
Southern California coast, specifically Newport Beach, California.
They may reach fruiting maturity, but are damaged or killed by the
occasional winter freezes in these areas. While coconut palms
flourish in southern Florida, rare cold snaps can injure coconut
palms there, as well. Only the Florida Keys and the distant
southern Atlantic coastlines provide safe havens from the cold for
growing coconut palms on the mainland.[citation
needed]Australia[edit]Coconuts are commonly grown around the
northern coast of Australia, and in some warmer parts of New South
Wales.Bermuda[edit]Most of the tall mature coconut trees found in
Bermuda were shipped to the island as seedlings on the decks of
ships. In more recent years, the importation of coconuts was
prohibited, therefore, a large proportion of the younger trees have
been propagated from locally grown coconuts.In the winter months,
the growth rate of coconut trees declines due to cooler
temperatures and people have commonly attributed this to the
reduced yield of coconuts in comparison to tropical regions.
However, whilst cooler winter temperatures may be a factor in
reducing fruit production, the primary reason for the reduced yield
is a lack of water. Bermuda's soil is generally very shallow (1.5
to 3 feet) and much of a coconut tree's root mass is found in the
porous limestone underneath the soil. Due to the porosity of the
limestone, Bermuda's coconut trees do not generally have a
sufficient supply of water with which they are able to support a
large number of fruit as rain water quickly drains down through the
limestone layer to the water table which is far too deep for a
coconut's roots to reach. This typically leads to a reduction in
fruit yield (sometimes as little as one or two mature fruits) as
well as a reduced milk content inside the coconut that often causes
the fruit to be infertile.Conversely, trees growing in close
proximity to the sea almost universally yield a much greater volume
of fruit as they are able to tap directly into the sea water which
permeates the limestone in such areas. Not only do these trees
produce a significantly higher yield, but also the fruit itself
tends to be far more fertile due to the higher milk content. Trees
found growing in Bermuda's marshy inland areas enjoy a similar
degree of success as they are also able to tap directly into a
constant supply of water.Cooler climates[edit]In cooler climates
(but not less than USDA Zone 9), a similar palm, the queen palm
(Syagrus romanzoffiana), is used in landscaping. Its fruits are
very similar to the coconut, but much smaller. The queen palm was
originally classified in the genus Cocos along with the coconut,
but was later reclassified in Syagrus. A recently discovered palm,
Beccariophoenix alfredii from Madagascar, is nearly identical to
the coconut, more so than the queen palm and can also be grown in
slightly cooler climates than the coconut palm. Coconuts can only
be grown in temperatures above 18C (64F), but need a daily
temperature above 22C (72F) to produce fruit.Overview of
uses[edit]
Coconut trees used for landscaping along a coastal road in Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.The coconut palm is grown throughout the
tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and
nonculinary uses; virtually every part of the coconut palm can be
used by humans in some manner and has significant economic value.
Coconuts' versatility is sometimes noted in its naming. In
Sanskrit, it is kalpa vriksha ("the tree which provides all the
necessities of life"). In the Malay language, it is pokok seribu
guna ("the tree of a thousand uses"). In the Philippines, the
coconut is commonly called the "tree of life".[48]Culinary
use[edit]
Green coconuts
Coconut water drink
1890 newspaper advertisement showing tin of dried coconutThe
various parts of the coconut have a number of culinary uses. The
seed provides oil for frying, cooking, and making margarine. The
white, fleshy part of the seed, the coconut meat, is used fresh or
dried in cooking, especially in confections and desserts such as
macaroons. Desiccated coconut or coconut milk made from it is
frequently added to curries and other savory dishes. Coconut flour
has also been developed for use in baking, to combat
malnutrition.[49] Coconut chips have been sold in the tourist
regions of Hawaii and the Caribbean. Coconut butter is often used
to describe solidified coconut oil, but has also been adopted as a
name by certain specialty products made of coconut milk solids or
pured coconut meat and oil. Dried coconut is also used as the
filling for many chocolate bars. Some dried coconut is purely
coconut but others are manufactured with other ingredients, such as
sugar, propylene glycol, salt, and sodium
metabisulfite.Coconut-inner edible solid part, raw (fresh
kopra)
Nutritional value per 100g (3.5oz)
Energy354kcal (1,480kJ)
Carbohydrates24.23
- Sugars6.23
- Dietary fiber9
Fat33.49
Protein3.33 g
Water47
Thiamine (vit. B1)0.066 mg (6%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)0.02 mg (2%)
Niacin (vit. B3)0.54 mg (4%)
Pantothenic acid (B5)1.014 mg (20%)
Vitamin B60.05 mg (4%)
Vitamin C3.3 mg (4%)
Calcium14 mg (1%)
Iron2.43 mg (19%)
Magnesium32 mg (9%)
Phosphorus113 mg (16%)
Potassium356 mg (8%)
Zinc1.1 mg (12%)
Percentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for
adults.
Coconut water[edit]Main article: Coconut waterCoconut water
serves as a suspension for the endosperm of the coconut during its
nuclear phase of development. Later, the endosperm matures and
deposits onto the coconut rind during the cellular phase.[5]
Coconut water contains sugar, dietary fiber, proteins,
antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, and provides an isotonic
electrolyte balance.[citation needed] It is consumed as a
refreshing drink throughout the humid tropics, and is gaining
popularity as a sports drink. Mature fruits have significantly less
liquid than young, immature coconuts, barring spoilage. Coconut
water can be fermented to produce coconut vinegar.coconut water
Nutritional value per 100g (3.5oz)
Energy19kcal (79kJ)
Carbohydrates3.71
- Sugars2.61
- Dietary fiber1.1
Fat0.2
Protein0.72
Water95
Thiamine (vit. B1)0.03 mg (3%)
Riboflavin (vit. B2)0.057 mg (5%)
Niacin (vit. B3)0.08 mg (1%)
Vitamin B60.032 mg (2%)
Vitamin C2.4 mg (3%)
Calcium24 mg (2%)
Iron0.29 mg (2%)
Magnesium25 mg (7%)
Phosphorus20 mg (3%)
Potassium250 mg (5%)
Zinc0.1 mg (1%)
Percentages are roughly approximatedusing US recommendations for
adults.
Coconut milk[edit]Main article: Coconut milk
Purest coconut milk (kakang gata), from 15 fresh, mature
coconuts in the Philippines.Coconut milk, not to be confused with
coconut water, is obtained primarily by extracting juice by
pressing the grated coconut's white kernel or by passing hot water
or milk through grated coconut, which extracts the oil and aromatic
compounds. It has a fat content around 17%.[citation needed] When
refrigerated and left to set, coconut cream will rise to the top
and separate from the milk. The milk can be used to produce virgin
coconut oil by controlled heating and removal of the oil
fraction.Coconut oil[edit]Main article: Coconut oilAnother
byproduct of the coconut is coconut oil. It is commonly used in
cooking, especially for frying. It can be used in liquid form as
would other vegetable oils, or in solid form as would butter or
lard.Toddy and nectar[edit]The sap derived from incising the flower
clusters of the coconut is drunk as neera, also known as toddy or
tuba (Philippines), tuak (Indonesia and Malaysia) or karewe (fresh
and not fermented, collected twice a day, for breakfast and dinner)
in Kiribati. When left to ferment on its own, it becomes palm wine.
Palm wine is distilled to produce arrack. In the Philippines, this
alcoholic drink is called lambanog or "coconut vodka".[50]The sap
can be reduced by boiling to create a sweet syrup or candy such as
te kamamai in Kiribati or dhiyaa hakuru and addu bondi in the
Maldives. It can be reduced further to yield coconut sugar also
referred to as palm sugar or jaggery. A young, well-maintained tree
can produce around 300 liters (66impgal; 79U.S.gal) of toddy per
year, while a 40-year-old tree may yield around 400 liters
(88impgal; 110U.S.gal).[51]Heart of palm and coconut
sprout[edit]Apical buds of adult plants are edible, and are known
as "palm cabbage" or heart of palm. They are considered a rare
delicacy, as harvesting the buds kills the palms. Hearts of palm
are eaten in salads, sometimes called "millionaire's salad". Newly
germinated coconuts contain an edible fluff of marshmallow-like
consistency called coconut sprout, produced as the endosperm
nourishes the developing embryo.Indonesia[edit]In 2010, Indonesia
increased its coconut production. It is now the world's second
largest producer of coconuts. The gross production was 15 million
tonnes.[52] A sprouting coconut seed is the logo for Gerakan
Pramuka Indonesia, the Indonesian Scouting organization. It can be
seen on all the scouting paraphernalia that elementary (SMA) school
children wear as well as on the scouting pins and
flags.Philippines[edit]
Harvesting coconuts in the Philippines is done by workers who
climb the trees using notches cut into the trunk.
From left to right: grated, fresh, mature coconut meat; seed
interior; healing oil, rare two-eyed coconut shell; and more grated
meat (Philippines)The Philippines is the world's largest producer
of coconuts, the production of coconuts plays an important role in
the economy. Coconuts in the Philippines are usually used in making
main dishes, refreshments and desserts. Coconut juice is also a
popular drink in the country. In the Philippines, particularly
Cebu, rice is wrapped in coconut leaves for cooking and subsequent
storage; these packets are called puso. Coconut milk, known as
gata, and grated coconut flakes are used in the preparation of
dishes such as laing, ginataan, bibingka, ube halaya, pitsi-pitsi,
palitaw, buko pie and more. Coconut jam is made by mixing muscovado
sugar with coconut milk. Coconut sport fruits are also harvested.
One such variety of coconut is known as macapuno. Its meat is
sweetened, cut into strands and sold in glass jars as coconut
strings, sometimes labeled as "gelatinous mutant coconut". Coconut
water can be fermented to make a different productnata de coco
(coconut gel).Vietnam[edit]In Vietnam, coconut is grown mainly in
Bn Tre Province, often called the "land of the coconut". It is used
to make coconut candy, caramel, and jelly. Coconut juice and
coconut milk are used, especially in Vietnam's southern style of
cooking, including kho and ch.India[edit]In southern India, most
common way of cooking vegetables is to add grated coconut and then
steam them with spices fried in oil. People from southern India
also make chutney, which involves grinding the coconut with salt,
chillies, and whole spices. Uruttu chammanthi (granulated chutney)
is eaten with rice or kanji (rice gruel). It is also invariably the
main side dish served with idli, vadai, and dosai. Coconut ground
with spices is also mixed in sambar and other various lunch dishes
for extra taste. Dishes garnished with grated coconut are generally
referred to as poduthol in North Malabar and thoran in rest of
Kerala. Puttu is a culinary delicacy of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, in
which layers of coconut alternate with layers of powdered rice, all
of which fit into a bamboo stalk. Recently, this has been replaced
with a steel or aluminium tube, which is then steamed over a pot.
Coconut (Tamil: ) is regularly broken in the middle-class families
in Tamil Nadu for food. Coconut meat can be eaten as a snack
sweetened with jaggery or molasses. In Karnataka sweets are
prepared using coconut and dry coconut "copra"., Like Kaie Obattu,
Kobri mitai etc.Commercial, industrial, and household
use[edit]Cultivars[edit]Coconut has a number of commercial and
traditional cultivars. They can be sorted mainly into tall
cultivars, dwarf cultivars and hybrid cultivars (hybrids between
talls and dwarfs). Some of the dwarf cultivars such as Malayan
dwarf has shown some promising resistance to lethal yellowing while
other cultivars such as Panama tall is highly affected by the same
plant disease. Some cultivars are more drought resistant such as
West coast tall (India) while others such as Hainan Tall (China)
are more cold tolerant. Other aspects such as seed size, shape and
weight and copra thickness are also important factors in the
selection of new cultivars. Some cultivars such as Fiji dwarf form
a large bulb at the lower stem and others are cultivated to produce
very sweet coconut water with orange coloured husks (king coconut)
used entirely in fruit stalls for drinking (Sri Lanka,
India).Coir[edit]Main article: coir
A wall made from coconut husks
Extracting the fiber from the husk (Sri Lanka)Coir (the fiber
from the husk of the coconut) is used in ropes, mats, door mats,
brushes, sacks, caulking for boats, and as stuffing fiber for
mattresses.[53] It is used in horticulture in potting compost,
especially in orchid mix.Coconut fronds[edit]
Toys from coconut leavesThe stiff mid-ribs of coconut leaves are
used for making brooms in India, Indonesia (sapu lidi), Malaysia,
the Maldives and the Philippines (walis tingting). The green of the
leaves (lamina) are stripped away, leaving the veins (wood-like,
thin, long strips) which are tied together to form a broom or
brush. A long handle made from some other wood may be inserted into
the base of the bundle and used as a two-handed broom. The leaves
also provide material for baskets that can draw well water and for
roofing thatch; they can be woven into mats, cooking skewers, and
kindling arrows, as well. Two leaves (especially the younger,
yellowish shoots) woven into a tight shell the size of the palm are
filled with rice and cooked to make ketupat.[54] Dried coconut
leaves can be burned to ash, which can be harvested for lime. In
India, the woven coconut leaves are used as pandals (temporary
sheds) for marriage functions especially in the states of Kerala,
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.Copra[edit]Main articles: Copra and
Coconut oilCopra is the dried meat of the seed and after processing
produces coconut oil and coconut meal. Coconut oil, aside from
being used in cooking as an ingredient and for frying, is used in
soaps, cosmetics, hair-oil, and massage oil. Coconut oil is also a
main ingredient in Ayurvedic oils. In Vanuatu coconut palms for
copra production are generally spaced 9 meters apart, allowing a
tree density of 100160 trees per hectare.Husks and shells[edit]The
husk and shells can be used for fuel and are a source of
charcoal.[55] Activated carbon manufactured from coconut shell is
considered extremely effective for the removal of impurities. The
coconut's obscure origin in foreign lands led to the notion of
using cups made from the shell to neutralise poisoned drinks. The
cups were frequently engraved and decorated with precious
metals.[56]A dried half coconut shell with husk can be used to buff
floors. It is known as a bunot in the Philippines and simply a
"coconut brush" in Jamaica. The fresh husk of a brown coconut may
serve as a dish sponge or body sponge. Tempurung as the shell is
called in the Malay language can be used as a soup bowl andif fixed
with a handlea ladle. In India, coconut shells are also used as
bowls and in the manufacture of various handicrafts, including
buttons carved from dried shell. Coconut buttons are often used for
Hawaiian aloha shirts. In Thailand, the coconut husk is used as a
potting medium to produce healthy forest tree saplings. The process
of husk extraction from the coir bypasses the retting process,
using a custom-built coconut husk extractor designed by ASEANCanada
Forest Tree Seed Centre (ACFTSC) in 1986. Fresh husks contains more
tannin than old husks. Tannin produces negative effects on sapling
growth.[57] In parts of South India, the shell and husk are burned
for smoke to repel mosquitoes.Half coconut shells are used in
theatre Foley sound effects work, banged together to create the
sound effect of a horse's hoofbeats. Dried half shells are used as
the bodies of musical instruments, including the Chinese yehu and
banhu, along with the Vietnamese n go and Arabo-Turkic rebab. In
the Philippines, dried half shells are also used as a music
instrument in a folk dance called maglalatik.In World War II,
coastwatcher scout Biuki Gasa was the first of two from the Solomon
Islands to reach the shipwrecked and wounded crew of Motor Torpedo
Boat PT-109 commanded by future U.S. president John F. Kennedy.
Gasa suggested, for lack of paper, delivering by dugout canoe a
message inscribed on a husked coconut shell. This coconut was later
kept on the president's desk, and is now in the John F. Kennedy
Library.[citation needed]Coconut trunk[edit]
The base of an old coconut palm
Coconut Palace, Manila, Philippines, built entirely out of
coconut and local materialsCoconut trunks are used for building
small bridges and huts; they are preferred for their straightness,
strength, and salt resistance. In Kerala, coconut trunks are used
for house construction. Coconut timber comes from the trunk, and is
increasingly being used as an ecologically sound substitute for
endangered hardwoods. It has applications in furniture and
specialized construction, as notably demonstrated in Manila's
Coconut Palace.Hawaiians hollowed the trunk to form drums,
containers, or small canoes. The "branches" (leaf petioles) are
strong and flexible enough to make a switch. The use of coconut
branches in corporal punishment was revived in the Gilbertese
community on Choiseul in the Solomon Islands in 2005.[58]Coconut
roots[edit]The roots are used as a dye, a mouthwash, and a medicine
for diarrhea and dysentery.[7] A frayed piece of root can also be
used as a toothbrush.Use in beauty products[edit]Coconuts are used
in the beauty industry in moisturisers and body butters because
coconut oil, due to its chemical structure, is readily absorbed by
the skin. The coconut shell may also be ground down and added to
products for exfoliation of dead skin. Coconut is also a source of
lauric acid, which can be processed in a particular way to produce
sodium lauryl sulfate, a detergent used in shower gels and
shampoos.[59] The nature of lauric acid as a fatty acid makes it
particularly effective for creating detergents and surfactants.Role
in culture and religion[edit]In the Ilocos region of northern
Philippines, the Ilocano people fill two halved coconut shells with
diket (cooked sweet rice), and place liningta nga itlog (halved
boiled egg) on top of it. This ritual, known as niniyogan, is an
offering made to the deceased and one's ancestors. This accompanies
the palagip (prayer to the dead).A coconut (Sanskrit: narikela) is
an essential element of rituals in Hindu tradition. Often it is
decorated with bright metal foils and other symbols of
auspiciousness. It is offered during worship to a Hindu god or
goddess. Irrespective of their religious affiliations, fishermen of
India often offer it to the rivers and seas in the hopes of having
bountiful catches. Hindus often initiate the beginning of any new
activity by breaking a coconut to ensure the blessings of the gods
and successful completion of the activity. The Hindu goddess of
well-being and wealth, Lakshmi, is often shown holding a
coconut.[60] In the foothills of the temple town of Palani, before
going to worship Murugan for the Ganesha, coconuts are broken at a
place marked for the purpose. Every day, thousands of coconuts are
broken, and some devotees break as many as 108 coconuts at a time
as per the prayer. In tantric practices, coconuts are sometimes
used as substitutes for human skulls .[citation needed]
Coconut flowersIn Hindu wedding ceremonies, a coconut is placed
over the opening of a pot, representing a womb. Coconut flowers are
auspicious symbols and are fixtures at Hindu and Buddhist weddings
and other important occasions. In Kerala, coconut flowers must be
present during a marriage ceremony. The flowers are inserted into a
barrel of unhusked rice (paddy) and placed within sight of the
wedding ceremony. Similarly in Sri Lanka, coconut flowers, standing
in brass urns, are placed in prominent positions.The Zulu Social
Aid and Pleasure Club of New Orleans traditionally throws
hand-decorated coconuts, the most valuable of Mardi Gras souvenirs,
to parade revelers. The "Tramps" began the tradition circa 1901. In
1987, a "coconut law" was signed by Gov. Edwards exempting from
insurance liability any decorated coconut "handed" from a Zulu
float.The coconut is also used as a target and prize in the
traditional British fairground game "coconut shy". The player buys
some small balls which he throws as hard as he can at coconuts
balanced on sticks. The aim is to knock a coconut off the stand and
win it.It was the main food of adherents of the now discontinued
Vietnamese religion o Da in Bn Tre.Myths and legends[edit]Some
South Asian, Southeast Asian and Pacific Ocean cultures have origin
myths in which the coconut plays the main role. In the Hainuwele
myth from Maluku, a girl emerges from the blossom of a coconut
tree.[61] In Maldivian folklore one of the main myths of origin
reflects the dependence of the Maldivians on the coconut
tree.[62]According to an urban legend, there are more deaths caused
by falling coconuts than by sharks annually.Medicinal
uses[edit]Coconuts may help benign prostatic hyperplasia.[63] In
rats, virgin coconut oil reduced total cholesterol, triglycerides,
phospholipids, LDL, and VLDL cholesterol levels and increased HDL
cholesterol in serum and tissues.[64] The hexane fraction of
coconut peel may contain novel anticancer compounds.[65] Young
coconut juice has estrogen-like characteristics.[66] Inside a
coconut is a cavity filled with coconut water, which is sterile
until opened. It mixes easily with blood, and was used during World
War II in emergency transfusions.[67] It can also serve as an
emergency short-term intravenous hydration fluid.[68] This is
possible because the coconut water has a high level of sugar and
other salts that makes it possible to be used in the bloodstream,
much like the modern lactated Ringer solution or a dextrose/water
solution as an intravenous solution (IV). Coconut is also commonly
used as a traditional remedy in Pakistan to treat bites from
rats.[citation needed] In Brazil, coconut is known as
coco-da-bahia, coco-da-baa or coqueiro-da-ndia. The tea from the
husk fiber is widely used to treat several inflammatory
disorders.[69]Other uses[edit]
Making a rug from coconut fiberThe leftover fiber from coconut
oil and coconut milk production, coconut meal, is used as livestock
feed. The dried calyx is used as fuel in wood-fired stoves. Coconut
water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue
culture/micropropagation.[70] The smell of coconuts comes from the
6-pentyloxan-2-one molecule, known as delta-decalactone in the food
and fragrance industries.[71]Tool and shelter for
animals[edit]Researchers from the Melbourne Museum in Australia
observed the octopus species Amphioctopus marginatus use of tools,
specifically coconut shells, for defense and shelter. The discovery
of this behavior was observed in Bali and North Sulawesi in
Indonesia between 1998 and 2008.[72][73][74] Amphioctopus
marginatus is the first invertebrate known to be able to use
tools.[73][75]A coconut can be hollowed out and used as a home for
a rodent or small birds. Halved, drained coconuts can also be hung
up as bird feeders, and after the flesh has gone, can be filled
with fat in winter to attract tits.Allergies[edit]Food
allergies[edit]Coconut can be a food allergen although its
prevalence varies from country to country. While coconut is one of
the top-five food allergies in India where it is a common food
source,[76] such allergies to coconut are considered rare in
Australia, the UK, and the United States.[77] As a result,
commercial extracts of coconut are not currently available for skin
prick testing in Australia or New Zealand.[78]Despite a low
prevalence of allergies to coconut in the United States, the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began identifying coconuts in
October 2006.[77] Based on FDA guidance and federal U.S. law,
coconut must be disclosed as an ingredient.[79]Topical
allergies[edit]Coconut-derived products can cause contact
dermatitis. They can be present in cosmetics, including some
shampoos, moisturizers, soaps, cleansers and hand washing liquids.
Those known to cause contact dermatitis include: coconut
diethanolamide, cocamide sulphate, cocamide DEA, CDEA, sodium
laureth sulfate, sodium lauroyl sulfate, ammonium laureth sulfate,
ammonium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate, sodium cocoyl
sarcosinate, potassium coco hydrolysed collagen, triethanolamine
laureth sulfate, caprylic/capric triglycerides, triethanolamine
lauryl or cocoyl sarcosime, disodium oleamide sulfocuccinate,
laureth sulfasuccinate, and disodium dioctyl
sulfosuccinate.[78]Balance Sheet of Bombay Dyeing and Manufacturing
Company------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------
Mar '13Mar '12Mar '11Mar '10Mar '09
12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths
Sources Of Funds
Total Share Capital41.3141.3140.5438.6138.61
Equity Share Capital41.3141.3140.5438.6138.61
Share Application Money0.000.0026.750.000.00
Preference Share Capital0.000.000.000.000.00
Reserves1,645.771,751.09282.07171.74130.25
Revaluation Reserves0.000.00778.830.00201.56
Networth1,687.081,792.401,128.19210.35370.42
Secured Loans793.64760.741,146.491,611.971,499.00
Unsecured Loans167.9651.1590.81163.14211.88
Total Debt961.60811.891,237.301,775.111,710.88
Total Liabilities2,648.682,604.292,365.491,985.462,081.30
Mar '13Mar '12Mar '11Mar '10Mar '09
12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths
Application Of Funds
Gross Block1,310.201,271.811,190.141,183.441,159.75
Less: Accum. Depreciation402.25342.39292.81231.26178.72
Net Block907.95929.42897.33952.18981.03
Capital Work in Progress126.91102.04205.55208.39218.85
Investments55.9655.9660.1960.1960.22
Inventories1,285.991,549.731,031.72144.24380.31
Sundry Debtors216.80137.59203.46634.57405.93
Cash and Bank Balance42.5533.314.9718.869.95
Total Current Assets1,545.341,720.631,240.15797.67796.19
Loans and Advances1,134.94780.05286.19278.86257.38
Fixed Deposits0.000.0016.0515.03113.63
Total CA, Loans &
Advances2,680.282,500.681,542.391,091.561,167.20
Deffered Credit0.000.000.000.000.00
Current Liabilities1,083.69952.00316.50309.86335.94
Provisions38.7331.8123.4717.0011.46
Total CL & Provisions1,122.42983.81339.97326.86347.40
Net Current Assets1,557.861,516.871,202.42764.70819.80
Miscellaneous Expenses0.000.000.000.001.40
Total Assets2,648.682,604.292,365.491,985.462,081.30
Contingent Liabilities189.05169.46111.7075.2649.64
Book Value (Rs)81.68433.9279.5654.4743.73
Profit & Loss account of Bombay Dyeing and Manufacturing
Company------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------
Mar '13Mar '12Mar '11Mar '10Mar '09
12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths
Income
Sales Turnover2,329.262,230.812,019.401,707.841,388.36
Excise Duty0.000.00102.8546.4644.36
Net Sales2,329.262,230.811,916.551,661.381,344.00
Other Income45.9754.5736.122.20-14.84
Stock Adjustments-173.67683.3847.49-2.524.22
Total Income2,201.562,968.762,000.161,661.061,333.38
Expenditure
Raw Materials1,367.881,423.251,169.49822.33815.41
Power & Fuel Cost135.45103.9385.6882.8794.10
Employee Cost98.4684.2160.0249.7251.38
Other Manufacturing Expenses93.62915.43232.72275.20178.19
Selling and Admin Expenses0.000.00140.13105.10105.41
Miscellaneous Expenses171.57125.1348.9043.2440.33
Preoperative Exp Capitalised0.000.000.000.000.00
Total Expenses1,866.982,651.951,736.941,378.461,284.82
Mar '13Mar '12Mar '11Mar '10Mar '09
12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths
Operating Profit288.61262.24227.10280.4063.40
PBDIT334.58316.81263.22282.6048.56
Interest174.74180.57174.07200.70184.95
PBDT159.84136.2489.1581.90-136.39
Depreciation62.0361.3962.0859.5455.73
Other Written Off0.000.000.000.000.00
Profit Before Tax97.8174.8527.0722.36-192.12
Extra-ordinary items0.000.000.280.000.00
PBT (Post Extra-ord Items)97.8174.8527.3522.36-192.12
Tax22.1115.505.263.771.02
Reported Net Profit75.7059.3521.3918.42-194.62
Total Value Addition499.101,228.70567.45556.13469.41
Preference Dividend0.000.000.000.000.00
Equity Dividend20.6620.6614.199.663.86
Corporate Dividend Tax3.503.362.301.600.66
Per share data (annualised)
Shares in issue (lakhs)2,065.35413.07405.47386.17386.17
Earning Per Share (Rs)3.6714.375.284.77-50.40
Equity Dividend (%)50.0050.0035.0025.0010.00
Book Value (Rs)81.68433.9279.5654.4743.73
Cash Flow of Bombay Dyeing and Manufacturing
Company------------------- in Rs. Cr. -------------------
Mar '13Mar '12Mar '11Mar '10Mar '09
12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths12 mths
Net Profit Before Tax97.8174.8526.3722.19-193.60
Net Cash From Operating
Activities322.54101.79551.9775.039.36
Net Cash (used in)/fromInvesting
Activities-65.063.5531.51-12.45-2.33
Net Cash (used in)/from Financing
Activities-231.91-103.78-597.37-152.2762.82
Net (decrease)/increase In Cash and Cash
Equivalents25.571.56-13.89-89.6969.85
Opening Cash & Cash Equivalents5.684.1218.86123.5853.73
Closing Cash & Cash Equivalents31.255.684.9733.89123.58
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Search in:Small business theage.com.auWebSmall business
Bottom of FormCracking open the coconut water marketTrends
DateMarch 8, 2012 (1)Read laterMarcella BidinostTwitter
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C Coconut Water founder Adam Abrams (left) with Julian Tobias
and Zac Jex. Photo: Supplied.Much like its natural packaging, the
Australian market for coconut water is young, green and ripening
with potential. But who knows if it will be a tough nut to crack?
Flash back to a year ago: had you even heard of coconut water, let
alone tried it? Not coconut milk or cream (think curries for
those), but coconut water, the health-laden juice of young green
coconuts, which Latin Americans and Asians have been selling from
roadsides, poking holes in and swigging on for years.Following a US
trend, Australian marketeers would have us think that lugging home
and cracking coconuts is way too cumbersome. Peer a little closer
at your local retailer's shelves and you'll notice coconut water is
being packaged and placed in increasing clusters on supermarket
shelves. In the past year, around 15 brands have hit the Australian
market.
C Coconut Water. The trend comes hot on the heels of the recent
upsurge of coconut water sales in the US, where slimmers, sports
nuts and superstars are riding its health craze wave. While
entrepreneurs have also scrambled to release new entries in other
once obscure drink categories like chia, aloe and kombucha, coconut
water has cracked the market.Advertisement Selling more coconut
water than milkIn some New York convenience stores, they're selling
more coconut water than milk, says Adam Abrams, founder of C
Coconut Water, Australia's newest addition to the coconut water
scene.Last year, Vita Coco, the biggest-selling coconut water brand
in the US, won BevNET's top product and marketing awards pitting it
above all other soft drinks, juices, flavoured milks, sports and
energy drinks. Granted, Vita Coco mixed chocolate with coconut
water to scoop best product and drew on recording artist Rihanna
for general coconut water endorsement, but also managed to rake in
$US40 million in sales while they were at it.Star investorsWith
big-name investors Madonna, Matthew McConaughey and Demi Moore,
Vita Coco controls 60 per cent of America's $US350 million coconut
water market (still a tiny player in the $US115 billion North
American market) and is on track to more than double profits this
year.In the US, Vita Coco is up against coconut water brands backed
by Coca Cola and PepsiCo; meanwhile in Australia, Schweppes is the
biggest drinks company behind a coconut water label following last
year's launch of its Kokomo brand. The second biggest name is
Nudie, followed by a bunch of smaller businesses giving the new
drink a go.On creating the Kokomo brand, Marshall Ward, managing
director of design agency Blue Marlin, said: Our challenge was to
create a new category that excites and captivates a jaded,
over-marketed, well-travelled, worldly consumer who in all
likelihood has no frame of reference for a product of this
type.Year of the coconutCoconut water has been lingering largely
unnoticed and unmarketed in Asian grocery fridges for years, but
you could pretty much call 2011 Australia's 'year of coconut water,
gone retail'.While it's too early to put a value on Australia's
burgeoning market, a coconut water Australia review site has
landed, claiming to be publishing independent reviews and stockists
for the drink.Since launching in September, C Coconut Water has
sold 300,000 units, across almost 1000 outlets. Founder Adam Abrams
says being among the new breed is exciting. We just received our
first orders from South Africa, Japan and Hong Kong and we're
adding between five and 10 new customers a day.Abrams runs C
Coconut Water with beverage expert Zac Jex and Julian Tobias,
Abrams' co-owner in Sydney's TheClub nightclub and The Island event
space on Sydney Harbour.Global searchThe trio, all in their early
30s, spent the past two years travelling on and off around the
globe to find the best-tasting coconuts. They discovered Mexico,
India and Indonesia's were too salty while the Thai ones were too
sweet. But the coconuts from the Mindanao island group in the
Philippines were spot-on. After covering product and packaging
costs, the C Coconut Water team donates seedlings for new
plantations in the Philippines to local farmers and money to a
local orphanage.In Australia, a few links between coconut water and
nightclubs have emerged. First, the product is hailed for its
hydration value and is chock-full of electrolytes, calcium,
potassium and magnesium - all stellar elements of a hangover cure.
And last year Sydney nightclub owners Dave and Adam Freeman also
released a coconut water brand, H2Coco, backed by radio and TV
personality Kyle Sandilands. H2Coco launched just months before C
Coconut Water last year and, like C Coconut Water and Kokomo, also
sources the beverage from the Philippines.Packaging the productWhen
we first had the idea of launching a coconut water into Australia,
no one else seemed to be on the market, Abrams says. We could have
rushed and been among the first to market in a can, but it was
really important that we wait and get our packaging right.The trio
opted for Tetra Pak packaging over a can or clear bottle to
maintain freshness, lengthen shelf life to 12 months and prevent
oxidisation, which occurs when the water is exposed to light.
Another aim was to package the coconut water at the source.There
are plenty of coconuts around the world but a lot of the major
companies have already sewn up supply of the world's packaging
machines, Abrams says. Most other brands ship their products for
packaging elsewhere, but we wanted to package at the source, to
avoid the need for pasteurising the coconut water before
transporting it.Fad or forever?While no one knows if coconut water
is a fad or forever, Abrams and his team are chuffed to have
brought a consumer product to market.It's strange to have an idea
to create a consumer product, come up with the brand, watch it
packed for the first time and ultimately to be in a restaurant or
caf and watch someone drinking it. It's a good feeling, he
says.Follow MySmallBusiness on Twitter
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Tender coconut water set for image changeoverM.R.
SubramaniCHENNAI, Feb. 25THE bulky, non-descript coconut will soon
become a product that will be related to sleek, slim and trendy.
Producers of value-added coconut products along with the Coconut
Development Board (CBD) are planning to promote coconut as one that
will signify health. If the producers have their way, it may even
be promoted as a sports drink."We are trying to change the image of
coconut from being a bulky, space-occupying product,"says Mr Ajay
Kumar Jain, Director, Jain Agro Food Products. His company procures
tender coconuts from growers and packs them in trendy 200 ml
sachets. The packed tender coconut water has a shelf life of nine
months in sachets and if packed in a tin can, the shelf life
doubles.The packed tender coconut was born out of necessity when
coconut farmers were staring the barrel due to poor prices."Until
two years ago, coconut prices were determined by the global edible
oil prices. With over supply and increasing palm oil imports,
coconut farmers were in distress. It was then the CDB decided to
look into other uses of coconut," says Dr Sugata Ghose, Director,
CDB.The first step CDB took was try and develop a technology to
pack tender coconut water. It sponsored a project by the Defence
Food Research Laboratory and reaped success. The CDB then
transferred the technology to six firms, of which two have begun
marketing this in sachets."Our plan is to target hospitals,
corporates and caterers. Already, we are finding good response to
these tender coconut water in sachets in places such as Delhi and
Maharashtra," says Mr Jain."Tender coconut water has very good
medical use. It can be used as a potassium supplement for those
with heart ailments. Similarly, it can be good for patients with
kidney problems," say medical experts."During the Gujarat
earthquake, tender coconut water was administered as intravenous
injection. At least, one lakh sachets were used," claims Mr
Jain."Packed tender coconuts can be made available throughout the
year. And these come with assured taste and quantity, unlike what
is available in the waysides,"says Mr Jain, whose unit produces
20,000 sachets a day.But of late, the thinking is that tender
coconut water has to extend beyond the four walls of the hospitals.
"That is why we are suggesting that this be projected as a sport
drink since it has all the required nutrients for a sportsman,"
says Mr Jain.While cricketers, the most popular ones in the
country, are definitely out of contention to promote tender coconut
water, the producers of value-added coconut producers are looking
to other sports."It will be hard for us to engage cricketers for
this. One, we can foot their costs. Two, most of them are promoting
soft drinks," says an official, who does not want to be
identified.Currently, these producers have identified badminton
star and former All-England Badminton champion Pullela Gopichand to
promote their product. "Gopichand has refused to promote soft
drinks. We should approach him to promote this natural drink,"says
one of the marketing firm of tender coconut water.Mr Jain says the
Government has been sounded about this and it is quite open to
their suggestion."If we can't get any sportsperson to promote
tender coconut water, we may appoint brand ambassadors," says the
marketing firm.The producers have asked the Government to go in for
a generic promotion of tender coconut water. But the Government has
said it would only play the role of facilitator. "We can only
facilitate. Under our programme to promote use of coconut and its
products, we can help them by footing 25 per cent of the costs for
marketing promotion," official sources said.Besides promoting
within the country, efforts to increase exports are also on.
Exclusive Manufacturer of Premium 100% Natural Young Coconut
Water. ONE OF THE FIRST COMPANIES IN INDIA TO SUCCESSFULLY BOTTLE
YOUNG COCONUT WATER, WE ARE THE PIONEERS IN BOTTLING YOUNG COCONUT
WATER. WE EXCLUSIVELY MANUFACTURE YOUNG COCONUT WATER & YOUNG
COCONUT WATER CONCENTRATE. OUR PRODUCTION FACILITY IS TOTALLY
INDIGENOUS WITH THE LATEST STATE OF THE ART MACHINERY. OUR
EXCLUSIVE R&D DEVELOPED BY US HELPS TO PRESERVE THE NATURAL
TASTE, AROMA AND NUTRITIONAL CONTENT OF THE YOUNG COCONUT WATER
DURING THE PROCESS OF CONCENTRATING IT TO OBTAIN YOUNG COCONUT
WATER CONCENTRATE OR DURING THE PROCESS OF BOTTLING THE YOUNG
COCONUT WATER. WITH A MODEST PROCESSING CAPACITY OF 10,000 LITERS
(i.e. 10 TONNES) OF YOUNG COCONUT WATER PER DAY, WE ARE UNDERGOING
EXPANSION WHICH WILL SONNER DOUBLE OUR CAPACITY.
MANAGEMENT:We are reckoned names in the industry, offering an
extensive range of Packed Fresh Coconut Water that are acclaimed
among the clients for long shelf life and wide usage. They are safe
to consume and are delivered in small and big packaging. With the
assistance of experienced professionals, we are able to deliver
world-class range of products.Features: Cost effectiveness
Convenient usage Free from moistureOther Information:
Pay mode terms: L/C (letter of credit), T/T (bank transfer) F.
O. B. price order: 48000 USD Minimum order quantity: 96000
pack/packs Port of dispatch: Chennai or Tuticorin Production
capacity: 300000 packs / month
We are reckoned names in the industry, offering an extensive
range of Packed Fresh Coconut Water that are acclaimed among the
clients for long shelf life and wide usage. They are safe to
consume and are delivered in small and big packaging. With the
assistance of experienced professionals, we are able to deliver
world-class range of products.Features: Cost effectiveness
Convenient usage Free from moistureOther Information:
Pay mode terms: L/C (letter of credit), T/T (bank transfer) F.
O. B. price order: 48000 USD Minimum order quantity: 96000
pack/packs Port of dispatch: Chennai or Tuticorin Production
capacity: 300000 packs / month Delivery time: 15 days
Packaging Details:
Offered in 200 ml tetra packs 24 packs in a tray and 4000 trays
in a 20" container.
We are reckoned names in the industry, offering an extensive
range of Packed Fresh Coconut Water that
