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Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
1
Coating Characteristics of UV Curable Epoxy Acrylate Oligomer Modified
with Acrylated Sunflower Oil
Issa M. Mousaa, Sayeda M. Ibrahim, and H. Radi
Department of Radiation Chemistry, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology,
P.O.BOX 29, Naser City, Cairo, Egypt.
Received: 4/4/2013 Accepted: 5/8/2013
ABSTRACT
In this study epoxy acrylate oligomer (EA) was toughened by epoxidized
sunflower oil acrylate (EPOSA) and cured under UV irradiation in the presence of
p-methoxy acetophenone as photointiator. EPOSA was prepared via acrylation
process. Acid value, FTIR, oxirane oxygen content and viscosity were carried out to
confirm the occurrence the acrylation process. Different formulations of EA and
EPOSA were prepared and different characterizations such as FTIR,
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel fraction and swelling properties were made
for cured coating films. The mechanical and chemical tests such as pencil hardness,
adhesion, bending, gloss, steam and stain resistance were measured for cured
surface. FTIR studies indicated that the density of acrylate functionality and degree
of curing decreased with increasing the concentration of EPOSA. The elasticity,
gloss and chemical resistance properties were improved by increasing the
concentration of EPOSA.
Key Words: UV Irradiation / Epoxy Acrylate Oligomer / Epoxidized Sunflower Oil Acrylate /
Photoinititor / Adhesion / Pencil hardness.
INTRODUCTION
UV curing process, which converts a reactive monomer into a solid through photo-
polymerization and/or crosslinking reactions induced by UV radiation at room temperature (1), has
attractive advantages such as rapid curing rate, solvent free, low energy requirement, and excellent
properties of products (2). The UV-curable coatings consist of oligomer, monomer and photoinitiator,
so the coating film properties, such as hardness, abrasive resistance, flexibility and weatherability,
mainly depend on the oligomer structure and its concentration in the formulation. During last decades,
a great deal of attentions have been paid to UV curing applications in preparing protective coatings (3),
nanoimprint lithography (4),dental restoratives and adhesives (5), encapsulants and packaging of organic
light-emitting devices in electronic industry (6).
Epoxy acrylate resin is the classic resin for UV curing coatings because of its good integrated
performance such as outstanding adhesion, non-yellowing, hardness, mechanical properties and
chemical resistance (7,8), and thus wide applications. Epoxy resins are widely used in several
applications: adhesives, coatings, castings, electric laminates, encapsulation of semiconductor devices,
matrix material for composites, structural components (9-14) and cryogenic engineering (15-17). However,
due to their high cross-link density they are inherently brittle, which limits their applicability. Many
efforts have been made to modify epoxy acrylate resins or their formulations for improving the
toughness of cured films. To increase their toughness, different modifiers have been added like rubber,
flexible components into epoxy networks in an appropriate ratio (18-20). Aliphatic urethane acrylate or
polyester acrylates are low viscosity oligomers that provide soft and flexible coating with low
shrinkage, high toughness and excellent weatherability (21). Epoxy acrylate (EA) oligomer has high
viscosity at ambient temperature and diluted by the addition of low viscous multifunctional reactive
monomers (22). However, these reactive diluents showed higher volatile content compared to oligomers
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
2
and create shrinkage and brittleness in the coating at higher content of reactive diluents, resulting in
reducing adhesion and deterioration of gloss and aesthetic look of the coating (23-25). On the other hand,
epoxidized vegetable oils show excellent promise as inexpensive, renewable materials for industrial
applications (26). Epoxidized sunflower oil acrylate (EPOSA) has a low viscosity oligomer with low
volatile content and unique coating properties can be used to reduce the viscosity of EA resin as well
as to regulate or even improve certain properties of EA coating by optimized combination of both the
oligomers. In this study the EPOSA was prepared via acrylation process by reacting epoxidized
sunflower oil and acrylic acid. The prepared EPOSA was added in different concentrations in EA
formulations and cured under different times of UV radiation.
EXPERIMENTAL
Materials:
EBECRYL 604 (Epoxy acrylate oligomer (EA) consisting of 80% of bisphenol A epoxy
diacrylate diluted with 20% of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate) was obtained from Cytec Surface
Specialeties (Drogenbos, Belgium). Epoxidized sunflower oil having oxirane oxygen content 6 % was
supplied by Paint and Chemical Industry (PACHIN), Egypt. Hydroquinone, triethylamine and acrylic
acid were obtained from Merck, Germany. p-methoxy acetophenone was supplied by Ciba Chemicals,
Switzerland and used as a photoinitiator to initiate photochemical reaction during UV radiation
process. The plywood, tin metal plate and glass samples were obtained from the local market. All
chemicals were used as received without further purification
Synthesis of epoxidized sunflower oil acrylate (EPOSA) (27):
The acrylation of epoxidized sunflower oil was carried out by placing a mixture containing 0.2
mol. epoxidized sunflower oil, 0.5% hydroquinone as inhibitor and 1.0% triethylamine (based on the
weight of reactants) as a catalyst in a round bottom three-neck flask (500 ml). The flask is equipped
with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser and a separating funnel. While stirring the mixture, 0.8
mol. acrylic acid was introduced to the mixture through the separating funnel. After the addition of
acrylic acid, the mixture was then heated up to 110oC. The progress of acrylation reaction was
followed by measuring the acid value of the mixture. The product was washed with 1% NaH2PO4 and
1% NaCl to remove excess acrylic acid.
Determination of acid value:
The acid value was determined according to ASTM D 1639-90 as follows:
Acid Value = (N x V x 56.1) / W
Where N, is the normality of KOH, V, is the volume of KOH and W, is the weight of the sample.
Determination of oxirane oxygen content:
The oxirane oxygen content was measured by HBr in acetic acid using crystal violet as indicator (28). The oxirane oxygen content (%) was determined according to the following equation:
Oxirane oxygen content (%) = [(L x N x 1.6) / W] x100
Where L, is the volume of HBr solution, N, is the normality of HBr solution and W, is the weight of
the sample.
UV curing of formulations:
Epoxy acrylate oligomer (EA) and acrylated sunflower oil (EPOSA) were mixed at different
ratios with continuous stirring to get homogeneous mixtures to be used as formulations for coating.
Different coating formulation samples (S0-S5) were prepared by mixing 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 phr of
EPOSA with constant EA oligomer ratio of 100 phr and constant concentration of photoinitiator of
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
3
5%, respectively. These formulations were surface coated on glass, tin metal and wood substrates by
using film applicator with thickness of ~100 μm. The coated samples were irradiated using a standard
UV lamp Type EMITA VP-60 (made in Poland), 180W mercury, 220V, 50 Hz and monochromatic
filter (λ =320 nm) was used to provide the required irradiation wavelength. In this study, the UV
irradiation was carried out, in which the sample was placed at a constant distance (10 cm) from the
lamp for various time intervals at a dose rate of 23.7 KJ/m2.
Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR):
IR spectra of cured films were measured by ATI Mattson, Genesis series, England. FTIR spectra
were recorded in the range from 400 to 4000 cm−1 with a resolution of 4 cm−1 and averaged over 25
scans.
Gel fraction and swelling measurements:
The cured films (2 cm × 2 cm) were extracted with acetone for 10 h, and dried at 30oC for 72 h
till a constant weight was obtained. The gel fraction was calculated according to the following
equation:
Gel fraction (%) = (W1/Wo) x 100
Where Wo is the initial mass of the film before washing and W1 is the final mass of the films.
The swelling ratio was determined by immersing dry weight of cured films with different
EPOSA concentrations (W1) in acetone for 48h at room temperature. The samples were removed and
blotted on filter paper to remove the excess acetone on the surface and weighed (W2). The swilling
ratio was calculated according to following equation. Swelling ratio = (W2 –W1) / W2
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA):
The TGA thermograms were performed on a Shimadzu–50 instrument (Kyoto, Japan) at a
heating rate of 10ºC/min under nitrogen flow (20 ml/min) starting from room temperature up to 500ºC.
The primary TGA thermograms were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the thermal
decomposition reaction.
Viscosity measurements:
The viscosity was measured by using Programmable Rheometer DV III RV. The viscosity rang
is from 5 Cp to 8,000 Cp depending upon the viscometer and SC4 spindle utilized. In the present work,
the viscosity of formulations was measured at room temperature and at 50oC.
Performance tests of cured surfaces:
The different surfaces coated with cured formulations were tested for different end performance
properties according to the standard test methods. Film adhesion (ASTM D 3359-97), gloss at 60o
angle (ASTM: D 523-99), pencil hardness (ASTM D 3363-00), Bending test (ASTM D 522-93a),
alkali resistance (ASTM D 1647-89), acid resistance (ASTM B 287-74), stain/chemical resistance
conducted for seven different staining agents (EN 438-2: 1991) and steam resistance (EN 438-2:
1991).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Synthesis of epoxidized sunflower oil acrylate:
In the acrylation of epoxidized sunflower oil (EPOS) process (29), the epoxy group of EPOS will
react with acrylic acid to produce epoxidized sunflower oil acrylate (EPOSA) as shown in Fig. (1). the
acrylated epoxidized sunflower oil molecules still contain double bond and hydroxyl groups. Thus, the
acrylated oil can be polymerized via double bonds. This means that, adhesion and wetting with
pigments of fillers will be improved due to the presence of the hydroxyl groups. The blends of EPOS
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
4
and triethylamine were heated to 80oC with moderate continuous stirring. When the temperature in the
reaction flask was steady at 80oC, the calculated amount of acrylic acid was introduced to the oil blend
at a very slow rate. After complete addition of acrylic acid, the temperature was raised to 110oC and
then maintained until the acid value of the EPOSA reached 10 mg KOH/gm resin.
The produced EPOSA was characterized chemically by measuring oxirane oxygen content, acid
value, viscosity and IR spectroscopy. Table (1) shows the progress of acrylation process according to
the determined acid value. It is clear that the initial acid value of the starting mixture sample after
adding acrylic acid is 110 mg KOH/gm resin. After acrylation process, the acid value of EPOSA was
10 mg KOH/gm resin after 45h. Therefore, the acid values of epoxidized acrylated sunflower oil
decreased by a value of about 100 mg KOH /gm resin due to the acrylation of sunflower oil and free
acrylic acid content was reduced in the mixture resulting in a subsequent increase of acrylate groups in
the backbone of triglyceride molecules. The analytical data of EPOS, EPOSA and washed EPOSA are
given in Table (2). It can be seen that the oxirane oxygen content of EPOSA and washed EPOSA are
0.12 % compared with 6% for the starting material of EPOS. This means that almost all oxirane
oxygen has participated in the reaction to yield EPOSA. It can be also seen that the viscosity was
greatly increased after acrylation. This may be attributed to the increase in molecular weigh, high
branching and/or hydrogen bonding.
CH2
CH
CH2
O-C-CH2 -CH CH
O
O-C-CH2 -CH CH
OO-C-CH2 -CH CH
O O
O
O
+ CH2=CH-COOH
CH2
CH
CH2
O-C-CH2 -CH
CH
O-C-CH2 -CH CH
O-C-CH2 -CH
CH
O
O
O
HO
OH
O
C-CH=CH2
O
OH
C-CH=CH2
O
O C-CH=CH2
O
Epoxidized sunflower oil (EPOS) Acrylic acid
Epoxidixed sunflower oil acrylate (EPOSA)
Triethyl amine as catalyst
O
Fig. (1): Acrylation reactions of epoxidized sunflower oil (EPOS).
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
5
Table (1): Acid value of EPOSA at different time intervals.
Time (h) Acid value
(mg KOH/gm resin)
Before reaction 110
5 100
10 85
15 72
20 55
25 32
30 25
35 15
40 10
45 10
After washing 1.5
Table (2): Analytical data of EPOS, EPOSA and washed EPOSA
Properties EPOS EPOSA EPOSA (washed)
Oxirane oxygen content (% per mole) 6 0.12 0.12
Acid value (mg KOH/gm resin) 1 1 0 1.5
Viscosity (cps at 50oC) 115 7200 7200
Also, the acrylation reaction was detected by the IR-spectra for EPOS and acrylated sunflower
oil (EPOSA) as shown in Fig. (2). The EPOS molecule can be characterized by the presence epoxy
group at 823 cm-1 and a weak band of hydroxyl groups at 3477 cm-1. After acrylation process the peak
of the epoxy groups was disappeared and a new band appeared at 1622 cm-1 which may be attributed
to the acrylate group (CH2=CH-COO-), while the other broad band appeared at 3480 cm-1 may be
attributed to (-OH) group (30). This means that almost all the epoxy groups were consumed during the
acrylation process.
Wavenumbers cm-1
1000200030004000
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
(a)
(b)
3480 cm-1
1622 cm-1
823 cm-1
Fig. (2): IR spectra of: (a) epoxidized sunflower oil and (b) epoxidized sunflower oil acrylate.
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
6
Characterization of UV-cured formulations:
FT-IR analysis
The FTIR spectra of cured and uncured EA without EPOSA are shown in Fig. (3). This figure
showed a characteristic peak of unsaturated double bond of acrylate group of uncured EA oligomer
which appeared at 1625 cm-1 and 815 cm-1 . After UV curing of EA, the characteristic peak of acrylate
group was disappeared indicating the occurrence of crosslinking process. The IR spectra of uncured
EA oligomer and different concentrations of EPOSA with EA are shown in Fig. (4). It is clear that the
characteristic peaks of acrylate double bonds at 1625 cm-1 and that at 815 cm-1 are completely
disappeared after UV curing. The percentage conversion of double bonds in the UV cured coating was
found to be more than 99%, which suggest a very high degree of curing of formulations via UV curing
process resulting in formation of high performance coatings. The estimation of the double bond
conversion was made by comparing the reduction in the intensity of the C=C band at 1625 cm-1
relative to the carbonyl group peak at 1720 cm-1, which was assumed to remain constant during the
curing reaction.
1610
Blank (uncured)
500100015002000250030003500
Blank (cured)
Tra
nsim
att
an
ce
1625 cm-1 815 cm-1
Wavenumber cm-1
Fig. (3): The FTIR spectra of cured and uncured epoxy acrylate oligomers
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
7
30 phr
1610 cm-1Blank (uncured)
Wavenumber cm-1500100015002000250030003500
10 phr
20phr
40 phr
50- phr
30phr
Tra
nsi
ma
tta
nce
815 cm-1
1625 cm-1
Fig. (4): FTIR spectra of uncured and cured EA oligomers prepared with different concentrations of
EPOSA.
Gel fraction and swelling measurements:
Gel fraction is a measure of the extent of crosslinking of the UV-cured coatings, which in turn
determines the final properties of the coatings. As shown in Fig. (5), the gel fraction decreases by
increasing the concentrations of EPOSA from 10 phr to 30 phr. At higher ratios than 30 phr of
EPOSA, the gel fraction decreased slightly and finally reached saturation. The EPOSA based on
sunflower oil gave soft and elastic films and contains low density of acrylate double bond compared
with EA oligomer. Thus, the incorporation of EPOSA to EA coatings leads to a low crosslinking
extent reflected from the reduced gel fraction. This behavior would consequently increases the
flexibility of the coatings, leading to an improvement in some physical and mechanical properties such
as bending and impact tests.
The swelling ratio measurements of coating formulations are given in Fig. (5). It is expected that
the swelling ratio is indirectly reflects the extent of crosslinking of the coating. It can be observed that
the swelling ratio of cured films increased with increasing EPOSA concentrations in the coating
composition up to 30 phr. The swelling ratio at higher concentration of EPOSA causes a slight
increase which again supports the gel fraction results. Lower gel fraction reflects lower crosslinking
extent and so low hardness of the coating consequently leads to higher swelling ratio in swelling
medium.
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
8
EPOSA concn. (phr)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Gel
fra
ctio
n (
%)
96.0
96.5
97.0
97.5
98.0
98.5
99.0
Sw
ellin
g r
atio
1.08
1.10
1.12
1.14
1.16
1.18
1.20
1.22
Gel fraction (%)
Swelling ratio
Fig. (5): Effect of EPOSA concentrations on gel fraction and swelling ratio of EA coatings.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA):
The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the preferred technique for rapid evaluation of the
thermal stability of different materials, and also indicates the decomposition of polymers at various
temperatures. The effect of EPOSA concentration on the thermal stability of the UV cured coatings
was evaluated by TGA. Fig. (6) shows the TGA thermograms of the cured EA coatings for S0
(without EPOSA) and S5 (50 phr EPOSA) and the data collected are shown in Table (3). It can be
seen that the cured EA coating was stable up to ~300oC. The TGA thermogram of UV cured coatings
showed weight loss in two stages; first is major weight loss in the temperature range of 300-500oC,
which is due to the thermal decomposition of organic coating. The second stage of weight loss within
the temperature range 500-600oC, which is referred to the oxidation of the residual formed from the
thermal decomposition of coating. The data in Table (3) shows the temperatures at which different
weight loses (30%, 40%, 60%, and 70%) of the coatings containing different concentrations of
EPOSA occurred. TGA results showed that the increase in EPOSA concentration in EA coating
decreased the thermal stability of EA coating due to the decrease in crosslink density of cured EA
coatings.
The thermal stability was confirmed by plotting the rate of thermal decomposition reaction
(dw/dt) as a function of heating temperature for EA coatings for S0 (without EPOSA) and S5 (50 phr
EPOSA) as shown in Fig. (6). From Table (3) and Fig. (6), it can be seen that the temperatures of the
maximum rate of reaction (Tmax), taken from the TGA thermogram, was shifted to lower temperature
by ~12oC with increasing the EPOSA concentration indicating lower thermal stability at high
concentration of EPOSA.
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
9
100 200 300 400 500 600
we
igh
t re
main
ing
(%
)
0
20
40
60
80
100S0
S5
Temperature (oC)
100 200 300 400 500 600
Rate
of
reacti
on
(m
g/m
in)
0
2
4
6
8
Fig. (6): TGA thermograms and the corresponding rate of thermal decomposition reaction of UV
cured EA coatings for S0 (without EPOSA) and S5 (50 phr of EPOSA).
Table (3): Temperatures at which different weight loss (%) have occurred and temperatures of the
maximum rate of reaction (tmax) of different formulations cured by UV irradiation at 20
min.
Coating
formulations
Decomposition temperatures at different weight loss (%) Tmax
30% 40% 60% 70%
S0 434 461 486 540 460
S1 413 441 476 515 458
S2 411 436 471 496 455
S3 409 433 468 491 453
S4 406 426 463 486 451
S5 401 421 458 478 448
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
10
Surface coating applications:
In this section, the different formulations were coated on glass, tin metal and wood substrates
and the coated substrates were exposed to UV irradiation.
Tacky properties of surfaces:
In order to select the suitable irradiation time to get non-tacky coating, different formulations
were prepared by blending EA and EPOSA in the presence 5% p-methoxy acetophenone as initiator
and exposed to different UV irradiation times (5 to 20 min). The coating formulations and UV curing
behaviors of different formulations are given in Table (4). It can be seen that at irradiation time of 5
and 10 min., all formulations gave tacky surface. On the other hand, the formulations irradiated at 15
and 20 min. gave non-tacky cured films, except the formulation S5 irradiated at 15 min gave tacky
surface. Thus it may be concluded that, irradiation at 20 min is selected as the best irradiation time to
cure all formulations.
Table (4): Adhesion characters of different formulations, prepared by UV-radiation at time intervals.
Coating
formulations
EPOSA
(phr)
Irradiation time (min)
5 10 15 20
S0 0 1 2 3 3
S1 10 1 2 3 3
S2 20 1 2 3 3
S3 30 1 2 3 3
S4 40 1 1 3 3
S5 50 1 1 2 3
The EA oligomer ratio is 100 phr and photoinitiator concentration is 5%.
Rating: 1, tacky; 2, slightly tacky; 3, non tacky
Physico-mechanical and chemical resistance:
The physico-mechanical and chemical resistance of all formulations are shown in Table (5). It
can be seen that the pencil scratch hardness of the EA coating was (2H) at low concentration of
EPOSA. By increasing the concentration up to 50 phr, the scratch hardness of coating was decreased
to give (1H) due to lower crosslink density. Also the pencil gouge hardness of cured surfaces
decreased by increasing the concentration of EPOSA to give (4H) for formulation S5 which contains
50 phr compared to the formulation S0 (6H) which does not contain EPOSA.
The bending and elongation test was carried out by 1 mm diameter rod. The results showed that,
the first three formulations (S0, S1, and S2) does not pass the test while by using high concentrations
of EPOSA for EA formulations (S3, S4 and S5), the films passed the test. This may be explained that
the lower crosslink density was produced at high concentrations of EPOSA and the coating film
becomes more elastic and flexible and passed the bending test.
The adhesion test for EA coatings containing different amount of EPOSA was also investigated
and the results showed that by increasing the concentration of EPOSA, the adhesion slightly increased
from 4B to 5B due to increasing the hydroxyl groups of EPOSA which form hydrogen bonding on the
surfaces.
Gloss of the cured samples was measured at 60o angle of reflectance using a novo gloss meter
and the results are given in Table (5). It can be seen that the gloss of the coating increased slightly
with the increase in the concentration of EPOSA. At higher concentrations of EPOSA, the cured films
have lower crosslinking density than formulations contain low concentrations of EPOSA which may
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
11
be resulted in a decrease the micro distortions such as waviness caused by shrinkage generated on the
coating. The decrease of micro distortions in the coating surface decreased the scattering of the
reflected light in other direction and resulted in high gloss values at 60o angles.
Also, it was found that all cured panels of all formulations containing different amount of
EPOSA in acid (5 % HCl (32%) or alkali (5 gm anhydrous sodium carbonate/100 ml distilled water)
did not show any visible discoloration and any change in hardness measurements.
Table (5): Physico-mechanical and chemical properties of different formulations prepared by UV-
radiation at 20 min.
Formulation
Properties
S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Pencil hardness* 6H 6H 6H 5H 4H 4H
Scratch hardness 2H 2H 2H 1H 1H 1H
Bending test at
1mm mandrel
Not pass Not pass Not pass pass pass pass
Adhesion** 4B 4B 4B 5B 5B 5B
Gloss at 600 120 120 120 140 155 160
Acid resistance v.g.*** v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g.
Alkali resistance v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g.
Water resistance v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g. v.g.
*Lead pencils supplied with the unit, softest to hardest, are as follows:
9B, 8B, 7B, 6B, 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B, B, HB, H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H, 8H, 9H
**The adhesion of the cured films decreases in the following descending order:
5B> 4B> 3B> 2B> B.
*** Very good
Stain and steam resistance:
The coated and uncoated surfaces were tested against seven staining chemicals and the
performance of EA coating containing different concentrations of EPOSA is provided in Table (6). In
this test, drops of the staining agent were pipette out onto the coating surfaces and covered with glass
cup to prevent evaporation. For each test method, after a definite time of contact given in Table (6),
the staining agent was wiped out with tissue paper and cleaned with water and then the coating surface
was examined for discoloration or change in appearance. It was found that all the coating composition
did not show any discoloration or change in appearance and excellent stain resistance against the
staining agents taken for the test.
The cured films were also exposed to steam test for 1h and then the films were examined for any
visible changes on the coating surfaces due to steam. The results are reported in Table (6), indicating
that all the cured films of EA coatings containing different concentrations of EPOSA showed excellent
steam resistance test.
Arab Journal of Nuclear Science and Applications, 47(1), (1-13) 2014
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Table (6): Stain and steam resistance of control and different formulations, cured at 20 min of UV
radiation
S5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 Control Time of
contact
Reagent Properties
6 6 6 6 6 6 5 10 min 30 % AcOH
Stain
resistance
6 6 6 6 6 6 3 10 min 25% NaOH
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 min 20% H2O2
6 6 6 6 6 6 4 10 min Boric acid
6 6 6 6 6 6 3 16 h ammonia 10%
6 6 6 6 6 6 1 16 h Coffee
(Nescafe)
6 6 6 6 6 6 2 16 h Tea (lepton)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 h - Steam
resistance
The ratings for stain test: 1, dark brown stain; 2, light brown stain; 3, absorbed at surface,
yellow stain; 4, white rim; 5, faint rim; 6, no effect.
The rating for steam resistance test: 1, sample charred with surface damaged, black coloration; 2,
blisters with severe mark with black colour in the core and brown at periphery; 3, moderate brown
stain with no blisters;4, no visible change.
CONCLUSIONS
In this work, EPOSA was prepared via acrylation by introducing acrylic acid into epoxidized
sunflower oil. Epoxy acrylate resin was toughened by adding prepared EPOSA at different
concentrations and cured by UV irradiation at 20 min. The thermal, physico-mechanical and chemical
properties of cured films were investigated. The results showed that, at higher concentration of
EPOSA the hardness and thermal stability of cured films decreased, however, the flexibility and gloss
of cured films was improved. The different formulations were surface coated on different substrates
and the coated substrates were exposed to UV irradiation. The results showed that the adhesion and
chemical resistance were not affecting largely at high concentrations of EPOSA. Also, the formulation
which contains 30 phr of EPOSA gave the best compatibility between EA and EPOSA and good
results were obtained.
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