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&RDO ,QGXVWU\ &RDO 3URGXFWLRQ &RDO 0DUNHW 3ULFHV &UHGLW )LQDQFH 5LVN $QDO\VLV KWWSZZZFUHGILQULVNFRPFRDOKWPO &5(',7 ),1$1&( 5,6. $1$/<6,6 Credfinrisk.com +20( _ $%287 _ &217$&7 *8,'( 72 &2$/ 0,1,1* &2$/ 352'8&7,21 &2$/ ,1'8675< $1' &2$/ 35,&(6 &RDO Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of flora (peat) that existed millions of years ago and then were buried over the years by ever increasing soil and rock strata, resulting in thousands of pounds of pressure that converted the remains to the form of mineral. While there are several types of coal, overal it is primarily a mixture of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with very small amounts of sulphur (bound with carbon or iron) and other elements. There are 4 basic categories of coal: Anthracite (hard coal): is formed from bituminous coal under great pressure. This form of coal has the highest energy content of all coals and is utilized for space heating and electricity generation (average: 25 million Btu per ton) Bituminous (soft coal) is formed from subbituminous coal under great pressure. This form of coal is primarily used for electric power generation in the United States (average: 24 million Btu per ton). Subbituminous is formed from lignite under great pressure. This form of coal is used primarily for generating electricity and for space heating (average: 18 million Btu per ton). Lignite formed from buried peat (high moisture and ash content) and due to its low heating value it is primarily used for electricity generation (average: 14 million Btu per ton). Thermal coal is used for heat generation, which is used primaily in steamdriven turbine electricity generation. Metallurgical coal (coke) is used in steelmaking. Lignite is sometimes referred to as brown coal while the other types are referred to as black coal. &RDO 'HSRVLWV 5HVHUYHV Home Basics Analysis US Economy Banking Finance Agriculture Real Estate Energy

Coal Industry, Coal Production & Coal Market Prices - Credit & Finance Risk Analysis

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Page 1: Coal Industry, Coal Production & Coal Market Prices - Credit & Finance Risk Analysis

11/22/2015 Coal Industry, Coal Production & Coal Market Prices - Credit & Finance Risk Analysis

http://www.credfinrisk.com/coal.html 1/4

CREDIT & FINANCE RISK ANALYSISCredfinrisk.com

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GUIDE TO COAL MINING, COAL PRODUCTION, COAL INDUSTRY AND COAL PRICES

Coal

Coal is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of flora (peat) that existed millions of years ago and then were buried over the years by everincreasing soil and rock strata, resulting in thousands of pounds of pressure that converted the remains to the form of mineral. While thereare several types of coal, overal it is primarily a mixture of carbon and hydrogen atoms, with very small amounts of sulphur (bound withcarbon or iron) and other elements.

There are 4 basic categories of coal:Anthracite (hard coal): is formed from bituminous coal under great pressure. This form of coal has the highest energy content of

all coals and is utilized for space heating and electricity generation (average: 25 million Btu per ton)Bituminous (soft coal) is formed from subbituminous coal under great pressure. This form of coal is primarily used for electric

power generation in the United States (average: 24 million Btu per ton).Subbituminous is formed from lignite under great pressure. This form of coal is used primarily for generating electricity and for

space heating (average: 18 million Btu per ton).Lignite formed from buried peat (high moisture and ash content) and due to its low heating value it is primarily used for electricity

generation (average: 14 million Btu per ton).

Thermal coal is used for heat generation, which is used primaily in steam­driven turbine electricity generation.

Metallurgical coal (coke) is used in steelmaking.

Lignite is sometimes referred to as brown coal while the other types are referred to as black coal.

Coal Deposits / Reserves

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Many nations have coal deposits. The United States has the largest coal reserves of any nation. However, China is actually the world's largestannual producer of coal. Other large reserve nations include Russia, China, Australia, India, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and South Africa.

Coal deposits are very plentiful in the United States and more plentiful than domestic sources of oil or natural gas.The domestic supply amounts to just over 25% of the world's known reserves of coal.Approximately 90% of the coal deposits located within the United States are of the bituminous (eastern and mid­continent deposits) and

subbituminous (western United States deposits) categories. Anthracite deposits are concentrated in northwestern Pennsylvania. The statewith largest deposits of coal is Montana, with approximately 25% of proven U.S. reserves.The U.S. produces over one billion tons of coal annually and the largest coal producing state is Wyoming, followed by the states of West

Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Texas and Montana.There are also several large geographical areas ("basins") of coal concentration:

Central Appalachia Basin ­ includes eastern Kentucky, Virginia and southern West Virginia. Coal from this region generally has alow sulfur content of 0.7% to 1.5% and a high heat value of between 12,000 and 14,000 Btus per pound. Production in this regionhas declined to approximately 17% of total U.S. annual production compared to 70% in the 1970s.Northern Appalachia Basin ­ includes Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia. Coal from this region generally

has a typical sulfur content range from 1.0% to 4.5% and a high heat value of between 12,000 and 14,000 Btus per pound.Powder River Basin ­ located in northeastern Wyoming and southeastern Montana. Coal from this region generally has a very low

sulfur content of between 0.15% to 0.55% and a low heat value of between 7,500 and 10,000 Btus per pound.Illinois Basin ­ includes Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky. Coal from this region generally has a very high sulfur content of

2.0% to 4.0% and a low heat value of between 10,000 to 12,500 Btus per pound.Unita Basin ­ located in Utah.

Coal Mining

Coal production is from surface stripping and underground mining operations. Strip mining is also sometimes referred to as mountain topmining.

Anatomy of a strip / mountain top mine:First, trees are clear cut from the mountain and also for access roads.Explosive charges are set and detonated to loosen the topsoil and rock strata underneath.Large dragline shovels are used to strip away the top soil. The top soil is hauled away in huge trucks and dumped into neighboring

valleys.

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Once the coal seam is exposed the dragline shovel is used to dig up the coal and it is then hauled away.The mining company is required to reclaim mined and valley fill environments.

Coal mining operations requires a substantial investment in equipment:Drilling and blasting equipmentLoading and hauling equipmentConveying feeding equipment, conveyer belt pre­cleaning, conveyer belt monitoring / rip detectionCrushers and pulverizersDust suppressionMeasurement monitoring equipmentElectrical equipment and suppliesMaintenance and repairLubricants and fluidsMotors and power transmissionPumps and air compressorsRoof control, rock fall control, cavity filling, waterstopping, ventilation controlPipes, valves and fittingsHoist and drag chainProcessing equipment and washersPlant automation systems and software

Coal Commodity Pricing

Coal price is effected by:Seasonal demand (more electricity is generated during the summer months)International demandThe price of substitutes such as natural gas (when the price of natural gas increases, utility operators switch over to coal)Transporation costs (U.S. railroad transport rates have been rising since 2005 but effects have been gradual on average shipping

costs because new rail shipping contracts phase in over 6­8 years)Litigation over mine operations

There are several reference prices for coal (which reflect the major coal producing regions):Powder River Basin (Southern)

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Northern AppalachiaCentral AppalachiaIllinois BasinUnita Basin

Average weekly coal commodity spot prices:   http://www.eia.gov/coal/news_markets/  

 

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