Upload
kaidere
View
217
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
1/26
Coastal Habitats (Coral reef, Mangrove and Seagrass)and Global Climate Change
University of the Ryukyus
Andi Septiana, Rashila Deshar, Ratu Timoci Turagayawa Koliyavu,Sahadev Sharma, Wu Min
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
2/26
Coastal habitats - above spring high tide limit (or above mean water level in non-tidal waters); characterized by their proximity to the sea, including coastal dunesand wooded coastal dunes, beaches and cliffs.
Coral Reefs are the rainforest of ocean.
Mangroves are the backbone of the tropical ocean coastline.
Seagrasses are the coal mine canaries of coastal ecosystems.
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
3/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
4/26
Inter-relationship or Mutual Benefits between Mangroves, Sea grass and
Coral Reef Ecosystems
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
5/26
$375 billion in environment-al goods and services
Reefs at Risk 1998(http://www.wri.org/powerpo
ints/reefswww/sld011.htm
Economic Benefits
Coral reef
Tropical forest
Temperate forest
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
6/26
Caribbean reef values(annual net benefits in 2000)
Dive tourism: $2.1 billion
Shoreline protection: $0.7-2.2 billion
Fisheries: $310 million
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
7/26
Mangroves and their Ecological and economic Products
Source: Modified from Berjak et al. 1977.
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
8/26
The 40,000 hectares of managed mangrove forest in Matang,
West Malaysia yield $10 million in timber and charcoal and
over $100 million in fish and prawns every year.
Economic Value of Mangroves
Economic valuation of ecosystems needs to be treated with
caution but annual values per km2 have been calculated at
US$100 000-600 000 for reefs and US$200 000-900 000 for
mangroves. (UNEP Report 2006)
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
9/26
Seagrasses often support diverse and abundant
assemblages of small fishes and invertebrates.
Seagrasses are collected as fertilizer for sandy soil.
Seagrass is also used for making mattress,furniture, bag and woven like rattan.
Seagrass and its Ecological and Economic Benefits
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
10/26
Climate ChangeClimate change is the change in average weather over time
and over a region. Climate change includes changes in
temperature, wind patterns and precipitation.
In terms of global climate change, environmental factors thatare expected to have the greatest direct effects on coastalhabitats are temperature change, sea-level rise, availability ofwater from precipitation and runoff, wind patterns, andstorminess.
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
11/26
Global Air Temperature Anomaly
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
12/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
13/26
Rising seas, more stormsPopulation shifts & viability
There is no steady state in the ocean
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
14/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
15/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
16/26
H2O +CO
2H
2CO
3H+ +HCO32H+ + CO32-
Lowers pH of ocean
CaCO3 dissolves or doesnt form properlyCaCO3 shells, casings, skeletons affected
H2O +CO
2+ CaCO32HCO3 + Ca
2+
Kleypas et al.,Science, 1999
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
17/26
Mass Coral Bleaching 1997-1998
Red dots show areas with
most severe coral bleaching
NOAA sea surface temperatureanomalies for January 1998
Coral Bleaching
(Loss of zooxanthellae)
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
18/26
Coral Reef Bleaching in Okinawa, Japan(2001)
The multi-year in-situwater temperature time
series figure shows that
temperatures at a site
in the region during
July and August of 2001
were much higher thanthe previous 4 years
(even the previous
record-bleaching 1998
event) and verifies our
satellite SSTs.
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
19/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
20/26
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
21/26
HURRICANE IMPACT
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
22/26
Climate change and SeagrassesRising sea levels are likely to destabilise the marine environment andcause seagrass losses.
Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide in seawater could increase thearea of seagrass because more carbon will be available for growth andseagrasses could increase their photosynthetic rates.
Rising sea temperatures could cause burning or death of seagrasses insome places where they are close to their thermal limit. (Seagrass Burning)
In 2002, seagrasses were lost and burnt from some areas in theWhitsundays, Shoalwater Bay, Green Island and Weipa.
Deepwater seagrasses could be impacted by the reduction in lightcaused by coastal run-off.
http://www.reef.crc.org.au/publications/brochures/CRC_Reef_seagrass_web.pdf
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
23/26
Coastal habitats are disappearing at a rate of between 1.2% and 9% a year and
are now the biosphere's most imperiled systems, with rates of loss 4 to 10 timesfaster than those of the tropical rainforest.
Stresses due to Climate Change on Coastal Habitats
Some 30 per cent of reefs are already seriously damaged and 60 per centcould be lost by 2030. (Wilkinson, 2004).
An estimated 35 per cent of the worlds original mangrove cover has alreadygone, with some countries having lost up to 80 per cent.
"Over the last decade 290,000ha of seagrass loss have been documented.Projecting the rate to undocumented parts of the world, over 1.2million ha ofseagrass have likely been lost." Short, F.T., & Wyllie-Echeverria, S. 2000.
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
24/26
Conservation and Management of Coastal Habitats
How do we protect our coastal habitats with the least disruption tostatus quo?
Plan for the climate variability
Planning Approaches
The remaining coastal habitats should be protected.
The most cost effective long-term strategy.
Restoration of coastal habitats
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
25/26
Protect coastal habitat from development and otherdestructive activities through acquisition and regulatory
programs (especially beaches and dunes, mangroves, coralreefs, seagrasses and salt marsh.
Cost share and technical advice programs to restore erodedor impacted habitat giving preference to long-term vs. short-
term fixes.
Protect our remaining coastal habitats
8/14/2019 Coastal Habitats and Global Climate Change
26/26
Thank You