CMS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & COMMERCE 2012...Pure culture technique-streak plate, pour plate and spread plate 4. Measurement of Microbial size – Micrometry 5. Motility determination

CMS CSC Department of Microbiology (PG MB-2012 Batch)

CMS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & COMMERCE

(AUTONOMOUS)

An ISO 9001:2000 certified institution and accredited at the A level by NAAC

Chinnavedampatti, Coimbatore - 641 006

Phone No: 0422-2666465

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.cmscbe.com

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

SYLLABUS

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

(2012)


DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY

M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

(2012)

REGULATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Activities of microorganisms are very important to almost every sector of concern to

mankind. From a perusal of the foregoing topics, one can find applications (uses) of

microorganisms to agriculture, forestry, food, industry, medicine, and environment. The scope

and significance of microbiology has enlarged manifold, particularly when importance of

environment was realized globally and the word environment was used in a much wider sense

in terms of totality to include almost everything in every bit of nature.

OBJECTIVES

To understand about the vital role played by Microorganisms in the field of

� Pharmaceutical

� Biomedical engineering

� Agriculture

� Environment

� Dairy and food

� Disease Diagnosis

ELIGIBILITY

A pass in Under Graduate Examination with any Bioscience Degree or any other

examination accepted as equivalent there by the syndicate B. Sc in Biology / Botany /

Zoology/ Physics / Chemistry/ Nursing / Biochemistry / Microbiology /or other examinations

accepted as equivalent there to by the Syndicate, subject to such other conditions as may be

prescribed therefore.

DURATION OF THE COURSE

The course shall extend over a period of two years comprising of four semesters, with

two semesters per year. There shall not be less than ninety instructional days during each

semester. Examination shall be conducted at the end of each semester for the respective

subject.


M.Sc. MICROBIOLOGY

(For the candidates admitted during 2012 onwards)

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION

BOS Date: ___________

Semester Examination

Sem Study

Components Title of the Paper

Instru

ctio

n

hrs

/wee

k

Dura

tion

(Hours

)

CIA

ESE

Tota

l

mark

s

Tota

l

cred

its

Paper-I Fundamentals of Microbiology 6 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-II Microbial Metabolism 6 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-III Bacterial Genetics 6 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-IV Practical-I (Microbial Metabolism and

Bacterial Genetics)

6 9 40 60 100 4

I

SOS-I* Environmental and Marine Microbiology 6 3 20 55 75 3

Total – 475 19

Paper-V Biochemical methods & Bioinstrumentation 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-VI Industrial Microbiology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-VII Biology of Microbial Genes 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-VIII Food and Dairy Microbiology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-IX Practical-II (Bioinstrumentation and

Industrial Microbiology)

5 9 40 60 100 4

II

SOS-II* Microbial Cell Biology 5 3 20 55 55 3

Total – 575 23

Paper-X Clinical Microbiology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XI Immunology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XII Virology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XIII Biostatistics and Research Methodology

and Computer application

5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XIV Practical-III

(Medical Microbiology and Immunology)

5 9 40 60 100 4

III

SOS –III* Pharmaceutical Microbiology 5 3 20 55 75 3

Total – 575 23

Paper-XV Soil and Agricultural Microbiology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XVI Bioinformatics & Nanotechnology 5 3 25 75 100 4

Paper-XVII Practical-IV (Nanotechnology &

Agricultural Microbiology)

5 9 40 60 100 4

SOS-IV* SOS Practicals 5 9 20 55 75 3

Project Project and viva voce 250# 10

IV

Total – 625 25

* Skilled Oriented Subject

#Project Report – 200 Marks, Viva voce – 50 Marks Total marks: 2250 Total credits: 90


Paper-I FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT-I

Introduction -Definition, scope & history of Microbiology - spontaneous generation –

Biogenesis Discovery of Microbial World -Contributions of Leeuwenhoek, John Needham,

Lazaro Spallanzani, Theodar Schwann, John Tyndall, experiments of Pasteur, Winogradsky,

Beijerink Development of pure culture techniques- Recent development of Microbiology in

20th

century.

UNIT-II

Staining techniques - simple, differential, spores and capsules-Microscopy: Principle and

application of different microscopes - bright field,dark field,flourescent,phase contrast,confocal

and scanning tunneling,electronmicroscopy-SEM,TEM.

UNIT-III

Methods of sterilization: Physical and chemical agents, radiation & filtration, indicator

microorganisms for sterilization methods. Cultivation of aerobes and anaerobes-

Microbiological media-enriched medium, enrichment medium, transport medium, selective

medium & pure culture techniques. Methods of preservation and maintenance of cultures.

Methods of Identification and characterization of bacteria (Morphological, nutritional,

metabolic, cultural, antigenic and genetic characteristics)

UNIT-IV

Microbial systematics - microbial phylogeny-molecular chronometres-Evolutionary distance-

Taxonomy and classification: classical approach-numerical taxonomy-16s rRNA molecular

based classification phylogeny of microbial diversity-phylogenetic groups of prokaryotes and

eukaryotes. Bergeys manual and its importance

UNIT-V

An Introduction to Fungi– general structure and characteristics – classification of Fungi:

Ascomycetes (Saccharomyces) Basidiomycetes (Agaricus) Zygomycetes (Rhizopus) Oomyctes

(Allomyces and Deuteromycetes (Aspergillus) Classification of Algae: Chlorophyta

(Chlamydomonas) Euglenophyta (Euglena) Rhodophyta (Polysiphonia) Phaeophya

(Laminaria) and Chrysophyta (Nitzschia).


REFERENCE BOOKS

1. Prescott, L.M.; J.P. Harley and D.A.Klein. 1993. Microbiology. 2nd

edition. Wm.c.

Brown publishers

2. Brock, TD. Smith D.W. and Madigan M.T. 1984. Biology of Micro organisms.

4th

edition.Englewood, cliffs. N.J. Prentice Hall.

3. Salle, A.J. Fundamental principles of Bacteriology. 7th

edition. Tata McGraw Hill

Publishing Company Ltd.

4. Krieg N.R. and J.G. Holt. 1986. Ed. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

5. Stainer RY, Ingharam JL, Wheelis, ML, Painter PR 1986. General Microbiology,

Macmillan Education Ltd., London.

6. Michael J. Pelczar JR.1993 Microbiology: Concepts and Applications McGraw-Hill. Inc.

7. Ronald M.Atlas. 1989 Microbiology. Fundamentals and Applications. II edition.

Maxwell Macmillan International Editions


Paper-II MICROBIAL METABOLISM Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT-I

Microbial cell: Ultra structure of prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. Sub cellular structures and

cell envelope – slime, capsule, cell wall, pili, flagella, cell inclusions, sporogenesis, cell

membrane – liposomes – membrane transport – diffusion, active and passive transport group

translocation, ion uptake

UNIT-II

Nutrition and growth of microorganisms: Nutritional types of microorganisms, nutritional

requirements. Factors influencing the growth of microorganisms – temperature, pH, Pressure

(Osmotic, Hydrostatic), moisture and radiations .Physiology of growth –growth curve. Growth

measurements – batch, continuous and synchronous.

UNIT-III

Respiratory metabolism: EMP pathway-HMP Pathway-Entner Doudroff pathway - glyoxalate

pathway-Krebs cycle-oxidative and substrate level phosphorylation Electron transport system

and ATP production. Bioluminescence - Pasteur Effect; Fermentations of carbohydrates. Lipid

catabolism-β oxidation. Anaerobic respiration: sulfur compounds, nitrate and CO2 as electron

acceptors

UNIT-IV

Biosynthesis of aspartate, pyruvate, histidine and serine amino acid families - purine and

pyrimidine nucleotides, salvage pathway-denovo pathway. Biosynthesis of fatty acids.

Biosynthesis of gram positive and gram negative cell wall.

UNIT-V

Photoautotrophs-Brief account of photosynthetic and accessory pigments-oxygenic-anoxygenic

photosynthesis .autotrophic generation of ATP; fixation of CO2 - C3 pathway. Chemolithotrophic

metabolism: Iron, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and sulfur oxidations.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Albert G.Moat & John W.Foster. 1988.Microbial Physiology 4th

ed. John Wiley and sons.

2. Caldwell, D.R. Microbial physiology and Metabolism 1995. Brown publishers

3. Rose.AH 1986 Chemical Microbiology: An introduction to Microbial physiology.Wiley


and sons

4. Gottschalk ,G .1986Bacterial Metabolism,2ndedition ,NY:Springer –Verlag

5. Doelle.H.W.2005 Bacterial Metabolism.2nd

Edition.Elsevier publications


Paper-III BACTERIAL GENETICS Marks: 75 + 25

Unit – 1 DNA Structure and Mutagenesis

Discovery of DNA and experimental evidence, Structure of Circular DNA molecule,

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Quaternary structure of DNA, Watson and Crick

model.DNA replication -mechanism, enzymes involved in DNA replication and models of

DNA replication.

Unit – 2 Prokaryotic Transcription and Translation

Mechanism of Transcription: general principles - basic apparatus - types of RNA

polymerases, Processing steps. initiation, elongation and termination, Polycistronic and

monocistronic RNAs. Basic features of the genetic code. Protein synthesis: initiation,

elongation and termination, role of various factors in the above steps, Post – transcriptional

modifications in RNA : (capping, polyadenylation and splicing)

Unit – 3 Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes

Operon concept, co-ordinated control of structural genes, stringent response, catabolite

repression, instability of bacterial RNA, positive regulation in E.coli [Arabinose operon] and

negative regulation in E.coli [lac operon],regulation by attenuation by trp operon.

Unit - 4 Genetic recombination

Transformation Discovery, Mechanism and Genetic mapping of Transformation

Conjugation: Discovery, F+, F- and Hfr cells, types of Hfr; F+ and F- and Hfr and F- genetic

crosses. Mechanism of conjugation. Sexduction, Genetic mapping Transduction: Discovery,

Mechanism and Genetic mapping of Transduction

Unit – 5 DNA mutations and Transposons – Molecular basis of spontaneous and induced

mutations [physical and chemical mutagenic agents], types of mutation: point, frameshift,

lethal, conditional lethal, inversion and deletion, null mutation, reversion of mutations, intra

and intergenic suppression mutations. DNA repair mechanisms - excision, mismatch, SOS,

photoreactivation, recombination repair and glycocylase systemTransposable elements in

bacteria, IS elements, Composite transposons, Tn3 elements, medical significance of

bacterial transposons


REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Elson John Gardner, Michael J Simmons & D Peter Snustad 2005. Principles of

Genetics. 8th edition, John wiley & sons(Asia)pte ltd..,

2. Benjamin Lewin2004. Genes VIII. Pearson prentice Hall, USA.

3. Brown TA 2003. Essential of Molecular Biology. Freeman publishing House.

4. Peter J Russel .2002. Genetics. Benjamin cummings.

5. Stanley R Maloy, John ECronan&Jr.David Freifelder.1994. Microbial Genetics. 2nd

Edition. Jones and Barlett publishers London.

6. Robert H Tamarin.2004. Principles of Genetics, 7th Edition. Tata McGraw publishing

house, NewDelhi.

7. David freifielder. 2002 Microbial Genetics, Narosa publishing house, NewDelhi.

8. Watson JD, Hopkins NH, Roberts JW, Steitz JA, Weiner AM. 1987. Molecular

Biology of the Gene.Benjamin/Cummings publishing company.


Paper-IV PRACTICAL –I Marks: 60 + 40

(MICROBIAL METABOLISM AND BACTERIAL GENETICS)

Fundamentals of Microbiology

1. Sterilisation- principles and applications

2. Media preparation –Liquid and solid media, agar deep, slant and plate

3. Pure culture technique-streak plate, pour plate and spread plate

4. Measurement of Microbial size – Micrometry

5. Motility determination – SIM and hanging drop method

6. Enumeration of Microorganisms –bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi from soil

7. Staining techniques-simple, differential, spore, negative and acid fast staining

8. Lactophenol cotton blue mounting for identification of fungal morphology

Microbial Metabolism

9. Measurement of microbial growth and determination of generation time – Direct

microscopy and Turbidometric method for bacteria

10. Anaerobic culture technique – Wright tube method and Mc Intosh anaerobic jar

method

11. Biochemical characteristics of microorganisms-

• Indole production test

• Methyl red test

• Voges proskauer test

• Citrate utilisation test

• Hydrogen sulfide production test

• Oxidase test

• Catalase test

• Urease test

• Nitrate reduction test

• Carbohydrate fermentation test (Glu, Suc, Lac and Mannitol) and TSI test


Bacterial Genetics

12. Bacterial transformation

13. Bacterial conjugation

14. Induction of lac operon

15. Spontaneous mutation: Isolation of spontaneous mutants-gradient plate technique

16. Induced Mutagenesis- physical and chemical

References

1. Aneja, K.R., Experiments in microbiology plant pathology and biotechnology, 4th

edn,

New age international publ., 2003.

2. Kannan, N. Microbiology manual, Palani Paramount Publ, 2000.

3. Sudarajan, M. Microbiology-Laboratory manual, 2001.

4. GENEI kit protocols


SOS-I ENVIRONMENTAL AND MARINE MICROBIOLOGY Marks: 55 + 20

UNIT-I

Environmental pollution: Air pollution: Types, source, method of sampling,

measurement, impact on ecosystem and control. Control of air pollution by

biotechnological methods. Water pollution: Impurities in water, water pollution by

industrial waste, examination of water, collection of water samples, Standards of water

quality.

UNIT-II

Waste water treatment: Primary treatment, screening, skimming with coagulants,

flocculation, filtration, aeration and disinfection; Secondary treatment: Aerobic processes

– activated sludge, oxidation ditches, trickling filter, towers, rotating discs, rotating

drums, oxidation ponds. Anaerobic digestion, anaerobic filters, Up flow anaerobic sludge

blanket reactors; Tertiary treatment: Activated carbon treatment, reverse osmosis and

electro dialysis.

UNIT-III

Biodegradation of hydrocarbons - Pathways of hydrocarbon degradation – Genetics of

hydrocarbon degradation – Mechanisms of genetic adaptation Genetic recombination and

transposition for hydrocarbon degradation. Bioremediation of contaminated soil- Bio

remediation systems-Microbial system, Bioremediation organisms,

UNIT-IV

Clean technologies through biotechnological processes of industrial effluents –: paper

and pulp, tannery, dairy, distillery, and pharmaceutical

UNIT V

Marine pollution- sources of marine pollution – pathways of oil spill in marine

Environment. Effects and control of marine pollution .Microbiology of Hydrothermal

vents - Hyperthermophilic, halophilic and barophilic microorganisms and their

significance. GFP and its applications.


REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. De. A.K .Environmental chemistry. 5th

Edn, New age International Publishers.

2. Meenakshi, P., Elements of Environmental Science and engineering ; Prentice Hall.

3. Fingerman, M., Nagabushanam, R.,Thompson, M. Recent Advances in Marine

Biotechnology. Vol(2) (1998).

4. Jogdand.P., Environmental Biotechnology , New Age Publishers.

5. Atlas and Bartha, Microbial Ecology.


Paper-V BIOCHEMICAL METHODS AND BIOINSTRUMENTATION Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT-I

Spectroscopy: Electromagnetic radiation - Beer's and Lambert's law Colorimetry

Spectrophotometry- UV&Visible –– Principles –instrumentation and its application. NMR -

Principles instrumentation and application.

UNIT -II

Separation Techniques : Paper chromatography, TLC, Column chromatography, Ion exchange

chromatography, Affinity and Immunoaffinity chromatography, Gel filtration chromatography,

Gas chromatography, HPLC principles and its application.

UNIT -III

Centrifugation: Principles - instrumentation- Units of centrifugation- Types of centrifuges–

Analytical and preparative methods and its applications.

UNIT -IV

Electrophoresis: Principles – types – paper electrophoresis - Iso electric focusing -Agarose-

SDS-PAGE, 2-dimensional electrophoresis, Immunoelectrophoresis, Gradient Gel

electrophoresis, applications in life sciences.

UNIT -V

Radioactivity : Fundamentals of radioactive decay-mass isotopes and radio isotopes- Co60

and I

132.. Uses of radioisotopes in life sciences -radioactivity measurement techniques –Geiger

Muller counter- Scintillation counter- Autoradiography – applications. Biosafety

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Jayaraman T 1981. Laboratory manual in Biochemistry, New Age Int. Publishers, New

Delhi.

2. Plummer DT 1977. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry, Tata McGraw Hill,

Bombay.

3. Wilson K, Walker J. 1995 .Practical Biochemistry Principles and Techniques,

CambridgeUniversity Press


Paper- VI INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT-I

General concepts of Industrial microbiology: Upstream processing -Isolation of industrially

important microorganisms - Screening of microorganisms for industrial products - Strain

development strategies – natural variants, mutation, & recombination - Preservation of

microorganisms for industrial products.

UNIT-II

Fermentors and its functions: Basic component parts - asepsis and containment requirements -

temperature control - aeration and agitation systems - mass transfer of oxygen – concepts of

newtonian and non newtonian fluids - sterilization of fermenter, air supply, and medium;

aseptic inoculation methods - sampling methods Types of fermentor - Cylindroconical, airlift,

deepjet, fluidised bed tower and cyclone.

UNIT-III

Fermentation systems: Media formulation - antifioam agents – development of inocula for

bacterial and mycelial fermentation. Types of fermentation – submerged and SSF.

Fermentation systems - Batch, fed batch and continuous. Scale up of fermentation processes

UNIT-IV Downstream processing: Recovery and purification of fermentation products - precipitation

methods - filtration devices and filter aids - centrifugation - cell disruption methods - liquid-

liquid extraction - solvent recovery - chromatography - two-phase aqueous extraction - super-

critical fluid extraction – ultrafiltration - crystallisation and whole broth processing.

UNIT-V

Production of microbial products: Organic acids – citric acid, lactic acid and acetic acid.

Amino acids – glutamic acid and lysine. Alcohols & beverages – ethanol, butanol, beer

and wine.

Enzymes – proteases, amylases. Antibiotics – penicillin and streptomycin.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Patel AH 2005. Industrial Microbiology Macmillan India ltd., New Delhi.

2. LE Casida, JR 2005. Industrial Microbiology, published by New Age International

NewDelhi.

3. Samuel C Presscott and Ceril G Dunn 2005.. Industrial Microbiology.


Agrobios (India), Agro house, Jodhpur.

4. Peppler HJ and D Pearlman 2004 . Microbial Technology- Fermentation Technology.

2nd edition, published by Academic press(An imprint of Elsvier). Volume1 and 2.

5. Stanbury PF, A Whitaker and SJ Hall 1997 . Principles of Fermentation technology.

2nd edition, pergamon press.


Paper-VII BIOLOGY OF MICROBIAL GENES Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT-I

Gene analysis techniques: Isolation of DNA and RNA. Handling and Quantification–

radiolabelling of nucleic acids – radioactive and non radioactive. Discovery of restriction

enzymes - Restriction endonucleases and classification

UNIT-II

Plasmid biology: Plasmid as cloning vectors –features .Plasmid types in E.coliColE1.pSC101,

pBR322 Bacteriophage vectors-λ ,M13, cosmids, phagemids, Phasmids - Shuttle vectors. Yeast

Vectors-Yeast integrative vectors, BAC and YAC. Animal vectors-SV40 – plant vectors Ti

Plasmid Prokaryotic hosts-E.coli and Bacillus. Eukaryotic hosts: yeast and animal cell lines

UNIT-III

Gene cloning: Basic steps in cloning- Construction of Genomic and cDNA Libraries- Strategies

for construction of genomic libraries, chromosome walking and jumping - Selection and

Analysis of recombinant Clones- Genetic selection – alpha complementation, insertional

inactivation - Screening of libraries using labeled probes.

UNIT-IV

Restriction mapping of cloned fragments: Restriction mapping of construction- Double digest

RFLP- PCR. Site directed mutagenesis-screening of recombinants for SDM by SSCP and

heteroduplex analysis

UNIT-V

Techniques employed in molecular cloning: Blotting and Hybridization techniques - Southern,

Northern, Western, North- Western and Zoo blots and Colony hybridization. DNA sequencing

– Maxam and Gilbert method and Sanger’s method - PCR technology and its applications.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. R.S.Old and S.B.Primrose, 1989. Principles of Gene Manipulation, 4thEd., Blackwell

Scientific Publications, London

2. Brown TA 2003. Gene cloning Freeman publishing House.

3. Winnackar, E.C. 1987. From Genes to clones ,Introduction to Gene technology, VCH.

4. Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T. (1989). Molecular cloning. Cold Spring Harbor


Paper-VIII FOOD AND DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY Marks: 75 + 25

UNIT I

Food Microbiology: Importance of studying food and dairy microbiology - microbial

contamination in food -Food as a substrate for micro organisms -primary sources of

microorganisms in foods. Factors influencing microbial growth in foods - extrinsic and intrinsic

factors.Micro organisms important in food microbiology; Molds, yeasts and bacteria - General

Characteristics - Classification and importance.

UNIT II

Contamination and spoilage - Cereals, sugar products, vegetables and fruits, meat and

meat products, Fish and sea food - Poultry, Spoilage of canned foods. Principles of food

preservation - Asepsis - Removal of micro organisms, anaerobic conditions - High temperature

- Low temperature - Drying - Food additives.

UNIT III

Food borne infections and intoxications - bacterial, non -bacterial - Food borne disease

outbreaks – indicators of food quality – microbial quality safety-determining microorganism in

food – microscopy and sampling methods, chemical and immunological methods.

UNIT IV

Dairy Microbiology: Micro flora of milk -sources of contamination -methods of

minimizing contamination -pasteurization. Milk borne infection and intoxication. Fermented

dairy products microbes involved in fermentation -starter lactic acid cultures -butter milk,

cream, yoghurt, kefir, koumiss, acidophilus milk and cheese production and its types.

UNITV

Food fermentations: Food produced by microbes- bread, vinegar and oriented fermented

foods, Microbial cells as food-single cell proteins; mushroom cultivation.Probiotic foods-

therapeutic and nutritional value.

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Adams MR and MO Moss 2005.Food Microbiology.1st Edition. Reprinted, Published

by New Age Interlation (P)Limited. Publishers,New Delhi

2. James M.Jay 2000. Modern Food Microbiology. 4th Edition, CBS Publishers&

Distributors, New Delhi


3. Banwart GJ 2004 Basic Food Microbiology 2nd

Edition, CBS Publishers &

Distributors, New Delhi

4. Frazier WC, Westhoff DC 1988. Food Microbiology, TATA Mc Graw Hill.

5. Robinson R.K 1990 .Dairy Microbiology .Elsivier Applied Science .London


Paper-IX PRACTICALS – II Marks: 60 + 40

(BIOINSTRUMENTATION AND INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY)

Biochemical methods & Bioinstrumentation

1. Chromatographic techniques: Paper (ascending and descending), TLC

2. Colorimetric technique: Estimation of sugar by anthrone method

3. Spectrophotometric technique: Estimation of protein –Lowry method

4. UV-VIS spectroscopy: Quantification of nucleic acids.

5. Electrophoretic technique: SDS-PAGE & Agarose gel electrophoresis

Industry and Food Microbiology

6. Wine production

7. Production of extracellulase enzyme by submerged fermentation – Protease and amylase.

8. Citric acid production and its estimation

9. Determination of milk quality –MBRT

10. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms from fermented food

11. Water quality test-MPN and membrane filtration

Biology of microbial genes

12. Isolation of nucleic acid from bacteria

13. Isolation of bacterial plasmids

14. Restriction digestion and ligation of DNA

15. Southern blotting for DNA

16. PCR

References


edn,




4. GENEI kit protocols


SOS-II MICROBIAL CELL BIOLOGY Marks: 55 + 20

UNIT I

Types of cells - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure and intracellular organelles– structure

and function -nucleus, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Peroxysomes and Microbodies.

UNIT II

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure and intracellular organelles – structure and function -

Endoplasmic reticulum, plastids, golgi apparatus, lysosomes and vacuoles.

UNIT-III

Cytoskeleton: Microtubules –structure, associated proteins and function - Cilia and flagella –

structure and function, Microfilaments - structure and function.

UNIT IV

RNA transcription and processing, interaction of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA on protein

synthesis. Mitochondrial electron transport system, oxidative reactions in microbodies,

pathways of photosynthesis – light & dark reactions.

UNIT V

Structure and functions of plasma membrane. Transport mechanisms – Diffusion - Facilitated

diffusion – Active transport – Group translocation – Phagocytosis – Pinocytosis.

REFERENCES:

1. Cell and Molecular Biology.Concepts and Experiments .Gerald Karp.John Wiley sons.

2. Cell Biology –Organelle structure and Function .David. E. Sadava Panima Indian edition

3. Molecular Cell Biology, Darnell Lodish Baltimore scientific Books. Inc 1994.


Paper- X CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY Marks: 75 +

25

UNIT-I

Bacteriology–I: Morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity,laboratory diagnosis

and treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus

anthracis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, , Clostridium tetani, Mycobacterium

tuberculosis and M. leprae.

UNIT –II

Bacteriology–II: Morphology, cultural characteristics, pathogenicity,laboratory diagnosis

and treatment of Enterobacteriaceae (E.coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentriae,

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris) Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and

Neisseria gonnorhoea .

UNIT –III

Medical Mycology: Pathogenicity, laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Superficial

mycoses (Tinea, Piedra), Cutaneous mycoses – Dermatophytoses, Candidosis, Sub

cutaneous mycoses–(Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma), Systemic mycosis (Cryptococcosis,

Histoplasmosis),

UNIT –IV

Introduction to Medical protozoology: Morphology and Identification of parasites.

Pathogenicity,laboratory diagnosis and treatment of Protozoan infection: Entamoeba

histolytica, Plasmodium falciparum, Trypanosoma gambiense, Giardia lamblia ,

Trichomonas vaginalis , Toxoplasma gondii

UNIT –V

Diagnostic Microbiology: Method of collection, transport of specimens, isolation of

bacteria from clinical specimens - Urine, Throat swabs, Sputum, Pus & faeces samples.

Antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents-mechanism of actions-drug resistance –

antibiotic susceptibility testing-disc diffusion-Kirby-Bauer technique

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. Ananthanarayanan R and CK Jayaram panickeer .2005. Textbook of Microbiology,


7th edition, orient longman pvt ltd.

2. Jawetz E and JL Melnic 2001, Medical Microbiology, Tata McGraw publishing

house, Newdelhi.

3. Patric R Murray 1990, Medical Microbiology, Mosby Publications.

4. Topley and Wilson 1995, Principles of Bacteriology, Virology and Immunology.

Edward Arnold, London.

5. Baron EJ, Peterson LR and Finegold SM 1994 , Bailey N Scotts, Diagnostic

Microbiology, 9th edition Mosby publications.

6. Subash Chandra Parija, Textbook of Medical parasitology-Protozoology and

Helminthology, 2nd edition, published by All India Publishers & Distributors.

7. CK Jayaram Panicker.2004, Textbook of Medical parasitology, JP brothers, Medical

publishers, New Delhi.

8. Jagadish Chander.1996. A Text book of Medical Mycology, Interprint, Newdelhi.

.


Paper-XI IMMUNOLOGY Marks: 75

+ 25

UNIT-I

Immunology – History. Introduction to immunity- Types of Immunity, Innate and Acquired

Immunity. Physiology of immune response –humoral and cell mediated. Cells of the Immune

System – B & T Lymphocytes; T-cell sub-sets; macrophages, granulocyte and NK cells The

Antigen Presenting Cells. Organs of the Immune Systems - primary lymphoid organs - bone

marrow, thymus - Secondary lymphoid tissues - spleen, lymph nodes, gut associated lymphoid

tissue .

UNIT – II

Antigens - Immunogenecity versus Antigenicity, Factors influencing immunogenecity,

Epitopes - Haptens. Immunopotentiation - specific and non specific potentiations

(adjuvants)-Cytokines, Lymphokines and Chemokines / Cell surface proteins of Major

Histocompatibility Complex (MHC): types, - class I, II and III distribution and function,.

T cell receptor complex (TCR) Immunoglobulin: Structure and Function -

Immunoglobulin classes - IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE.

UNIT – III

Antigen-Antibody reactions: Blood grouping, Widal, VDRL, ASO, CRP, Complement fixation

tests, Neutralisation tests: Immunodiffusion: Single and double, Radial immunodiffusion,

immunoelectrophoresis; ELISA, RIA, Immunoblotting.

UNIT-IV

Complement pathways – components – Classical and alternate pathways- Preparation Antigen

and Antibody- Synthetic antigens- Recombinant antigens. Production, Purification and

characterisation of antibodies; Monoclonal antibody (Mcab) and polyclonal antibodies –

Significance


UNIT-V

Hypersensitive Reactions- Type I, II, III and IV. Autoimmunity-Organ specific autoimmune

diseases, Systemic autoimmune diseases, Transplantation Immunology- Immunological basis

of Graft rejection –Clinical manifestation of Graft rejection - HLA Typing - prevention of Graft

rejection.

TEXT BOOK:

1. Kuby J. Immunology II ed. (1994) W.H. Freeman & Co. N.Y.

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1.Ivan Roitt 2003. Essentials of Immunology, Blackwell Scientific publishers, London.

2.Tizard R 1983Immunology-An Introduction, Saunders College Publishing,

Philadelphia.

3. James T.Barett. 1974, Textbook of Immunology, An Introduction to Immunochemistry

and Immunobiology, 2nd edition, C.V Mosby Company Saint Louis.

4.Ananthanarayanan R and CK Jayaram panickeer .2005. Textbook of Microbiology, 7th

edition, Orient longman pvt ltd.


Paper-XII VIROLOGY Marks: 75 +

25

UNIT-I

Introduction to Virology: History - General properties of viruses-techniques in

virology-cultivation –enumeration –Isolation and Purification .General introduction to

Mycophages Phycophages and Insect viruses.

UNIT – II

Animal viruses - classification –Structure and replication, Epidemiology , pathogenesis

, prophylaxis of DNA viruses- Pox, Herpes, Adeno virus and Hepatitis virus.

UNIT – III

Animal viruses - classification –Structure and replication, Epidemiology ,pathogensis,

prophylaxis of RNA viruses- Picorna virus,Orthomyxo and Paramyxo,Polio,Rabies ,HIV Toga

and Rota virus and other oncogenic viruses .

UNIT – IV

Plant viruses: Classification – Structure –mode of transmission, Symptoms ,prevention and control of

RNA viruses – TMV. Double stranded DNA virus- CaMV .Single stranded DNA virus Gemini

viruses.Satellites Viruses and viroids

UNIT – V

Bacteriophages-classification –SS DNA containing viruses –Structure and Biology of

phage 174 and M13. DS DNA containing phages - Structure and biology of T4 and λ .Viral

Vaccines Interferons and antiviral drugs

REFERENCE BOOKS :

1. Ananthanarayanan R and CK Jayaram panickeer .2005. Textbook of Microbiology, 7th

edition, Orient longman pvt ltd.

2. Dimmok and Primrose SB1994, Introduction to modern virology, 4th edition, Blackwell

scientific company publications

3.Biswass,S.B. and Amita Biswass.1984.An Introduction to viruses.Third edition .Vikas

publishing HousePvt.LTD.

4.Lewy,J.A., Fraenled .H.C. and Owens,R.A; 1994Virology ;3rd

edition .Prentice Hall.NJ


Paper-XIV Marks: 60 + 40

PRACTICAL-III MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY

MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. Collection, transport and processing of specimens.

Urine, sputum, pus, blood, throat swab, stools and wound exudates.

2. Isolation and identification of specimen associated bacterial pathogens.

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Sp., Proteus Sp., Salmonella Sp., Shigella Sp., Pseudomonas

Sp., Staphylococcus Sp., Streptococcus Sp.

3. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates.

4. Cultivation of animal virus in embryonated eggs.

IMMUNOLOGY

A. Agglutination Reactions

5. ABO blood grouping

6. Antistreptolysin-O test

7. C-reactive protein test

8. TPHA

9. WIDAL test (qualitative and quantitative)

B. Precipitation Reactions

10. Counter-current immunoelectrophoresis

11. Immunoelectrophoresis

12. Ouchterlony’s double immunodiffusion test

13. Radial immunodiffusion test

14. Dot-ELISA test

15. ELISA

16. Immuno-probing

REFERENCE MANUALS

1. Monica Cheesbrough, Medical laboratory annual for tropical countries, vol.II, 5th

edn,

ELBS, 1994.


edn,





SOS-III PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY

Marks: 55 + 20

UNIT-I

Introduction to Pharmaceutical biotechnology- biological / research advances and approved

biologicals for pharmaceutical uses. Production extraction and purification of oxidoreductases,

isomerases, hydrolases, penicillinamidases, transferases and applications of enzymes in

therapeutics, clinical analysis and pharma industry.

UNIT-II

Antibiotics: Types of Antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral antibiotics- commercial

production of penicillin, cephalosporin, Vitamins and steroid metabolites, fermentation

process, isolation and purification.

UNIT-III

Gene therapy and diagnostic aids: Disease prevention by vaccines(DNA

vaccines),disease diagnosis probes, monoclonal antibodies, disease treatment products

from recombinant organisms, interferons, antisense nucleotides as therapeutic agents,

drug delivery(Viral delivery and therapeutic strategies, nonviral delivery, gene delivery to

skin, use of liposomes as drug delivery system)

UNIT-IV

Intellectual Property : Concepts regarding Intellectual Property(IP) Intellectual Property

Protection (IPP)and Intellectual Property rights (IPR).Economic Importance mechanisms for

protection of Intellectual Property- patents, copy rights, trade marks : factors affecting choice

of IP Protection :penalties for violation ,Role of IP in Pharma industry :Global ramifications

and financial implications

UNIT V

Intellectual property and International Trade : Concepts behind WTO(world trade

Organization) , WIPO (World Intellectual property organization)GATT (General

Agreement on Trade in Services ), TRIPs (Trade related IPR),TRIMS (Trade Related

Investment Services) GATS(General Agreement on Trade in Services) Protection of

plant and animal genetic resources : biological Materials : gene patenting: Biotechnology

/Drug related IPR issues –Status in India and other developing countries


REFERENCE BOOK

1. Purohit,Kulkarni,Saluja—Pharmaceutical biotechnology2003(Agrobios

2. Templeton and Lasic –Gene therapy 2000(Marcel and Dekkn

3. Mulligan-The basic science of gene therapy

4. Murray Moo-Young (Ed)-Comprehensive biotechnologyVol.3.2004(Permagon Press)

5. Pharmaceutical biotechnology edition2 by Purohit


Paper-XV SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

UNIT- I

Classification of soils - Physical and chemical characteristics of soil. Soil microflora: bacteria,

actinomycetes, algae, fungi, virus, protozoans & nematodes and their significance.

UNIT –II

Microbial interactions with plants – Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere.Microbial interactions with

animals-insect and rumen.Brief account on microbial interactions - symbiosis - mutualism -

commensalism - competition - amensalism - synergism - parasitism – predation.

UNIT -III

Biogeochemical cycles - mobilization and immobilization of elements - carbon cycle -

mineralization carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur, iron. Biological nitrogen fixation -

nitrogenase enzyme - nif genes - symbiotic nitrogen fixation(Rhizobium, Frankia) - non

symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Azotobacter - Azospirillum), VAM – ecto,

endo&ectendomycorrhizae.

UNIT- IV Biofertilizers and Biopesticides: Biofertilizers and their importance in crop productivity – Mass

production of Bacterial biofertilizers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate

solubilizing bacteria) - Algal, cyanobacterial and fungal (mycorrhizae) biofertilizers - their

significance and practice. Biopesticides: Bacterial (Bt pesticides), fungal (Trichoderma), Viral

biopesticides – Baculovirus, NPV insecticides. Biomass production - formulation - large scale

application.

UNIT -V

Plant pathology :Symptoms, disease cycle and control measures of Bacterial diseases – Blight

of rice, citrus canker, wilt of potato, fungal diseases – Blast of rice, rust of wheat, smut of

sugarcane, red rot of sugarcane and viral diseases – Vein clearing disease, TMV. Transmission

of Viral infections through vectors –grasshopper and aphids

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.SubbaRao NS 2004. Soil Microbiology.4th edition, Oxford & IBH Publishing

Co.pvt.Ltd.., NewDelhi.

2.Mishra RR 2004. Soil Microbiology, 1st edition, CBS Publishers and distributors,


NewDelhi.

3.Rangaswamy G &Mahadevan A 2002. Diseases of Crop Plants in India, 4th edition,

Prentice-Half of India Pvt Ltd, Newdelhi.

4.Subbarao NS 1995. Biofertilizers in Agriculture and Forestry, 3rd edition, Oxford and

IBH

pub,co.pvt ltd, NewDelhi.

5.Rangaswami G & DG Bagyaraj .2002. Agricultural Microbiology. 2nd Edition,

Prentice-

Hall of India, New Delhi.

6.Atlas RN &Bartha R 1998. Microbial Ecology,4th edition, Benjamin cummings.

7. Robert L Tate 1995. Soil Microbiology, 1st edition, johnwiley&sons,Inc. Newyork.

8. Alexander M 1977 Introduction to Soil Microbiology. John Wiley&sons,Inc.

Newyork.


PAPER – XV BIOINFORMATICS AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT - I

Introduction to Bioinformatics- Classification of Biological Databases- NCBI, Uniprot

EMBL,DDBJ Structural Database-PDB, CATH and SCOP, MMDB, Entrez-Pubmed,

Visualisation tools- Rasmol, Swisspdbviewer, Conserved sequences- Motif and Domain,

Scope of bioinformatics, Applications of bioinformatics

UNIT - II

Sequence analysis:Dot plot, Dynamic programming, Smith Waterman algorithm,

Needleman-Wunsch algorithm, Sequence alignment: Discussion of Local and Global

alignment, Pairwise sequence alignment, Multiple Sequence alignment

UNIT - III

Phylogenetic analysis-introduction, Phylogenetic tree, rooted and unrooted tree, Method

for determining phylogenetic tree, Distance based method, Character based method

UNIT - IV History and development of nanoscience – Bionanomaterials –Synthesis-characterization

of Nanomaterials and its application in advance technology

UNIT - V

Multifunctional nanoparticle platform for targeting and damaging cancer cells

nanotechnology products.

REFERENCES

1. Andreas D. Baxevanis (Editor) and B.F. Francis Ouellete (Editor) Bioinformatics: A

Practical Guide to the Analysis of Genes and Proteins. Third Edition

2. David W.Mount, Bioinformatics Sequence and Genome Analysis, 2nd

Edition (2004)

3. Rastogi et al.., Bioinformatics methods and applications, Genomics, Proteomics and

Neural network by Vijayalakshmi&Pai&Rajasekar Nair


PAPER-XVII PRACTICALS

NANOTECHNOLOGYAND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY

1. Isolation and enumeration of soil microbes by viable plate count method

2. Isolation of microbes from rhizosphere

3. Isolation of microorganism from phyllosphere

4. Isolation of phosphate solubilisers from soil

5. Isolation of free living and symbiotic nitrogen fixers

6. Isolation of plant pathogens

(a) Bacteria

(b) Fungi

7. Preparation of biopolymer nanoparticles

8. Preparation of heavy metal nanoparticles

9. Preparation of drug loaded nanoparticles for sustained release

10. Determining the release of drug from nanoparticles

References:

1. Aneja, K.R. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology & Biotechnology, 2005, 5th

Ed.

NAI Publ.

2. Cappuccino, Sherman, Microbiology, A lab manual, 2008, 6th

Edn. Pearson Education,

3. Dubey&Maheswary, Practical Microbiology, 2009, 3rd

Edn. Tata McGraw Hill Publ.

4. Kannan, K. Microbiology-Practical Lab Manual, 2002, Palani Paramount Publ.


SOS-IV SOS PRACTICALS

Environmental and Marine Microbiology

1. Production of PHB for Soil remediation

2. Chitinase assay of Marine Microbes

3. Analysis of Biological oxygen demand

Microbial Cell Biology

4. Isolation of protoplast

5. Isolation of spheroplast

Pharmaceutical Microbiology

6. Microbial secondary metabolite production-penicillin production.

7. Separation and purification of penicillin and checking its antimicrobial activity.

References:

1. Aneja, K.R. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant pathology & Biotechnology, 2005, 5th

Ed.

NAI Publ.

2. Cappuccino, Sherman, Microbiology, A lab manual, 2008, 6th

Edn. Pearson Education,

3. Dubey&Maheswary, Practical Microbiology, 2009, 3rd

Edn. Tata McGraw Hill Publ.

4. Kannan, K. Microbiology-Practical Lab Manual, 2002, Palani Paramount Publ.

5. Hockenhull, D.J.D. Studies in Penicillin Production by Penicilliumnotatum in Surface

Culture; Vol. 40 Bovine Cervical Mucins p.337-343


PROJECT& VIVA VOCE

Dissertation:

Dissertation includes introduction, review of literature, materials and methods,

results and discussion, references, annexures and publication abstracts (if any).

Review meetings – 2 numbers

The students will present the detail of techniques used,results obtained and his/her

own critique on the validity, use of results andconclusions with his/her recommendations.

Report Valuation:

External examiner and the internal examiners will evaluate the research work

based on its importance, innovation, protocol used, publications and presentations.

Mark allotment:

Mark allotted for project work - 250

Credits - 10

Dissertation - 100

2-review meetings (50 + 50 each) - 100

Viva & Report valuation - 50

Documents

CMS COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & COMMERCE 2012...Pure culture technique-streak plate, pour plate and spread plate 4. Measurement of Microbial size – Micrometry 5. Motility determination