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CO2 – ECBM: Insights from USA and International CBM Pilots
Scott H. StevensAdvanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI)
CoalSeq ConferenceHouston, Texas
March 14, 2002
“Coal-Seq” R&D Objectives
• Evaluate San Juan Basin Field Demonstrations of CO2/N2 Injection into Deep Coal Seams
• Develop Understanding of CO2 Sequestration (and ECBM) Reservoir Mechanics
• Develop Screening Model to Evaluate Potential Coal Seam Sequestration (and ECBM) Projects
• Assess Potential USA Coal Seam Sequestration
• Disseminate Results to Industry
The Message
• The experience of commercial CBM pilots is quite relevant to scientific ECBM pilots
• The CBM industry is highly successful in macro. But individual pilots in new areas are usually challenging for technicians and management
• Need more wells, time, $ to get broadly applicable answers from pilots than initially thought
Outline
1. Background
2. Geologic/Reservoir Screening
3. Insights from CBM Pilot Testing
4. ECBM Potential: USA
Acknowledgments
• U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Technology Center
• International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme
Funding
Industry Data Providers
• Burlington Resources• ChevronTexaco• Metanel
1. Background:
• CO2-EOR
• CBM Industry
Permian Basin CO2 – EOR Projects#
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1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
CO
2D
eliv
erie
s (1
06 t
/y)
JAF20013.XLS
Anthropogenic CO2 Natural CO2
Bravo DomeSheep MountainMcElmo Dome
Val Verde Basin Gas Processing Plants
0
50
100
150
200
250
86 90 95 2000EO
R P
rod
uct
ion
(MB
OP
D)
GULF COASTMID-CONTINENTALASKA (22% CO2)ROCKY MOUNTAINSPERMIAN BASIN
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Cru
de
Oil
Pri
ce $
/BO
JAF20050.XLS
CO2-EORProduction
• Analog for adoption of ECBM technology
• 200 MBOPD
• 35 net MMt/yr CO2 being sequestered
Coalbed Methane Has Become a Major Component (7.2%) of U.S. Gas Production
Tax Credit Expired Tax Credit Expired
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
An
nu
al C
BM
Pro
du
ctio
n (
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) OtherWarriorSan Juan
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CB
M R
eser
ves
(Tcf
)
1998
CBM Production CBM Reserves
1999
1400
1999
OtherWarriorSan Juan
2000:3.8 Bcfd
2000:15.8 Tcf
USA CBM Basins
Western Washington24 Tcf
Wind River2 Tcf
GreaterGreen River
84 Tcf
Uinta10 Tcf1.7Piceance
84 Tcf
San JuanFruitland Coal = 50 TcfMenefee Coal = 34 Tcf
16.0Raton11 Tcf1.0
Arkoma4 Tcf
Warrior20 Tcf2.3
CentralAppalachia
5 Tcf1.6
NorthernAppalachian
61 Tcf
Illinois21 Tcf
Established CBM Basin
Emerging CBM Basin
Frontier CBM Basin
Reserve Additions (Tcf)
Forest City
Cherokee
15
Powder River30 Tcf2.0
9 Commercial Basins, >20,000 Wells, 25.4 Tcf Reserve Adds
ECBM Pilot ECBM Study
2. Geologic and
Reservoir Screening Criteria
- CBM E&P Experience
- Waterfloods & EOR Projects
Production vs. Reservoir/CompletionUnpredictability of CBM Production Requires Large Well Count, Patience
JAF99080.XLS
Gas vs Coal Thickness and Frac Size
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Sand/Coal Density (1000 lb/ft)
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du
ctiv
ity
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t co
al)Gas vs Frac Sand Density
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0
500
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1500
2000
2500
3000
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Frac Sand Density (1000 lbs/ft coal)
Gas
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du
ctio
n (
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d 3
-mo
avg)
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Depth to Top Coal (ft)
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Pro
du
ctio
n (
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Coal Thickness (ft)
Gas
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du
ctio
n (
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d 3
-mo
avg)
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Geologic and ReservoirScreening Criteria for ECBM
3. Insights from CBM Pilots
- Uinta
- Raton
- Powder River
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TX
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NV
NM
CO
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IA
WY
NE
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MN
ND
OK
FL
MO
WI
AL GA
WA
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NY
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KY
VA
OH
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WV
MD DEDC
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Memphis
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Columbus
Milwaukee
Cleveland
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Flint
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Fort W orth
ShreveportMontgomery
Minneapo lis
Sioux Falls
Springfi eld
Kans as Cit y
Spri ngfield
Albuquerque Cha ttanooga
Lit tle Rock
V ista
Tallahassee
Baton RougeNew Orleans
Grand Rapids
Cedar Rapids
Independence
Newport NewsOverland P ark
Winston-S alem
Oklahoma Cit y
eno Va ll ey
Salt Lake City
St. Pete rsburg
Cor pus ChristiFo rt Lauderdal e
Col orado Springs
Lex ing ton-Fayette
Nas hville-Davidson
Miami
Livoni a
si de
Hollywood
Kans as Cit y
Berna rdino
Sterling Heights
o CucamongaBeach
Orem
Y uma
F argo
Uti ca
Elgin
Parm a
Ogde n
Sandy
P rovo
B urke
Tyl er
Bryan
Lar g o
Du lut h
Racin eCa nton
Ta yl or
Auror a
E uclid
Jol ie t
Lor ain
Elyr ia
War ren
C anton
Munc ie
Camden
Arva da
Olat he
Pueb lo
Edmond
Norm an
Law ton
Peo ri a
D enton
Mon r oe
Odess a
Alba ny
Dothan
Kenner
Oshkos h
Sagin aw
Wy oming C li nton
Ken osha
Dubuqu e
H ammon d
Alt oon a
G reel ey
R eadingT
Boulde r
Decatur
Dundalk
Roa noke
Suff olk
Midl a nd
Kill e en
Bayto wn
Delt on a
Bran don
McAll en
Sun ri se
Kendall
B ill ings
Plymout h
Applet on
Wau kesha
Wat erl ooWauke gan
D earbor n
Evanst onLakew ood
Sc rant on
C heyenn e
Longm ont A nderson
Th ornt on
Ha mi lt on
Colu mbia
B ethesda
La w rence Colum bia
Danvill e
Santa Fe
Gas toni a
Colu mbia
Cha ndler
Lo ngvi ew
Victor ia
Lake l andPalm Ba y
Sa rasot a
Gree n Bay
R ocheste r
La Cr os se
Tona wanda
Wat erf ord
Kalam azoo
Iowa Cit yDav enport
Ma nsfi eld
Bethl ehem
Champ ai gn
Lanc ast er
Ke tt eri ng Ann andale
Owensb or o
Lynchbur g
Hend erson
Ashevi ll e
Pensaco l a
Laf ayett e
Galv est on Me lbour ne
E au Cl air eBurnsv il le
Rapid Cit y
West Al li s
Jan esvi lle
S ioux C it y
Binghamt on
Yo ungst ow n
Penn Hi ll s
Harr isbur g
St. Jos eph
Wi lm ington
Flor is sant
Hun ti ngton Cha rl eston
High P oint
Fort Sm it h
Greenv i ll e
Pine Bluf f
Wi lm ington
Tusc al oosa
Carr oll tonRichar dson
Ch arl eston
Las C r uces
San Angel o
Cape C or al Boca R at on
Carol C ity
Great F alls
Co on R api ds
Bloom ington
Ir on dequoi t
Chee ktowaga
S
Ea
Bloo mington
Spri ngfi eld
Terr e H aut e
Bloo mington
S t. Char le s
Clar ksvi ll e
Port Ar t hur
G ainesvil le
Palm Ha r bor
B row nsvi ll e
Mia mi Bea ch
E ast Lan si ng
Batt le Creek
Fort Col li ns
B roken A rr ow
Midw e st C it y
F ayet tevi lle
Bossi er Ci ty
Lake C har les
Brookl yn Par k
N iagar a F al ls
Silv er S pri ng
Sunri se ManorSpri ng Val le y
Sandy Spr ings
Wi ch ita Fall s
South Augusta
Grand P r air ie
Daytona Beach
Cora l Spr ing s
Pompano B each
Cou ncil Bl uf f s
Port S t . Lucie
Pembr oke P i nes
Roche ster Hi ll s
Coll ege St ati on
West Pal m B each
St. Cl air S h or es
West Val ley C it y
Whea t on-G le nmont
Nort h C harl est o n
Arl ingt on H ei ghts
N ort h Li tt le Rock
Tayl orsv i lle- Ben ni on
Troy
Sk oki e
Cic er o
Ponti ac
Red for d
Whe at on
West land
Oak Par k
O ak Lawn
Royal O akRo sevill eSo uthf ield
Sch aumbur g
Nape rvi lle
Clea r water
Plant atio n
Des Pl aines
We st mi nst er
Mount P r ospect
Farmin gt on Hi lls
De arbor n H eight s
Town ' n' C ou ntr y
C leveland Hei gh ts
West B l oomf ie ld Towns hi p
200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Miles
25°
25° 25°
25°
30° 30°
35° 35°
40° 40°
45° 45°
50° 50°120° 115°
110°
110°
105°
105°
100°
100°
95°
95°
90°
90°
85°
85°
80°
80° 75°
Uscoa l_p.shpAnthracite
Ligni te
Low Voli tile BituminousMedium and High Voliti le BituminousSub-Bi tuminous
Depth to ferron coa l.shp1000-20002000-30003000-40004000-50005000-60006000-70007000-80008000-9000
Y ci ties > 1,000,000
S 500,000-1,000,000
S 100 ,000-500,000
# 50,000-100,000# <50000
USA Coal Basins Colored by Rank – ECBM PotentialHIGHESTPotential SJB Type
MODERATEPotential
Warrior Type
LOW Potential
Ferron Coal Thickness
• Ferron coals extend in narrow 10-mi wide band along 80-mi long trend.
• Mostly 10-30 ft thick, comprising 5-7 seams.
• Small pods reach >60-ft thick in far south, where mining occurs.
• CBM development so far concentrated in north.
Ferron Coal Depth
• Most CBM completions range from 1,500-2,500 ft deep.
• Deep wells in N (4,000 ft) performed poorly
• Depth increases rapidly to the west, due to rapidly rising topography plus shallow dip.
Uinta Basin CBMPhillips/Texaco
Drunkards Wash Project
• The premier CBM field in the Uinta basin. Currently produces 211 MMcfd from 346 wells (610 Mcfd/w avg).
• Completed depth averages 1,800 ft.
• No relationship between depth and gas productivity
• Fault-flexuring may be enhancing production.
• Completed coal thickness averages 25 feet, fairly thin compared with other CBM basins.
• No relationship between coal thickness and gas productivity.
• Thickest areas have low gas productivity/foot coal (thin seams may be more fractured/cleated).
Sep 87: Texaco drills two CBM test wells (Telonis 20-172 and USA 34-211), production tested for 15 months but slow dewatering
Feb 91: River Gas drills corehole for gas content
Jun 91: One-well production pilot
Jul 92: Expanded to 3-well production pilot
Late 92: Expanded to 13-well pilot
Apr 93: Decision point: initial success
Jul 93: Expanded to 31 wells
Jun 94: 70 wells
Aug 94: Decision point: success assured
Oct 2000: Phillips buys River Gas
Uinta Basin – Drunkards WashPhillips/River Gas/Texaco/Dominion Resources
Development History
Uinta Basin – Drunkards Wash
CBM Testing Requires Patience and Long-Term Testing (1-2 yrs)
• A “critical mass” of 10-20 wells needed to dewater and depressure a large area.
• Initial 3 wells (blue triangles, top map) produce poorly but improve over time (red triangles, bottom).
• High variability in well productivity can’t be explained by geology.
Poor Fair Good Excellent
Pre-Drilling Data Control
• Stratigraphic Control X
• Gas Content Control X
• Permeability Data X
Pre-Drilling Infrastructure
• Services X
• Gas Pipeline X
Uinta Basin – Drunkards Wash
Cumulative Costs
Cu
mu
lati
ve C
ost
s ($
1,00
0)
Jan-
91
Nov
-91
Sep
-92
Jun-
93
Apr
-94
Time and $ Required to Demonstrate CBM Reserves
• Excellent ECBM potential given coal continuity and stratigraphicconcentration, moderately high permeability, moderately high high gas content, high gas saturation.
• ECBM Potential:
- 5 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)
- 50% enhancement factor
- 2.5 Tcf ECBM potential
• Sequestration Potential:
- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio
- 7.5 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential
- 400 million t CO2
Uinta Basin (Ferron Only)
Structure (ft above sea level)2000 - 25002500 - 30003000 - 35003500 - 40004000 - 45004500 - 5000
5000 - 55005500 - 60006000 - 65006500 - 70007000 - 75007500 - 8000
# Data point
River
AnticlineSyncline
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Las Animas
Colfax
Huerfano
10 0 10 20 Miles
N
EW
S
36°40' 36°40'
37°00' 37°00'
37°20' 37°20'
37°40' 37°40'
105°00'
105°00'
104°40'
104°40'
104°20'
104°20'
Scale1:750,000
CONM
• ARI’s Topical Report for GRI in 1991 provided the first rigorous geologic assessment.
• Simple, asymmetric syncline with gentler east flank.
• Thrusted western margin with splays/folds into basin.
• Subtle flexures thought to enhance fracturing and perm.
Raton Basin Structural Geology
Raton Basin Cross Section
Source: Stevens et al., 1991
Vertical exaggeration = 10.4 x
Best CBM production on gentle E flank, across the syncline from H20 recharge in W.
Ce n
oz o
icM
eso
zoic
Eocene
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Huerfano FM
Cuchara FM
Raton FM
Vermejo FM
Trinidad SS
Pierre SH
Smokey Hill MarlFt Hayes LMS
Nio
brar
aBe
nton Carlile SH
Greenhorn LMSGraneros SH
Dakota SSPurgatoire FM
Raton Basin
Stratigraphy - Targets
• Vermejo Fm coals are thicker, vertically more concentrated, and the principal target.
• Raton Fm coals are thinner and less continuous. Some wells completed in Raton but less productive.
Coal rank (v.r.)1.51.41.31.21.1
1.00.90.80.70.6
# Data pointRiver
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Las Animas
Colfax
Huerfano
36°40' 36°40'
37°00' 37°00'
37°20' 37°20'
37°40' 37°40'
105°00'
105°00'
104°40'
104°40'
104°20'
104°20'
Scale1:750,000
10 0 10 20 Miles
N
EW
S
CONM
• Rank generally concordant with depth, increasing towards basin center.
• Anomalously high rank in center along Purgatoire R. (Ro=1.5%)
• Evergreen area highest rank (Ro=1.3%, followed by Barrett.
• El Paso area is lowest rank (Ro=0.8%). Might be hurting gas content and EUR.
Raton BasinCoal Rank
Current CBM Activity (2001)
Operator Wells CBM Production(MMcfd)
Evergreen 491 75El Paso/Devon 178 17Barrett 13 4Shenandoah 50 2JM Huber 15 0.1
Total 747 98
Raton Basin Evergreen Resources
Spanish Peak Unit
• Quite shallow depths (800 to 1,600 ft)
• But lower reservoir P means less reserves/well (1.4 vs 2.5 for Uinta)
• No depth control on gas productivity
• East flank of basin (previous attempts mostly W)
• Vermejo Fm only is usually completed.
• Overlying Raton Fm usually not completed
• Quite thin completed coal, only 10-20 ft
• Gas productivity more linked to thickness than Uinta
• Requires 2 to 3 fracs per well
• Good ECBM potential, although perhaps less than Uinta Basin. Coals are thinner, less continuous but higher rank. Developments to date are shallower, with lower per-well gas recovery but similar costs.
• ECBM Potential:
- 3 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)
- 50% enhancement factor
- 1.5 Tcf ECBM potential
• Sequestration Potential:
- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio
- 4.5 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential
- 240 million t CO2
Raton Basin
Powder River Basin
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Johnson
Sheridan
Campbell
10 0 10 20 Miles
N
EW
S
WyomingMontana
Western Extent of Powder River Basin
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherHuber JM Corporation
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherPenna co Ene rgy Inc .
: Loc ation/Other
' Producing Gas
Phillips Petrole um Co./Yates Petroleum Co.
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherBarrett R esourc es Co.
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherDevon Energy Produc tion C o.
Redstone R esourc es Inc .
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherCMS Oil & Gas Com pany
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherLanc e Oil & Gas Company
' Producing Gas
: Loc ation/OtherOther Wells
Loc ation/Other:Producing Gas'
KEY
PipelinesExistingFutureNew
43°30'43°30'
44°00'44°00'
44°30'44°30'
45°00'45°00'
107°00'
107°00'
106°30'
106°30'
106°00'
106°00'
105°30'
105°30'
• Most active gas play in USA, >400 MMcfd from 3,000 wells.• Thick, low-rank coals, low gas content. CO2 sorption untested.• Exceptionally high permeability could counter CO2 swelling• Major coal mining operations along basin margins• Good potential for ECBM: could CO2 solve H20 production issues?
• Good ECBM potential? Coals are shallower with lower gas content, but exceptionally thick and continuous. High perm should counter coal swelling effects.
• ECBM Potential:
- 10 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)
- 50% enhancement factor
- 5 Tcf ECBM potential
• Sequestration Potential:
- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio
- 15 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential
- 800 million t CO2
Powder River Basin
Tech Rec ECBM ECBMCBM Factor Potential
Basin (Tcf) (Tcf CH4) (Gt CO2)1 San Juan 34.9 50% 17.4 2.82 Uinta 9.0 50% 4.5 0.73 Raton 7.3 50% 3.6 0.64 Powder River 20.0 50% 10.0 1.65 Warrior 5.8 50% 2.9 0.56 N. & C. Appalachian 12.5 50% 6.2 1.07 Mid-Continent 3.8 50% 1.9 0.38 GGRB 11.0 25% 2.8 0.49 Illinois 5.0 25% 1.3 0.2
10 W. Washington State 1.0 25% 0.3 0.011 Piceance 8.5 25% 2.1 0.312 Texas Lignite 5.0 25% 1.3 0.213 Black Mesa 3.0 25% 0.8 0.1
Total 126.6 54.9 8.8
USA Potential• 127 Tcf of economically recoverable CBM resources, out of >700 Tcf GIP• Assume 50% enhancement over pressure depletion recovery• 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio• ECBM could sequester 165 Tcf or 8.8 Gt of CO2
• Equiv to 13 years of current USA emissions from power generation• CO2 sequestration potential (no ECBM) estim. 656 Tcf or 35 Gt (EIA study)
Conclusions
• Pilot tests need to be large enough and long enough duration to address “randomness” of CBM reservoir and performance (9 to 30 wells; 12-48 months)
• USA: Uinta, Raton, and Powder River Basins look favorable but await pilots. Appalachia, Illinois, other basins closer to anthro CO2 sources but may be more challenging (low-mod perm, gas saturation issues)
• USA ECBM has potential could be 55 Tcf, with 9 Gt of CO2 sequestration potential. >35 Gt capacity available if CO2 injected for disposal rather than ECBM.