CMOS Bulletin SCMO Volume 41 No. 6 December 2013 ...cmos.ca/uploaded/web/members/Bulletin/Vol_41/b4106.pdf · Chers amis et collègues: (Englsi h version follows on page 187) À chaque

ISSN 1929-7726 (Online / En ligne) ISSN 1195-8898 (Print / Imprimé) .

CMOS

BULLETIN

December / décembre 2013 Vol.41 No.6 La Société canadienne de météorologie et d'océanographie

Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society SCMO

Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society Société canadienne de météorologie et d’océanographie

.... Allocution du président

Chers amis et collègues:

(English version follows onpage 187)

À chaque année, à peuprès à la même période,on vous rappelle que vousdevriez renouveler votrestatut de membre. Étantmembre de la SCMO,v o u s c o n n a i s s e zl’importance de parlerd’une voix unie pourexprimer les besoins denotre communauté. Lam é t é o r o l o g i e ,l’océanographie et less c i e n c e s d el’environnement sont àl’avant-plan de l’actualité,

particulièrement cette année avec la publication ducinquième rapport du GIEC (Groupe d’expertsintergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat) sur l’état deschangements climatiques. D’ores et déjà, les médiaaccordent beaucoup d’intérêt à ce sujet ainsi qu’à plusieursévénements météorologiques extrêmes qui affectent la viede plusieurs et pour lesquels il est important d’avoir desprévisions météorologiques précises à la plus longueéchéance possible pour pouvoir se préparer à les affronter.

D’autre part, on observe un déclin de l’investissement enscience. Celui-ci diminue non seulement en termes defonds de recherche mais également dans la visibilité d’unepartie importante de notre communauté, en l’occurrence leschercheurs, techniciens et professionnels du gouvernementfédéral. Ceux-ci jouent un rôle important pour maintenir etaméliorer les services à la population comme les prévisionsmétéorologiques, la surveillance de la qualité de l’air, etl’évaluation des changements climatiques. La recherchedans les universités et le secteur privé s’appuie sur eux etleurs problèmes deviennent les nôtres également. On sedoit de parler d’une seule voix sur ces enjeux et de trouverle moyen de maintenir cette expertise de haut niveau quele Canada a pu bâtir au fil des ans. La SCMO a lesentiment qu’elle a un rôle à jouer pour changer le coursdes choses. A chaque année, la SCMO tient son congrèsannuel qui est l’occasion de se rencontrer. C’est souvent àcette occasion que nous renforçons nos liens et noscollaborations entre les universités, le gouvernement et lesecteur privé. C’est un plaisir sans cesse renouvelé derencontrer en personne ceux avec qui nos contacts sont leplus souvent par courriel ou par téléphone.

[Suite à la page 187]

CMOS Bulletin SCMOVolume 41 No.6

December 2013 — décembre 2013

Inside / En Bref

Allocution du président par Pierre Gauthier page 185

Cover page / page couverture page 186

Words from the President by Pierre Gauthier page 187

Articles

Forecasts: helping us to follow currents,water temperature and water levelsby Denis Lefaivre page 189

Des prévisions pour mieux suivre les courants,la température de l’eau et les niveaux d’eaupar Denis Lefaivre, page 190

Antarctic Ozone Hole / Trou d’ozone audessus de l’Antarctique page 191

Reports / Rapports

Highlights from the 14th Argo Steering Teammeeting / Faits saillants de la 14e réunion del’équipe de direction du programme Argo page 193

Report of the IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI ScientificAssembly page 194

Maury Project 2013 by Leslie Hussmann page 195

Ocean Science in Canada: Meeting theChallenge, Seizing the Opportunity page 197

Les sciences de la mer au Canada:Relever le défi, saisir l’opportunité page 199

Climate Change / Changements climatiques

WMO/UNEP Press Release on IPCC 5th

Assessment Report / Communiqué de presseOMM/PNUE sur le 5e rapport du GIEC page 200

Our regular sections / Nos chroniques régulières

CMOS Business / Affaires de la SCMO page 204

Book Review / Revue de Littérature page 209

In Memoriam page 211

Brief News / Nouvelles brèves page 215

CMOS Accredited Consultants /Experts-conseils accrédités de la SCMO page 216

Printed in Kanata, Ontario, by Gilmore Printing Services Inc.Imprimé par Gilmore Printing Services Inc.,Kanata, Ontario.

Pierre GauthierPrésident de la SCMO

CMOS President

-185- CMOS Bulletin SCMO Vol.41, No.6, December 2013


CMOS Bulletin SCMO"at the service of its members / au service de ses membres"

Editor / Rédacteur: Paul-André BolducAssociate Editor / Rédactrice associée: Dorothy NealeCanadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society

Société canadienne de météorologie et d’océanographieE-Mail: [email protected]; Courriel: [email protected]

Cover page: The 7th CMOS photo contest is now underwaysince six months. If you wish to participate, do so quickly. Wintermonths offer nice opportunities. Grab your camera. For morei n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e c o n t e s t , p l e a s e g o t ohttp://www.cmos.ca/photocontest.html. Shown on the cover pageare the last four years’ winning (1st prize) photos (left to right, topto bottom): 2013, Lightning at Sunset, Kelowna, BC, from GaborFriscka; 2011, Storm over Canola from Patrick McCarthy; 2010,Umbrella Graveyard from Frédéric Fabry; 2008, SupercellPanorama from Dave Sills. The editorial team takes thisopportunity to wish all CMOS Members a joyous holiday seasonand a Happy New Year 2014.

Page couverture: Le 7e concours photographique de la SCMOest en marche depuis maintenant six mois. Si vous voulezparticiper, faites vite. Les mois d'hiver offrent des opportunitésintéressantes. Alors à vos appareils! Pour plus d’information surle concours allez à http://www.cmos.ca/photocontest.htm.Illustrées sur la page couverture sont les photos gagnantes (1er

prix) des quatre dernières années (de gauche à droite, puis dehaut en bas): 2013, Lightning at Sunset, Kelowna, BC, de GaborFriscka; 2011, Storm over Canola de Patrick McCarthy; 2010,Umbrella Graveyard de Frédéric Fabry; 2008, SupercellPanorama de Dave Sills. L'équipe de rédaction profite del'occasion pour vous souhaiter de très joyeuses fêtes et uneBonne et Heureuse Année 2014.

CMOS Executive Office / Bureau de la SCMO

P.O. Box 3211, Station DOttawa, Ontario, Canada, K1P 6H7

Fax / Fascimilé: 613-990-1617homepage: http://www.cmos.ca

page d’accueil: http://www.scmo.ca

Dr. Andrew BellExecutive Director - Directeur général

Tel/Tél.: 613-990-0300E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Dr. Richard AsselinDirector of / Directeur des Publications


Ms. Qing Liao Office Manager - Chef de bureau


Canadian Meteorologicaland Oceanographic Society (CMOS)Société canadienne de météorologie

et d'océanographie (SCMO)

Executive / Exécutif

President / PrésidentPierre GauthierUQAM, Montréal, QCTél.: 514-987-3000 #3304; Téléc.: 514-987-6853E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Vice-President / Vice-présidentHarinder AhluwaliaInfo-Electronics Systems Inc.Tél.: 514-421-0767 #222; Téléc.: 514-421-0769E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Past-President / Président ex-officioPeter BartelloMcGill University, Montreal, QCTel.: 514-398-8075; Fax.: 514-398-6115E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Treasurer / TrésorièreNacéra CherguiEC/Centre météorologique aéronautique du Canada-Est,Montréal, QC; Tel.: 514-283-6842;E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Corresponding Secretary / Secrétaire-correspondantAndré GiguèreEC/Centre météorologique canadien, Montréal, QCTél.: 514-421-4633; Téléc.: 514-421-4679E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Recording Secretary / Secrétaire d'assembléeDavid HuardOuranos, Montréal, QC; Tél.: 418-521-3993 #7147E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]

Councillors-at-large / Conseillers1) Tetjana RossDalhousie University, Dalhousie, NSTel.: 902-494-1327; Fax.: 902-494-2885E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]) William MerryfieldCCCma, University of Victoria, Victoria, BCTel.: 250-363-8263E-mail/Courriel: [email protected]) Robert SicaUniversity of Western Ontario, London, ONTel.: 519-661-3521E-mail/Courriel: sica@@uwo.ca

-186-CMOS Bulletin SCMO Vol.41, No.6, Décembre 2013


.... Allocution du président [Suite de la page 185]

Malheureusement, nous notons que le nombre departicipants venant du gouvernement diminue à cause derestrictions dans les plans de voyage des ministères. Nousavons écrit pour exprimer notre inquiétude aux ministèresconcernés et espérons vivement que des correctifs pourrontêtre apportés pour ramener nos collègues aux congrès dela SCMO.

Cette année, la SCMO s’affaire à rafraîchir son site webpour en faire un endroit où vous les membres, pourrez nonseulement y trouver de l’information sur ce qui se passepartout au Canada mais également échanger et débattre desujets d’intérêt en météorologie et océanographie. Nousvoulons également être proactifs dans nos relations avecles média et le public en général pour qu’on sache que laSCMO est le lieu par excellence où trouver l’expertise reliéeà la météorologie, le climat et l’océanographie. Nouspensons que c’est le type de services que la SCMO peutvous rendre.

Je vous invite donc à renouveler votre carte de membre età encourager vos collègues à le faire. Il est important quenous ayons une organisation qui parle en notre nom etétablisse des liens avec d’autres sociétés comme la nôtre.De tels liens existent déjà entre la SCMO, l’UGC (UnionGéophysique Canadienne), l’ACRH (AssociationCanadienne en Recherches Hydriques), l’AMS (AmericanMeteorological Society), avec lesquelles nous avonsorganisé récemment des congrès conjoints qui ont eubeaucoup de succès et furent très stimulants. D’autres sonten préparation dans les prochaines années. Cette année,nous nous rencontrerons à Rimouski du 1er au 5 juin 2014.J’espère vous y retrouver et entendre les présentations surle travail que vous faites. Il est toujours agréable de voirl’excellent travail réalisé par notre communauté que ce soitautant par nos chercheurs chevronnés que nos étudiantsgradués qui font souvent leurs premières présentationsscientifiques dans le cadre d’un événement d’envergure.Ceci est définitivement à ne pas manquer.

Finalement, depuis le 1er octobre, Andrew Bell est devenunotre nouveau directeur général en remplacement de IanRutherford qui a occupé ce poste durant plus de dix ans(voir articles dans ce numéro du Bulletin en pages 205-207). Nous souhaitons la bienvenue à Andrew etremercions Ian pour son dévouement et son engagementenvers la SCMO durant toutes ces années.

Pierre Gauthier, Président de la SCMO

(la version française précède en page 185)

.... Words from the President

Friends and colleagues:

Every year at about the same time, you are reminded thatyou should renew your membership. Being a member ofCMOS you know the importance that we stand together toexpress the needs of our community. Meteorology,oceanography and environmental sciences are at theforefront of the actuality. This year in particular, the IPCC isreleasing its fifth assessment report on the status of climatechange and already the public and the media are devotinga lot of attention to our science. There are also a number ofextreme meteorological events that impact the lives of manypeople and for which it is important to have accurateweather forecasts with as much lead time as possible toprepare for such things.

At the same time, we see a declining investment in science.The investment declines not only in terms of research fundsbut also in the visibility of a good part of our community - thegovernment scientists. They play an important role inmaintaining and improving the services to the populationsuch as weather forecasts, air quality monitoring, andclimate change assessment. Research in universities andthe private sector relies on them, and the problems theyface become our problems also. We need to speak with onevoice on such issues and try to find ways to maintain thehigh level of expertise Canada has built over decades.CMOS feels it has to play a role to change this course ofevents.

Every year, CMOS holds its annual congress which is theoccasion for all of us to meet. It is often there that westrengthen our linkages and develop new ones amonggovernment, universities and the private sector. It is alsoalways a pleasure to meet face-to-face with many who areour contacts most of the time by emails or on the phone.Unfortunately, we have sadly noticed that the number ofparticipants from the government is declining due to travelrestrictions. We did express our concern to the federaldepartments and expect changes will occur to bring backour colleagues to CMOS congresses.

This year CMOS is working to freshen up its website tomake it a place where you, the members, can not only pickup information on what is going on all across the country butalso exchange and debate topics of interest. We also wantto be more proactive in our relations with the media and thegeneral public to make it known that CMOS is the one placeto go to find the best expertise on weather, climate andoceanic issues. We feel this is the kind of services CMOShas to do for you.

I would like then to invite you to renew your membership toCMOS and encourage your colleagues to do so. It is



important that we have an organization that speaks for usand engage with other similar societies. There is a close linkamong CMOS, CGU (Canadian Geophysical Union), CWRA(Canadian Water Resources Association), AMS (AmericanMeteorological Society), with whom we organize jointcongresses which have been very successful andstimulating. More is on the way. Next year, we will meet inRimouski on June 1-5, 2014. I hope to see you there andhear about the work you are doing. It is always amazing tosee all the good work our community does from our mostseasoned scientists to young graduate students who oftenmake their first scientific presentation at a such big event.Certainly, this is not to be missed.

Finally, since October 1st, Andrew Bell became our newexecutive director replacing Ian Rutherford who served forover ten years (see articles in this issue of the Bulletin onpages 205-207). We welcome Andrew amongst us andthank Ian for his dedication and commitment to CMOS overall those years.

Pierre Gauthier, President of CMOS

CMOS exists for the advancement of meteorology andoceanography in Canada.

Le but de la SCMO est de stimuler l'intérêt pour lamétéorologie et l'océanographie au Canada.

This publication is produced under the authority of theCanadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society. Exceptwhere explicitly stated, opinions expressed in this publicationare those of the authors and are not necessarily endorsed bythe Society.

Cette publication est produite sous la responsabilité de laSociété canadienne de météorologie et d’océanographie. Àmoins d’avis contraire, les opinions exprimées sont celles desauteurs et ne reflètent pas nécessairement celles de laSociété.

Define Yourself as a Professional Meteorologist

The Professional Meteorologist (P.Met) designation recognizes youreducational qualifications, experience, competency, and professionalethics as a meteorologist in Canada. It demonstrates your commitment toaccountability, career development and continued learning.

ECO Canada, CMOS and Environment Canada have partnered to bring this world-class certification to meteorologists across Canada.

ECO Canada is pleased to congratulate the current roster of certified P.Met’s:

Barry Lough (Calvin Consulting Group Ltd.) Kalin Mitchell (CBC)

Carolyn Evans (AMEC) Ken Little (Canadian Avalanche Foundation)

Claire Martin (CBC) Peter Jackson (University of Northern British Columbia)

Diar Hassan (Pelmorex – The Weather Network) René Laprise (UQAM)

Doug McCollor (BC Hydro) Roland Stull (University of British Columbia)

Frank Dempsey (Ontario Ministry of Environment) Sean Richmond (Pelmorex – The Weather Network)

Fusheng Jia (Scotia Weather Services Inc.) Terry Bullock (AMEC)

Gabriel Ionel Branescu (Bureau of Meteorology – Australian Gov.)

Timothy Ashman (BC Hydro)

James Young (Jim Young Atmospheric Services Inc.) Uwe Gramann (Mountain Weather Services)

Jayme Gadal (Meteorological Service of Canada)

Join the national roster of industry leaders. Get started today. www.eco.ca/certification



ARTICLES

Forecasts: helping us follow currents,water temperature and water levels

by Denis Lefaivre1

The object of operational oceanography in the St. LawrenceRiver and the Gulf of St. Lawrence is to calculate and makeavailable the anticipated changes in the physical conditionsof this vast area using numerical forecast models.

Two models to inform mariners on future navigationconditions were developed by Fisheries and OceansCanada: The first one in the St. Lawrence Estuary forsurface currents (Saucier et al. 1999) and the second onein the Gulf of St. Lawrence for surface currents, surfacewater temperature and sea ice. The latter is coupled to theatmospheric forecast model of Environment Canada(Saucier et al. 2000, 2003; Pellerin et al. 2004; Smith et al.2013). This article describes the elements used in thesemodels and a few of their applications.

These models, similar to the ones used for weatherforecasts, grasp the entire Gulf of St. Lawrence and River,from Trois-Rivières to the Cabot Strait and the Strait ofBelle-Isle, and allow us to forecast the water temperatureand the surface currents. A surface current refers to thespeed and direction of the upper water layer in a river,stream or ocean. It is influenced by the atmosphere and bywater level variations or tides. Thus, to forecast surfacecurrents in the ocean, tides must be known first.Observations along the St. Lawrence coast, from tidalmeasurement stations equipped with water pressuredevices, are analyzed at the Canadian HydrographicService to predict tidal heights one year in advance,independent of weather conditions. These tidal predictionsare available in the form of tide tables at www.tides.gc.ca

In addition, water level forecasts that incorporate weatherand the St. Lawrence River flow forecasts are produced forthe next 48 hours, followed by a 30-day forecast withoutatmospheric forcing (Lefaivre et al. 2009). This is done bycombining tidal predictions with atmospheric forecasts,which are produced by Environment Canada, andincorporating them into a model.

These forecasts, the result of daily teamwork, areparticularly useful to the Canadian Coast Guard duringsearch and rescue operations. The forecasts allow them to

guide seaborne searches for disabled ships towards theforecasted drift zones. Data from the model and driftforecasts are used in the same way to plan environmentalinterventions when oil spills occur. Current forecasts arealso used to help plan instrument moorings for marinescientific measurement programs, as well as in analysingmarine biology and fish habitat data. The water levelforecasts are used daily by mariners for navigation safetyand to optimize ship loading.

Observations from Environment Canada's Canadian IceService are also used in the model in the winter, to issue asea ice forecast, in thickness and in concentration,influenced by surface currents and winds. These forecastshelp to identify areas where ice tends to accumulate andcould hinder navigation. The Coast Guard also uses thisinformation to plan, recommend and maintain safenavigation routes in winter conditions.

Figure 1: Surface current, surface water temperature, sea ice andwater level forecasts are published on the St. Lawrence GlobalObservatory website at www.ogsl.ca

They are found under Ocean Forecasts and are provided byregion on 48-hour charts (Figure 1).

References

Lefaivre, D., S. Hamdi and B. Morse, 2009. Statisticalanalysis of the 30-day water level forecasts in the St.Lawrence River. Marine Geodesy, 32:1, 30-41.

1 Research Scientist, Head of the Operational Oceanography Scientific Team, Fisheries and Oceans Canada Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, Mont-Joli, Québec.



Pellerin, P., H. Ritchie, F.J. Saucier, F. Roy, S. Desjardins,M. Valin and V. Lee, 2004: Impact of a two-way couplingbetween an atmospheric and ocean-ice model over the Gulfof St. Lawrence. Monthly Weather Review, 132(6): 1379-1398.

Saucier, F.J., and J. Chassé, 2000. Tidal circulation andbuoyancy effects in the St. Lawrence Estuary. Atmosphere-Ocean, 38(4): 505-556.

Saucier, F.J., F. Roy, D. Gilbert, P. Pellerin and H. Ritchie,2003. Modeling the formation and circulation processes ofwater masses and sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence,Canada. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C8): 3269.

Saucier, F. J., J. Chassé, M. Couture, R. Dorais, A.D'Astous, D. Lefaivre, and A. Gosselin, 1999. The makingof a surface current atlas of the St. Lawrence Estuary,Canada. Fourth international conference on computermodelling of seas and coastal regions (C. A. Brebbia & P.Anagnostopoulos, Eds.), Journal of ComputationalMechanics, Wessex Institute of Technology Press, 87-97.

Smith, G.C., F. Roy, and B. Brasnett, 2013. Evaluation of anoperational ice–ocean analysis and forecasting system forthe Gulf of St Lawrence. Quarterly Journal of the RoyalMeteorological Society, 139(671) Part B: 419-433.

Des prévisions pour mieux suivre lescourants, la température de l’eau et les

niveaux d’eau

par Denis Lefaivre2

Le but de l’océanographie opérationnelle dans le fleuve etle golfe du Saint-Laurent est de calculer et de rendredisponible l’évolution anticipée des conditions physiques dece grand territoire en utilisant des modèles numériques deprévision.

Deux modèles pour informer les navigateurs des conditionsde navigation à venir ont été développés par Pêches etOcéans Canada. Un premier dans l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent traite des courants de surface (Saucier et al. 1999)et un deuxième dans le golfe du Saint-Laurent traite descourants de surface, de la température de l’eau en surfaceet de la glace de mer. Ce dernier est couplé au modèle deprévision atmosphérique d’Environnement Canada (Saucieret al. 2000, 2003; Pellerin et al. 2004; Smith et al. 2013). Leprésent article décrit les éléments pris en compte par les

modèles et quelques-unes de leurs applications.

Ces modèles numériques, semblables à ceux utilisés pourles prévisions atmosphériques, couvrent le fleuve et le golfedu Saint-Laurent, de Trois-Rivières aux détroits de Cabot etde Belle-Isle, et permettent de calculer la prévision de latempérature de l’eau et des courants de surface. Uncourant de surface, c’est la vitesse et la direction de lacouche supérieure d’un cours d’eau ou de l’océan. Cettecouche subit l’influence atmosphérique et celle desvariations du niveau d’eau : les marées. Ainsi, pour produiredes prévisions de courants de surface, il faut d’abordconnaître les marées. Le Service hydrographique duCanada a installé le long des côtes du Saint-Laurent desstations de marémètres équipées d’appareils qui mesurentla pression de l’eau. Les observations enregistrées sontanalysées pour calculer les hauteurs de marée, un an àl’avance, sans l’influence des conditions atmosphériques.Ces prédictions sont disponibles sous forme de tables desmarées à l’adresse www.marees.gc.ca

Par ailleurs, des prévisions de hauteurs de niveau d’eau quiintègrent les prévisions atmosphériques et du débit duSaint-Laurent sont produites pour les 48 prochaines heures,suivies des prévisions sans effet atmosphérique pour 30jours (Lefaivre et al. 2009). Pour ce faire, les prédictions demarées ajoutées aux prévisions atmosphériques produitespar Environnement Canada sont importées dans un modèlenumérique.

Ces prévisions, fruit d’un travail d’équipe au quotidien, sontnotamment utilisées par la Garde côtière canadienne lorsd’opération de recherche et de sauvetage puisqu’ellespermettent d’orienter la recherche de naufragés en mer versles zones de dérive prévues. De la même façon, lesdonnées du modèle et la prévision de la dérive aident àplanifier l’intervention environnementale lors d’incidents dedéversement d’hydrocarbures. Les prévisions de courantsservent aussi à mieux planifier les programmes de mesuresscientifiques en mer pour les mouillages d’instruments etpour l’analyse de données biologiques et de l’habitat dupoisson. Les prévisions de niveau d’eau sont utiliséesquotidiennement par les navigateurs pour leur sécurité etpour optimiser le chargement des navires.

Les observations faites par le Service canadien des glacesd’Environnement Canada sont également utilisées pouralimenter le modèle pendant l’hiver et produire uneprévision de glace, en épaisseur et en concentration, sousl’influence des courants de surface et des vents. Cetteprévision permet de déterminer les endroits où la glace auratendance à s’accumuler et risquerait d’entraver lanavigation. La Garde côtière utilise d’ailleurs cesrenseignements pour planifier, recommander et entretenirles routes sécuritaires de navigation en hiver.2 Chercheur scientifique, Chef de l’équipe

scientifique en océanographie opérationnelle, Pêches et Océans Canada, Institut Maurice- Lamontagne, Mont-Joli, Québec.



Figure1: Les prévisions de courants de surface, de températurede l’eau en surface, de glace et de niveau d’eau sont diffusées ausite de l’Observatoire global du Saint-Laurent à l’adressewww.ogsl.ca

Elles sont affichées sous la rubrique Prévisions océaniques etsont présentées par région sous forme de cartes pour chacunedes 48 prochaines heures (Figure 1).

Références:

Les références sont présentées à la page 189 du présentnuméro.

Antarctic Ozone Hole

The area of the annually recurring Antarctic ozone holereached its peak at 24.0 million square kilometres on 16September according to data from NASA. This is more thanin 2012 and 2010, but less than in 2011.

The World Meteorological Organization’s newest AntarcticOzone Bulletin said the ozone hole area averaged over theten last days of September was 20.9 million km2 (data fromthe Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, KMNI). Theozone mass deficit averaged over the same period was19.59 megatonnes. This is more than in 2010 and 2012 butless than in 2011.

As the temperatures rise after the southern hemispherewinter, the ozone depletion rate will slow down. It is still tooearly to give a definitive statement about the degree ofozone loss that will occur in 2013. Existing data indicatesthat this year’s ozone hole is larger than in 2012 andpossibly also 2010, but smaller than the one of 2011.

The ozone bulletin is based on observations from theground, weather balloons and satellites from WMO’s GlobalAtmosphere Watch Program and its network of scientificstations in some of the world’s most inhospitable terrain.Most stations reported clear signs of ozone depletion.

Figure caption: Ozone hole on 17 Sept extended to southern tipof South American continent. The dot on the map is the GAWstation at Ushuaia operated by the national meteorological serviceof Argentina. Blue colours indicate ozone depleted air masses.The map is calculated by a so-called data assimilation model runat the Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy. It usesmeteorological data from ECMWF and satellite data from the MLSinstrument on board the NASA-operated AURA satellite incombination with our best knowledge of the chemical reactionsthat cause ozone depletion.

For example, on 17 September, the ozone hole extended allthe way to the southern tip of the South American continentand affected inhabited places such as Ushuaia and RíoGallegos, where Argentinian scientists carry outobservations of the stratospheric ozone layer. Suchepisodes typically occur a handful of times eachSeptember-November. Especially in November, when thesun is high in the sky, they can lead to a significant increasein the intensity of solar ultraviolet radiation that hits theearth's surface.

The meteorological conditions in the Antarctic stratospherefound during the austral winter (June-August) set the stagefor the annually recurring ozone hole. The last ten days ofSeptember is typically the time period when the ozone holereaches its maximum extent.



By most criteria, the largest ozone hole was observed in2006. An international agreement banning the worst ozone-depleting substances has stemmed the destruction of theozone layer. However, severe Antarctic ozone holes areexpected to continue during the next couple of decades.

Source: WMO Website visited on October 31, 2013.

Trou d’ozone au-dessus de l’Antarctique

D’après les données de la NASA, le trou d’ozone qui sereforme tous les ans au-dessus de l’Antarctique a atteintson pic de superficie le 16 septembre avec 24 millions dekilomètres carrés. Ce chiffre est supérieur à celui de 2012et de 2010, mais inférieur à celui de 2011.

Le dernier Bulletin sur la couche d’ozone au-dessus del’Antarctique de l’Organisation météorologique mondialerévèle que la surface moyenne du trou d’ozone au-dessusde l’Antarctique sur les dix derniers jours de septembre étaitde 20,9 millions de km2 (données de l'Institutmétéorologique royal des Pays-Bas, KMNI).

C’est plus qu’en 2012, mais moins qu’en 2010 et 2011. Ladéperdition de gaz moyenne pour la même période était de19,59 mégatonnes, ce qui est plus qu’en 2010 et 2012,mais moins qu’en 2011.

Avec la hausse des températures faisant suite à l’hiveraustral, le taux de destruction d’ozone va reculer. Il estencore trop tôt pour pouvoir donner un chiffre définitif dudegré de déperdition pour 2013. Les données dont ondispose indiquent que, cette année, le trou d’ozone est deplus grande taille qu’en 2012, voire qu’en 2010, mais pluspetit que celui observé 2011.

Le bulletin sur la couche d’ozone se fonde sur desobservations au sol, à partir de ballons et de satellitesmétéorologiques relevant du Programme de Veille del’atmosphère globale de l’OMM et de son réseau de stationsscientifiques situées dans certaines des régions les plusinhospitalières du globe. La plupart des stations ont fait étatde signes manifestes de déperdition d’ozone.

Par exemple, le 17 septembre le trou d’ozone s’étendaitjusqu’à la pointe du continent sud-américain et affectait deszones habitées comme Ushuaïa et Río Gallegos, où lesscientifiques argentins réalisent des observations de lacouche d’ozone stratosphérique. De tels épisodes seproduisent généralement quelques rares fois entreseptembre et novembre. En novembre, notamment, lorsquele soleil est haut dans le ciel, ils peuvent conduire à unehausse sensible de l’intensité de rayonnement solaireultraviolet qui touche la surface de la terre.

Rapport de mélange d’ozone en PPM le 17 septembre2013 à approximativement 22 km

Légende: Le 17 septembre, le trou d’ozone s’étendaitjusqu’à la pointe du continent sud-américain. La couleurbleue indique les masses d’air pauvres en ozone. La carteest établie d’après un modèle d’assimilation des donnéesgéré par l’Institut d’aéronomie spatiale de Belgique. Il utilisedes données météorologiques du CEPMMT et des donnéessatellitaires produites par l’instrument MLS embarqué sur lesatellite AURA exploité par la NASA, associées à nosmeilleures connaissances des réactions chimiquesappauvrissant l’ozone.

Les conditions météorologiques observées dans lastratosphère antarctique pendant l’hiver austral (de juin àaoût) déterminent l’évolution du trou d’ozone se reformanttous les ans. Les dix derniers jours de septembre sonttraditionnellement la période où le trou d’ozone atteint sasuperficie maximale.

Le trou d’ozone le plus important, à presque tous leségards, a été observé en 2006. Un accord internationalinterdisant les principales substances qui appauvrissentl’ozone a stoppé la poursuite de la destruction de la couched’ozone. Néanmoins, d’importants trous d’ozone devraientencore perdurer au cours des prochaines décennies.

Source: Site web de l’OMM visité le 31 octobre 2013.



REPORTS / RAPPORTS

Highlights from the 14th Argo Steering Team(AST-14) meeting

The 14th Argo SteeringTeam (AST-14) meetingtook place 19-21 March2013 in Wellington, NewZealand. Below are somenews items from then u m e r o u s i s s u e sdiscussed:

1) On the technology sideof th ings, severalmanufacturers startedexploring new float

prototypes capable of profiling to depths greater than2000m. These prototypes of APEX, NINJA, ARVOR andSOLO floats can profile from depths between 3500 and6000 m. A subset of the Argo array will consist of suchdeep-Argo floats in the future, allowing better monitoring ofheat storage in the ocean.

2) India has received major new funding to support theIndian Argo program over the next 5 years.

3) Two new nations plan to begin deploying Argo floats:Brazil and South Africa. Among the world’s great economicpowers, only Russia is still missing from the Argo familyportrait: this is an issue the newly nominated internationalArgo Director hopes to address.

4) At the request of the Argo Steering Team, Dr. HowardFreeland has accepted to become the new internationalArgo Director, starting in August 2013. This position waspreviously held by John Gould (National OceanographyCentre, Southampton), but has been vacant in the past fewyears. Substantial travel funds will be required for Dr.Freeland to fulfill these duties and several countries agreedto provide some of these travel funds.

5) Canada will host the 15th AST meeting in Halifax, NovaScotia, likely during the week of 17 March 2014. BlairGreenan (Bedford Institute of Oceanography, DFO) tookinitial steps in organising that event, in collaboration withJim Hanlon (Halifax Marine Research Institute), DougWallace (Dalhousie University, HMRI) and Denis Gilbert(Maurice Lamontagne Institute, DFO). The AST-15 meetingwill last a full 3 days and float manufacturers and relatedcompanies will be invited to attend and make presentationsduring one of the three days. A half-day meeting of the ArgoExecutive will precede AST-15.

Faits saillants de la 14e réunion de l'équipede direction du programme Argo (AST-14)

La 14e réunion de l'équipe de direction du programme Argo(AST-14) a eu lieu les 19-21 mars 2013 à Wellington, enNouvelle-Zélande. Ci-dessous vous trouverez quelquesnouvelles surgies de cette réunion.

1) Sur le plan de la technologie, les fabricants ontcommencé à explorer de nouveaux prototypes de flotteurscapables de profilage à des profondeurs supérieures à2000 m. Ces prototypes de flotteurs-profileurs APEX,NINJA, Arvor et SOLO peuvent effectuer des profils à desprofondeurs comprises entre 3500 et 6000 m. Unsous-ensemble du réseau Argo sera composé deflotteurs-profileurs Argo profonds à l'avenir, ce qui nouspermettra de mieux surveiller le contenu en chaleur desocéans.

2) L'Inde a reçu de nouveaux fonds pour son programmeArgo pour les 5 prochaines années.

3) Deux nouvelles nations envisagent commencer ledéploiement de flotteurs Argo: le Brésil et l'Afrique du Sud.Parmi les grandes puissances économiques du monde,seule la Russie demeure absente du portrait de familleArgo. Voici un défi auquel le directeur international d'Argonouvellement nommé aimerait s’attaquer.

4) À la demande de l'équipe de direction Argo, le Dr.Howard Freeland (MPO) a accepté de devenir le nouveaudirecteur international du programme Argo, à compterd'août 2013. Cette position fut précédemment détenue parJohn Gould (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton),mais est restée vacante au cours des dernières années.Des fonds importants pour les voyages seront nécessairespour que le Dr. Freeland puisse remplir adéquatement sesfonctions de directeur international d’Argo. Plusieurs paysont convenu de lui fournir une partie de ces fonds.

5) Le Canada accueillera la 15ème réunion AST à Halifax,probablement pendant la semaine du 17 mars 2014. BlairGreenan (Institut Océanographique de Bedford, MPO) ena débuté la préparation en collaboration avec Jim Hanlon(Halifax Marine Research Institute), Doug Wallace(Université Dalhousie, HMRI) et Denis Gilbert (InstitutMaurice Lamontagne, MPO). La réunion AST-15 durera 3jours complets, et les fabricants de flotteurs et compagniesconnexes seront invités à y assister et faire quelquesprésentations durant une des trois journées. Une réuniond'une demi-journée du comité exécutif d’Argo précéderaAST-15.

-193- CMOS Bulletin SCMO Vol.41, No.6 December 2013


Report on the IAHS-IAPSO-IASPEI Scientific Assembly

Three of IUGG’s constituent Associations, IAHS, IAPSOand IASPEI, met for a Joint Scientific Assembly inGothenburg, Sweden, from 22 to 26 July 2013. The themeof the Assembly, “Knowledge for the Future”, was chosenin order to highlight the importance of improved knowledgein hydrology, oceanography and seismology in addressingthe challenges posed by climate change and the risks ofnatural extreme events. The Assembly attracted 1087participants from 66 countries with 24 participants fromCanada. The two national IAPSO correspondents forCanada, Blair Greenan and Jody Klymak, attended theIAPSO Business Meeting on July 23rd.

Kathryn Kelly (USA), the plenary lecturer for IAPSO,focused on meridional heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean,a key component of the global climate system. Shecombined different data sources to review the heat budgetand anomalies in the heat transport, indicating a southernsource for the anomalies.

Each Association offered a broad program of lectures andposters, with up to 11 parallel sessions at any one time. Thelecture program was organized into 48 Associationsymposia, together with nine joint symposia focusing onareas such as land-ocean interactions, advanced appliedstatistics, and tsunamis. This program was complemented

by two afternoon poster sessions. A highlight of the IAPSO program was the presentation of the 2013 Albert I GoldMedal, commemorating the Prince of Monaco, VicePresident of IUGG (1919-1922). The medal was presentedto Albert Gordon (USA), who then delivered the Albert IMemorial Lecture describing his research on the IndonesianThroughflow, the link between the Pacific and IndianOceans.

IUGG International Union of Geodesy andGeophysics

IAHS International Association of HydrologicalSciences

IAPSO International Association for Physical Sciencesof the Ocean

IASPEI International Association of Seismology andPhysics of the Earth’s Interior



Maury Project 2013

Report by the Canadian RepresentativeLeslie A. Hussmann

Langley, British Columbia

Submitted to theCanadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society

August 12, 2013

The Maury Project completed its 20th season this year, fromJuly 8th to 19th, 2013. Teachers from all over the continentstudied physical oceanography in Annapolis, Maryland.Workshops were conducted at the historic and augustUnited States Naval Academy.

Among the 24 participants of Maury 2013, was theCanadian representative Leslie Hussmann. The CanadianMeteorological and Oceanographic Society generouslycooperated with the American Meteorological Society tosend a Canadian to the Maury Project. Leslie is fromLangley, British Columbia, and teaches Late FrenchImmersion, grade 6, at Sunrise Ridge Elementary in theSurrey School District of British Columbia. Other Mauryparticipants included secondary school math and scienceteachers and elementary school teachers. They came fromall over continental United States, including one Departmentof Defense teacher, who teaches children on a military basein Okinawa, Japan.

Dr. David Smith who has been the Chair of the MauryProject for 20 years has recently retired. The new Chair ofthe Maury Project is Captain Bill Schultz. Other professorsof the oceanography department contributed their expertiseto the project including Professor Don McManus,Dr. Andrew McManus and Commander Emil Petruncio.

During the Maury Project, Rear Admiral Brian Brown alsoaddressed the participants about the future of the U. S.Navy and its need for oceanographic data.

The 24 elementary and high school teachers involved in theMaury Project were housed at Saint John’s College inAnnapolis, founded in the 1600s. Many of the colonial-stylebuildings at Saint John’s College were built in the 1800s.

The Maury Project included a number of excellent hands-onfield studies. Two afternoons were spent on the Naval CraftYP 686. Teachers conducted a variety of water tests, fromthe boat, on the Chesapeake Bay. The aquatic environmentof the Chesapeake is greatly impacted by the six states,with significant human population, which border the bay andsupply its tributaries. The U. S. Naval Academy is locatedbetween two tributaries of the Bay, the Severn River andthe South River.

Conductivity, temperature and depth are measured by thesensors on the C.T.D., which are connected to computersin the ship’s cabin. Many of the traditional instruments havebeen made redundant by modern technology.

Leslie measures thetemperature of the waterof Chesapeake Bay.Sensors on the C.T.D.,pictured previously,confirmed this manualmethod of data collection.

A second afternoon of field study was conducted at a beachon the Chesapeake Bay. Joe Zuniga, Commander EmilPetruncio and the team, measure the slope of the beach onthe Chesapeake Bay, on this very blustery day.

Leslie Hussmann in Annapolis, Maryland, USA Leslie Hussmann, Kevin Weatherbee, Jen White and JenniferWiggins prepare to lower the C.T.D into the water.

Water temperature manualmeasurement



This field study also included to a visit to an estuary, wherean invasive plant was observed. Phragamites is a perennialplant that is invasive to wetlands.

Angie McKay and BillLicopoli net white perch,which were blown closeto shore by the strongwinds at the beach offC h e s a p e a k e B a y .Observation of the fishindicated that they werefree of external growthsthat plague some fish inthe Bay.

On Saturday, July 13, theM a u r y t e a c h e r sundertook a field trip toBaltimore. The National

Aquarium in Baltimore, with marine and non-marine lifeexhibits, was outstanding. Among the exhibits was a displayof live jelly fish, which revealed their beauty and theirdetrimental aspects.

Animators bring nature and the environment to life at theAquarium, including a sloth exhibit.

A final field trip took the Maury participants to two facilitiesof NOAA, the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, in Washington D.C. The scientists at NOAAindicated that there were 3 large forest fires burning inCanada on July 17, and that almost half of the country wasaffected by light smoke from those fires.

During the two-week workshop, each Maury participant dida demonstration of an oceanographic effect orphenomenon. Leslie Hussmann and Tania Coffindemonstrated the effects of water pressure.

Throughout the Maury Project, the participants enjoyedmany excellent power point presentations and lectures.Several of the modules that were explored, were ofparticular interest to Leslie Hussmann as an elementaryschool teacher and a resident of the Pacific Coast. Theseincluded:

! El Niño, la Niña;! Ocean tides;! Ocean sound and the Deep Sound Channel;! Deep and shallow ocean waves;! Pacific Ocean currents;! Estuaries and deltas;! Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (D.A.R.T.);! Arctic and Antarctic conditions.

Leslie looks forward to presenting this material inworkshops and conferences.

During the two-week workshop there was ample time forconferring with colleagues from other jurisdictions. LeslieHussmann appreciated the opportunity to learn aboutdifferences between the American and Canadianeducational systems. Having a provincially regulatedsystem appears to offer more autonomy and more variabilitythan a nationally administered system. Also, there seems tobe more focus on standardized tests, which are conductedannually in each grade, south of the border. Undoubtedly,further comparison of the various school systems wouldprovide opportunities for collaboration.

Maury 2013 was a “most excellent” two weeks of workshopsand field studies. Leslie Hussmann thoroughly enjoyed andbenefitted from her experience in Annapolis at the UnitedStates Naval Academy. Her understanding of oceanographyhas increased dramatically. She looks forward to sharingwith other teachers in Western Canada. Leslie greatlyappreciates the sponsorship of the Canadian Meteorologicaland Oceanographic Society. She encourages futureparticipation with the American Meteorological Society inthe Maury Project. “Every physical fact, every expression ofnature, every feature of the earth, the work of any and all ofthose agents which make the face of the world what it is,and as we see it, is interesting and instructive.” (MatthewFontaine Maury in The Physical Geography of the Sea,1855). The Maury Project is an ‘interesting and instructive’instrument through which teachers, can spread the scienceof physical oceanography to fellow teachers and to studentsof all ages.

Note from the Editor: Leslie Hussman’s original reportwas modified sligthly to fit the format of the CMOSBulletin SCMO.

A white perch caught in the net

NOAA facility



Ocean Science in Canada: Meeting theChallenge, Seizing the Opportunity

The universal challenges facing the ocean today demandthe integration of multidisciplinary knowledge andcoordination across traditional boundaries. While Canada isrecognized for its excellence in ocean research and leadingrole in international research collaboration,1 acomprehensive understanding of national capacity toaddress future questions of ocean science is essential.

Recognizing the importance of ocean science, theCanadian Consortium of Ocean Research Universities(CCORU) asked the Council of Canadian Academies toundertake an expert assessment of the state of oceanscience in Canada, focusing on future opportunities andchallenges for Canada and its coasts. This evidence-basedassessment follows on the Council’s priority setting exerciseand expert workshop report, 40 Priority ResearchQuestions for Ocean Science in Canada.

The major findings from Ocean Science in Canada: Meetingthe Challenge, Seizing the Opportunity:

! Canada ranks among the top countries in output andimpact of ocean science papers but this position is at risk.

The Panel used bibliometric analysis as a proxy indicator foran international comparison of the performance of oceanscience in Canada. According to this analysis, Canadaranks 7th in the number of peer-reviewed papers, and 11th inscientific impact, by average relative citations. Oceanscience in Canada is growing at a slower pace than otherfields of science in Canada. Canada also has the lowestdomestic growth index of the 25 leading countries in oceanscience. This implies that ocean science is losing groundrelative to other fields faster in Canada than in othercountries, which in the long run could lead to a decline of

Canada’s position in research output and impact.

! Canada has several world-class systems for oceanobservation and monitoring; however, challenges exist inachieving geographical coverage and integration of datamanagement.

Canada has recently invested in innovative observationplatforms, such as the NEPTUNE cabled observatory andthe Ocean Tracking Network, which build on existingstrengths in observation technology development. Whilethese systems are ground-breaking and attractive to leadingocean scientists from around the world, challenges existwith regard to the geographic coverage of observation andmonitoring, in particular in the Arctic. Other challengesremain with regard to data integration and accessibilitythrough the use of modern data portals. Addressing thesechallenges is especially important for research on globalchanges to the ocean.

! Canada has a substantial but aging research fleet.

Coast Guard operates the Canadian research fleet, whichincludes several large oceanographic vessels and adedicated research icebreaker that provides access to theArctic. Half of these vessels were built over 25 years ago,and older vessels lead to more breakdowns, higher costs,and operational days lost to maintenance. Furthermore, thePanel observed that other countries have established moretransparent systems of ship time allocation, which allow formore efficient use of ship time, and provide data to informthe planning of infrastructure investments. The ongoingrenewal of the Canadian research fleet provides anopportunity not only to update aging infrastructure but alsoto improve the alignment of vessel specifications withscience needs.

! Although funding for ocean science in Canadianuniversities is increasing, trends in total funding are unclear.

Total spending by funding agencies in Canada increasedfrom 2002 to 2011, but direct funding for individual researchprojects has declined since 2008. While more funding isavailable for large research networks and investments inmajor infrastructure, changes in the policies and programsof funding organizations require higher levels ofcoordination among researchers, and alignment of fundingfrom multiple sources. Overall, data on ocean scienceexpenditures of government organizations and the privatesector were insufficient to estimate national trends infunding for ocean science.

! The state of human capacity in ocean science cannot bedetermined because of data limitations.

Despite a steady increase in undergraduate and graduatestudents in many fields related to ocean science in Canadafrom 2001 to 2009, it is unclear whether overall trends in



human capacity are positive on balance or whether theskills needed to address the 40 research questions,described in 40 Priority Research Questions for OceanScience in Canada, are available. Due to itsinterdisciplinary character, ocean science draws on highlyqualified personnel from many programs and departments,which makes human capacity one of the most challengingcategories to assess. This is a particular concern, sincehuman capacity determines the use and productivity of allother elements of ocean science capacity.

For more information, please visit www.scienceadvice.ca.

References

1: Coward et al., 2000; Charles, 2001; for other examplesof Canadian leadership and contributions, see: de Wit &Muir, 2010; AMAP, 2011; Greenan & Klymak, 2011; Picard-Aitken et al., 2011.

Ocean Technology Clusters: Governments,Universities, and Private Sector Firms

Across Canada, regional partnerships among governments,universities, and private sector firms are contributing to thedevelopment of innovative ocean technologies and services.These regional groups, or clusters, share facilities andexpertise to help businesses innovate and grow whiledeveloping new tools for scientific research. For example, firmsin Halifax, NS have developed a particular strength inmarine-derived food additives and other products, as well asmarine defence and security. Newfoundland and Labrador ishome to a number of firms specializing in cold-waterengineering and oil and gas extraction. Similarly, a Pacificcluster has emerged in Victoria and Vancouver, BC around arange of government-funded research programs, including theNEPTUNE and VENUS cabled observatories, and offshore oiland gas exploration (Doloreux & Shearmur, 2009). In Quebec,the provincial government is investing in innovation-supportorganizations to stimulate technology and economicdevelopment along the St. Lawrence coast. These examplesdemonstrate the types of economic and scientific opportunitiesthat can be realized when government, academic, and privatesector organizations pool their collective knowledge andresources

“Si ce n'est pas nous, alors qui? Si ce n’est pasmaintenant, alors quand? Et si ce n'est pas ici, alorsoù?"

Naderev Sano, Commissiraire aux changementsclimatiques des Philippines à la 19e Conférence desNations Unies sur le climat tenue à Varsovie. Ces proposfont référence au passage du typhon Haiyan qui adévasté une partie des Philippines, vendredi, le 8novembre 2013.

Highlights in Ocean Observation in Canada

Argo is a global array of more than 3,500 automated floatsthat transmit data via satellites. The system covers almost theentire ocean, with the notable exception of the Arctic. Canadais contributing about one-tenth of the active Argo floats andwas one of the early developers of the Argo Software System(Argo, n.d.).

Reference: Argo. (n.d.). About Argo. Retrieved March 2013,from http://www.argo.ucsd.edu/About_Argo.html.

The Ocean Tracking Network, based at Dalhousie University,collects data on sea animal movements in relation to thephysical characteristics of the surrounding ocean. It uses aglobal network of acoustic receivers to track individual tagsattached to a variety of aquatic species (OTN, n.d.).

Reference: OTN (Ocean Tracking Network). Home page.Retrieved March 2013, from http://oceantrackingnetwork.org/.

The Census of Marine Life used human-operated vehicles(HOVs), remotely-operated vehicles (ROVs), AutonomousUnderwater Vehicles (AUVs), and towed platforms in aconcerted international effort to establish a baseline of marinebiodiversity (Snelgrove, 2010).

Reference: Snelgrove, P.V.R. (2010). Discoveries of theCensus of Marine Life: Making Ocean Life Count. Cambridge,United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

The Ocean Networks Canada observatory combines theNorth-East Pacific Undersea Networked Experiments(NEPTUNE) and the Victoria Experimental Network Under theSea (VENUS) into one of the world’s most potent cablednetworks (Taylor, 2009).

Reference: Taylor, S.M. (2009). Transformative ocean sciencethrough the VENUS and NEPTUNE Canada observingsystems. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in PhysicsResearch, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectorsand Associated Equipment, 602 (1), 63-67.Doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2008.12.019.

“If not us, then who? If hot now, when? And if nothere, where?”

From Naderev Sano, Commissioner for Climate Changein the Philippines at the 19th United Nations Conferenceon Climate Change held in Warsaw. His words refer toTyphoon Haiyan which devastated part of the Philippineson Friday, November 8, 2013.



Les sciences de la mer au Canada : Relever ledéfi, saisir l’opportunité

Les défis universels que soulève l’océan aujourd’hui exigentl’intégration des connaissances de multiples disciplines etune coordination allant au-delà des frontièrestraditionnelles. Même si le Canada est reconnu pour sonexcellence en recherche sur l’océan et son rôle de chef defile dans la collaboration internationale en recherche2, il estessentiel d’acquérir une solide compréhension descapacités nationales nécessaires pour répondre auxproblématiques futures des sciences de la mer.

Reconnaissant l’importance des sciences de la mer, leConsortium canadien des universités de la rechercheocéanographique (CCURO) a demandé au Conseil desacadémies canadiennes (CAC) de réaliser une évaluationsur l’état des sciences de la mer au Canada, en mettantl’accent sur les possibilités et les défis futurs pour leCanada et ses régions côtières. Cette évaluation fondée surdes données probantes donne suite à l’exerciced’établissement des priorités du CAC et au rapport dugroupe cadre d’experts, intitulé Les 40 questionsprioritaires pour la recherche canadienne en sciencesde la mer.

Voici les principales constatations qui ressortent de Lessciences de la mer au Canada : Relever le défi, saisirl’opportunité.

! Le Canada se classe dans le groupe de tête des payspour le nombre et l’impact des articles publiés en sciencesde la mer, mais cette position est à risque.

! Le Canada possède plusieurs systèmes d’observation etde surveillance océaniques de calibre mondial; cependant,l’extension de la couverture géographique et l’intégration dela gestion des données posent des défis.

! Le Canada dispose d’une flotte de navires de rechercheimportante mais vieillissante.

! Même si le financement alloué aux sciences de la merdans les universités canadiennes va en augmentant, lestendances du financement total demeurent imprécises.

! L’état de la capacité humaine en sciences de la mer nepeut être déterminé en raison des contraintes de données.

Pour en savoir plus, visitez http://sciencepourlepublic.ca.

Références:

2: Coward et al., 2000; Charles, 2001; pour d’autresexemples de leadership et de contributions du Canada, voirde Wit et Muir, 2010; AMAP, 2011; Greenan et Klymak,2011; Picard-Aitken et al., 2011.

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CLIMATE CHANGE / CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES

IPCC confirms that human activity willfurther warm the Earth, with dramatic

effects on weather, sea-levels and the Arctic

Stockholm, 27 September 2013 – A major internationalassessment of climate change adopted here by 110governments provides conclusive new scientific evidencethat human activities are causing unprecedented changesin the Earth’s climate.

Produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on ClimateChange (IPCC), which was established by the WorldMeteorological Organization and the United NationsEnvironment Programme in 1988, the report confirms thatit is extremely likely (95-100% probability) that most of thewarming since 1950 has been due to human influence.

The IPCC’s previous assessment, released in 2007,described the evidence for human-caused global warmingas “unequivocal,” with at least a 9 out of 10 chance of beingcorrect.

The new report further states that greenhouse gasemissions at or above current rates would induce changesin the oceans, ice caps, glaciers, the biosphere, and othercomponents of the climate system. Some of these changeswould very likely be unprecedented over decades tothousands of years. Limiting climate change would requiresubstantial and sustained reductions in emissions of carbondioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases.

“Multiple lines of evidence confirm that the extra heat beingtrapped by greenhouse gases is warming the Earth’ssurface to record levels, heating the oceans, raising sealevels, melting ice caps and glaciers, and changing weatherpatterns and extremes,” said WMO Secretary-GeneralMichel Jarraud.

“The IPCC report demonstrates that we must greatly reduceglobal emissions in order to avoid the worst effects ofclimate change. It also contains important new scientificknowledge that can be used to produce actionable climateinformation and services for assisting society to adapt to theimpacts of climate change,” he said.

“Climate change is a long term challenge but one thatrequires urgent action, not tomorrow but today and rightnow, given the pace and the scale by which greenhousegases are accumulating in the atmosphere and the risingrisks of a more than 2°C temperature rise,” said UN UnderSecretary General and UNEP Executive Director AchimSteiner.

“A universal new UN climate agreement by 2015 is critical,backed by supportive voluntary initiatives such as thosemanaging down short-lived climate pollutants like blackcarbon. As work under the inclusive Green Economyshows, the benefits of a transition to a low carbon future aremultiple from improved public health, food security and jobgeneration to combating climate change now and for futuregenerations,’ he added.

"For those who want to focus on the scientific questionmarks, that is their right do so. But today we need to focuson the fundamentals and on the actions. Otherwise the riskswe run will get higher with every year".

The role of the IPCC isto supply policy-relevantin fo rmat ion aboutclimate change to theworld’s governments. ItsF i f t h Assessmen tReport (AR5) will bec o n s i d e r e d b ynegotiators responsiblefor concluding a newagreement under theU n i t e d N a t i o n sFramework Conventionon Climate Change(UNFCCC) in 2015.

Some of the report’s key findings include:

! The global mean average surface temperature rose by0.89 °C from 1901 to 2012. Each of the last three decadeshas been warmer than all preceding decades since 1850. Inthe Northern Hemisphere, 1983–2012 was likely thewarmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years. The firstdecade of the 21st century has been the warmest of all(WMO’s The Global Climate 2001-2010 estimates theglobal average surface temperature for that decade at14.47°C). Global average temperatures will likely rise byanother 0.3°C to 0.7°C in the period 2016-2035. Averagedover the period 2081-2100, the global surface temperatureis likely to exceed pre-industrial levels by 1.5°C or even(depending on future greenhouse gas emissions) 2°C.

! Changes in many extreme weather and climate eventshave been observed since about 1950. It is very likely thatthe number of cold days and nights has decreased and thenumber of warm days and nights has increased on theglobal scale. In in large parts of Europe, Asia and Australia,it is likely that the frequency of heat waves has increased.



! It is virtually certain that the upper ocean (down to 700m)has warmed from 1971 to 2010. The deep ocean below3000 m has also likely warmed since the 1990s, whensufficient observations became available. Ocean warmingaccounts for most of the change in the amount of incomingsolar energy stored by the Earth, accounting for about 93%of it between 1971 and 2010. The global ocean will continueto warm during the 21st century. Heat will penetrate from thesurface to the deep ocean and affect ocean circulation.

! The rate of sea level rise since the mid-19th century hasbeen larger than the mean rate during the previous twomillennia. The global mean sea level rose by around 19 cmfrom 1901 to 2010 due to increased ocean warming andmelting glaciers and ice sheets. The rate of rise acceleratedbetween 1993 and 2010, and it is very likely to increasefurther during the 21st century and beyond. The report notesthat, during the last interglacial, when the climate was 2 °Cwarmer than pre-industrial levels, maximum global sealevels were 5 to 10 metres higher than they are today.

! Seawater has become more acidic (its pH has decreasedby 0.1) since the beginning of the industrial era due tohumanity’s carbon dioxide emissions; it will continue toacidify during the 21st century.

! It s very likely that the Arctic sea ice cover will continue toshrink and thin and that Northern Hemisphere spring snowcover will decrease during the 21st century as global meansurface temperature rises. Some scenarios foresee a nearlyice-free Arctic Ocean in September before mid-century.

! There is very high confidence that glaciers havecontinued to shrink and lose mass world-wide, with very fewexceptions. By 2100, glacial volume could, under onescenario, decline further by as much as 35-85%.Meanwhile, the extent of Northern Hemisphere snow coverhas decreased since the mid-20th century, especially inspring, and this decline, too, will continue.

! It is likely that human influences have affected the globalwater cycle and its patterns since 1960. For example, inrecent decades precipitation has increased in themid-latitude land areas of the Northern Hemisphere.

IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report (AR5)

• Working Group I: Physical Science Basis (Sept 2013)• Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (March 2014)• Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change (April 2014)• Synthesis Report: October 2014

Three years in the making, the “Physical Science Basis”volume of the Fifth Assessment Report was produced byover 250 scientists. Additional volumes on impacts,

mitigation and a synthesis will be released over the comingyear. The IPCC does not conduct new research. Instead, itsmandate is to make policy-relevant assessments of theexisting worldwide literature on the scientific, technical andsocio-economic aspects of climate change. Its reports haveplayed a major role in inspiring governments to adopt andimplement the United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change.

Reference: Joint Press Release WMO/UNEP.

Le GIEC confirme que la Terre continuera dese réchauffer sous l'effet des activités

humaines, ce qui aura des répercussionsspectaculaires sur le temps, le niveau de la

mer et l'Arctique

Stockholm, le 27 septembre 2013 – Une évaluationinternationale majeure consacrée au changementclimatique et adoptée à Stockholm par 110 gouvernementsapporte de nouvelles preuves scientifiques concluantes d'unbouleversement sans précédent de notre climat du fait desactivités humaines.

Produit par le Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental surl'évolution du climat (GIEC), lequel a vu le jour en 1988sous les auspices de l'Organisation météorologiquemondiale (OMM) et du Programme des Nations Unies pourl'environnement (PNUE), ce rapport confirme qu'il estextrêmement probable (à 95-100%) que le réchauffementobservé depuis 1950 soit en grande partie attribuable auxactivités humaines.

Le précédent rapport d'évaluation du GIEC, qui date de2007, avait qualifié de «sans équivoque» les preuves d'unchangement climatique anthropique, qui ont au moins 9chances sur 10 d'être correctes.

Le nouveau rapport affirme en outre que si les émissions degaz à effet de serre se poursuivent au rythme actuel ou à unrythme supérieur, les océans, les glaciers et les calottesglaciaires, la biosphère et d'autres composantes dusystème climatique connaîtront des changements, dontcertains seront très probablement sans précédent depuisdes dizaines, des centaines voire des milliers d'années.Pour limiter l'ampleur du changement climatique, il faudraitréduire considérablement et de façon prolongée lesémissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et autres gaz àeffet de serre.

“Un faisceau de preuves confirme que la chaleur piégée parles gaz à effet de serre entraîne une hausse record destempératures à la surface du globe”, a déclaré le Secrétairegénéral de l'OMM, Michel Jarraud. “Les océans seréchauffent, le niveau de la mer s'élève, les glaciers et lescalottes glaciaires fondent et les régimes météorologiques



sont perturbés, sans parler des phénomènes extrêmes”.

“Le rapport du GIEC démontre que nous devrons abaisserconsidérablement le niveau des émissions dans le mondepour contrer les conséquences les plus catastrophiques duchangement climatique”, a poursuivi M. Jarraud. “Il contientaussi de nouveaux éléments scientifiques qui pourrontservir à élaborer des informations et des servicessusceptibles d'aider la société à s'adapter aux effets duchangement climatique”.

“Le changement climatique est un défi permanent mais quin'en appelle pas moins une action immédiate”, a déclaré leSecrétaire général adjoint de l'ONU et Directeur exécutif duPNUE, Achim Steiner. “Nous ne pouvons nous permettre deremettre à demain les mesures nécessaires étant donné lerythme et l'ampleur de l'accumulation des gaz à effet deserre dans l'atmosphère et la menace grandissante d'unehausse de plus de 2°C de la température”.

“Il est absolument essentiel que les Nations Uniesconcluent d'ici à 2015 un nouvel accord universel sur leclimat qui s'appuie sur des initiatives volontaristes visant parexemple à limiter les émissions de polluants climatiques decourte durée de vie comme le carbone noir”, a-t-il ajouté.“Comme le montrent les études menées au titre del'Initiative pour une économie verte, les perspectivesoffertes par un avenir économe en carbone sontprometteuses à de multiples égards: amélioration de lasanté publique et de la sécurité alimentaire, créationd'emplois, lutte contre le changement climatique dansl'intérêt des générations actuelles et futures, etc.”.

“Ceux qui insistent sur les incertitudes scientifiques ont ledroit de le faire, mais nous devons nous concentreraujourd'hui sur l'essentiel et sur la politique à mener, fautede quoi les risques que nous courons s'aggraverontd'année en année”.

Le rôle du GIECconsiste à fournir auxgouvernements dumonde des informationssur le changementclimatique dont ilspourront se servir pourdéfinir leurs politiques.Le cinquième Rapportd'évaluation du Grouped'experts sera examinépar les négociateurschargés de conclure en2015 un nouvel accorda u t i t r e d e l aConvention-cadre desNations Unies sur leschangements climatiques.

Voici quelques conclusions de ce rapport:

! La température moyenne à la surface du globe aaugmenté de 0,89°C entre 1901 et 2012. Chacune des troisdernières décennies a été plus chaude que toutes celles quise sont écoulées depuis 1850. Les années 1983 à 2012constituent probablement la période de 30 ans la pluschaude qu'ait connue l'hémisphère Nord depuis 1400 ans,et à l'échelle du globe, la première décennie du XXIe sièclea été la plus chaude de toutes (la publication de l'OMMintitulée “The Global Climate 2001-2010: A Decade ofClimate Extremes” (Le climat dans le monde entre 2001 et2010: une décennie d'extrêmes climatiques) fait état d'unetempérature moyenne à la surface du globe estimée à14,47°C pour cette décennie). La moyenne mondiale destempératures devrait encore augmenter dans une fourchettecomprise entre 0,3 et 0,7°C sur la période 2016-2035, et latempérature à la surface du globe, moyennée sur la période2081-2100, devrait dépasser de 1,5°C voire 2°C (celadépendra des futures émissions de gaz à effet de serre) lesvaleurs préindustrielles.

! Des changements ont été constatés depuis 1950 environen ce qui concerne bon nombre de phénomènesmétéorologiques et climatiques extrêmes. Il est trèsprobable que le nombre de journées et de nuits froides adiminué et que le nombre de journées et de nuits chaudesa augmenté à l'échelle de la planète, et la fréquence desvagues de chaleur s'est sans doute accrue dans unegrande partie de l'Europe, de l'Asie et de l'Australie.

! Il est quasiment certain que les couches supérieures del'océan (jusqu'à 700 m de profondeur) se sont réchaufféesentre 1971 et 2010. Quant à l'océan profond – en-dessousde 3000 m –, il s'est probablement réchauffé lui aussidepuis les années 1990, lorsqu'on a commencé à disposerde données d'observation suffisantes. L'évolution de laquantité de rayonnement solaire incident stocké par laplanète se traduit pour une très grande part – environ 93%entre 1971 et 2010 – par un réchauffement des océans. Ceréchauffement se poursuivra durant le XXIe siècle: lachaleur passera de la surface aux profondeurs marines,perturbant la circulation océanique.

! Le rythme d'élévation du niveau de la mer s'est accélérédepuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, par rapport à la moyennecalculée pour les deux millénaires précédents. Le niveaumoyen de la mer s'est élevé de quelque 19cm entre 1901et 2010 en raison du réchauffement des océans et de lafonte des glaciers et des inlandsis. La hausse s'estaccélérée entre 1993 et 2010, et le rythme devrait trèsprobablement s'accroître encore durant le XXIe siècle etau-delà. Le rapport signale que pendant la dernière périodeinterglaciaire, lorsque les températures dépassaient de 2°Ccelles de l'ère préindustrielle, le niveau moyen de la merétait 5 à 10 m plus haut qu'aujourd'hui.



! L'eau de mer s'est acidifiée (son pH a diminué de 0,1)depuis le début de l'ère industrielle à cause des émissionsanthropiques de dioxyde de carbone, et le processus sepoursuivra au XXIe siècle.

! Dans l'hémisphère Nord, il est très probable que l'étendueet l'épaisseur de la banquise de l'Arctique continueront dediminuer et que l'étendue du manteau neigeux au printempsse réduira durant le XXIe siècle au fur et à mesure del'augmentation de la température moyenne à la surface duglobe. Selon certains scénarios, l'océan Arctique seraquasiment libre de glaces en septembre avant le milieu dusiècle.

! Il est très probable que les glaciers ont continué dereculer et de perdre de leur masse dans le monde entier, àquelques très rares exceptions près. Le volume des glacespourrait diminuer encore de 35 à 85% d'ici à 2100, selon unscénario. Par ailleurs, l'étendue du manteau neigeux dansl'hémisphère Nord a diminué depuis le milieu du XXe siècle,surtout au printemps, et cette tendance se poursuivra elleaussi.

! Il est probable que les activités humaines ont eu uneincidence sur le cycle mondial de l'eau et sesmanifestations depuis 1960. Ces dernières décennies parexemple, les précipitations ont augmenté aux latitudesmoyennes de l'hémisphère Nord.

Le volume du cinquième Rapport d'évaluation consacré auxbases scientifiques physiques, dont la gestation a duré troisans, est le fruit du travail de plus de 250 experts. D'autresvolumes sur les conséquences et l'atténuation duchangement climatique ainsi qu'un rapport de synthèseparaîtront dans l'année à venir. Le GIEC ne procède pas àde nouveaux travaux de recherche: son mandat consiste àfournir des évaluations susceptibles d'orienter les politiqueset portant sur la littérature mondiale consacrée aux aspectsscientifiques, techniques et socio-économiques duchangement climatique. Ses rapports ont largementcontribué à inciter les gouvernements à adopter et mettreen œuvre la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur leschangements climatiques.

Cinquième rapport d’évaluation du GIEC (AR5)

• Groupe de travail I: Bases scientifiques physiques (Sept 2013)• Groupe de travail II: Impacts, Adaptation et Vulnérabilité (Mars 2014)• Groupe de travail III: Adaptation aux changements climatiques (Avril 2014)• Rapport de synthèse: Octobre 2014

Référence: Communiqué de presse conjoint OMM/PNUE.

Définissez-vous comme un météorologiste professionnel La désignation de météorologiste professionnel (Mét. P) reconnaît vos titres etqualités sur les plans de l’éducation, de l’expérience, des compétences et de l’éthiqueprofessionnelle en tant que météorologiste au Canada. La désignation démontre votreengagement à l’égard la reddition de comptes, du perfectionnement professionnel etde l’apprentissage continu.

ECO Canada, SCMO et Environnement Canada ont mis sur pied un partenariat pour offrir cet agrément de calibre mondial auxmétéorologistes du Canada. Vous trouverez ci-bas la liste des Mét. P présentement certifés:.

Barry Lough (Calvin Consulting Group Ltd.) Kalin Mitchell (CBC)

Carolyn Evans (AMEC) Ken Little (Canadian Avalanche Foundation)

Claire Martin (CBC) Peter Jackson (University of Northern British Columbia)

Diar Hassan (Pelmorex – The Weather Network) René Laprise (UQAM)

Doug McCollor (BC Hydro) Roland Stull (University of British Columbia)

Frank Dempsey (Ontario Ministry of Environment) Sean Richmond (Pelmorex – The Weather Network)

Fusheng Jia (Scotia Weather Services Inc.) Terry Bullock (AMEC)

Gabriel Ionel Branescu (Bureau of Meteorology – Australian Gov.) Timothy Ashman (BC Hydro)

James Young (Jim Young Atmospheric Services Inc.) Uwe Gramann (Mountain Weather Services)

Jayme Gadal (Meteorological Service of Canada)

Joignez-vous à la liste nationale des leaders de l’industrie. Commencez dès aujourd’hui. www.eco.ca/certification.



CMOS BUSINESS / AFFAIRES DE LA SCMO

Call for Papers in a Special Issue ofAtmosphere-Ocean

SummaryAtmosphere-Ocean plans to publish a special issue entitled“Dynamics of the Gulf St. Lawrence System and itsInfluence on the Ecosystem: Past, Present and Future” in2014. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is a semi-enclosed seaconnected to the Grand Banks and the Scotian Shelfthrough Cabot Strait, and to the Labrador and northeasternNewfoundland Shelves through the Strait of Belle Isle. TheGulf of St. Lawrence is a unique marine ecosystemcharacterized by large freshwater runoff from rivers;landward flow of the North Atlantic waters in the deep layeralong the Laurentian Channel, large seasonal changes inhydrography, high biological productivity and diversity ofmarine life. This special issue will focus on the latestadvances in understanding of the physical, chemical,biological and geological processes in the Gulf of St.Lawrence and adjacent waters based on observational,numerical, and climate studies. Please submit your papersonline at http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/a-o, indicating thespecial issue “Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Waters”.

Tentative Schedule

! Submission of the full manuscript: February 2014.! Completion of Review: August 2014.! Publication: January 2015 or earlier.

Guest Editors

1) Dr. Jinyu Sheng, Professor and LRF Chair, Departmentof Oceanography, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street,PO Box 1500, Halifax, Nova Scotia, CANADA, B3H 4R2.Tel: (902) 494-2718; E-mail: [email protected]

2) Dr. Denis Lefaivre, Research Scientist, OperationalOceanography, Ecosystem Dynamics, Pelagic andEcosystem Science Branch, Regional Science Directorate,Quebec Region, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, MauriceLamontagne Institute, 850 route de la Mer, C.P. 1000,Mont-Joli (Qc), CANADA, G5H 3Z4.Tel: (418) 775-0568, Email: [email protected]

Proposed Title and Abstract of your Paper

If you are interested in publishing your paper in this speciali ssue, p lease contact the guest ed i to rs([email protected] or [email protected])with a proposed title and abstract and an indication whetheryou can meet the suggested deadline.

Appel de communications pour un numérospécial d’Atmosphere-Ocean

AperçuNous envisageons de publier en 2014 un numérod’Atmosphere-Ocean intitulé “Dynamics of the Gulf of St.Lawrence System and its Influence on the Ecosystem: Past,Present and Future” (Dynamique du système du golfe duSaint-Laurent et son incidence passée, présente et futuresur l’écosystème). Le golfe du fleuve Saint-Laurent est unemer semifermée, reliée aux Grands bancs et à la plateformeScotian via le détroit de Cabot, ainsi qu’au Labrador et à laplateforme du nord-est de Terre-Neuve via le détroit deBelle Isle. Le golfe du Saint-Laurent constitue unécosystème unique, caractérisé par un importantruissellement d’eau douce, provenant de divers coursd’eau; par un écoulement vers le continent des eaux del’Atlantique Nord via le courant profond du chenalLaurentien; par de grandes variations hydrographiquessaisonnières; par une production biologique abondante, etune grande diversité de la faune et de la flore marines. Cenuméro spécial portera sur les dernières avancées de lacompréhension des processus physiques, chimiques,biologiques et géologiques du golfe du Saint-Laurent et deseaux adjacentes, étayées par des observations, dessimulations numériques et des études climatologiques.Veuillez soumettre vos articles en ligne à l’adressehttp://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/a-o, en mentionnant lenuméro spécial : “Gulf of St. Lawrence and AdjacentWaters “.

Dates préliminaires

! Soumission du manuscrit complet : février 2014.! Fin de la révision : août 2014.! Publication : janvier 2015 ou plus tôt.

Rédacteurs en chef invités

1) Jinyu Sheng (Ph. D.), professeur et titulaire de lachaire LRET, Département d’océanographie, UniversitéDalhousie, 1355, Oxford Street, C. P. 1500, Halifax(Nouvelle-Écosse), Canada, B3H 4R2. Tél. : 902 494-2718. Courriel : [email protected].



2) Denis Lefaivre (Ph. D.), chercheur, Direction généralede l’océanographie opérationnelle, de la dynamique desécosystèmes, des sciences des milieux pélagiques et desécosystèmes, Direction régionale des sciences, Régiondu Québec, Pêches et Océans Canada, Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, 850, route de la Mer, C. P. 1000, Mont-Joli(Québec), Canada, G5H 3Z4. Tél. : 418 775-0568.Courriel : [email protected].

Titre proposé et résumé de votre communication

Si vous êtes intéressés à publier votre communicationdans ce numéro spécial, prière de contacter lesrédacteurs en chef invités ([email protected] [email protected]) en mentionnant le titreproposé et le résumé de votre communication. Prièred’indiquer également si vous pouvez rencontrer la datebutoir.

Atmosphere-Ocean 51-5 Paper Order

Applied Research / Recherche appliquée

AO-2012-0069Use of the National Drought Model (NDM) in MonitoringSelected Agroclimatic Risks Across the AgriculturalLandscape of Canada, by A.C. Chipanshi, R.T. Warren,J. L’Heureux, D. Waldner and H. McLean

AO-2013-0033All-Sky Surface Radiation and Clear-Sky Surface EnergyBudgets: Summer to Freeze-Up in the Western MaritimeArctic, by R. L. Raddatz, T. Papakyriakou, R. J. Galley,M. G. Asplin, L. M. Candlish, B. Else and D. G. Barber

AO-2012-0063Changes in Snow Mass Balance in the Canadian RockyMountains Caused by CO2 Rise: Regional AtmosphereModel Results, by Edward W. Pollock and Andrew B.G.Bush

Fundamental Research / Recherche fondamentale

AO-2013-0003Measurements of CO, HCN and C2H6 Total Columns inSmoke Plumes Transported from the 2010 RussianBoreal Forest Fires to the Canadian High Arctic, by C. Viatte, K. Strong, C. Paton-Walsh, J. Mendonca,N. T. O’Neill and J. R. Drummond

AO-2012-0035A 7-Year Lidar Temperature Climatology of the Mid-Latitude Upper Troposphere and Stratosphere, by B. Iserhienrhien, R. J. Sica and P. S. Argall

AO-2013-0020Simulation of the 2001–02 Anomalous Intrusion in theNortheast Pacific, by Shawn M. Donohue and Michael W.Stacey

AO-2013-0036Testing and Modelling the Volatility Change in ENSO, by R. Modarres and T. B. M. J. Ouarda

Ian Rutherford is leaving us

After serving three years at the head of Council from 1998to 2000 Ian Rutherford completed his administrative trainingas CMOS Business Manager when the Society was stilladministered by CAP (Canadian Association of Physicists).In June 2004, he was appointed Executive Director,succeeding Neil Campbell. Many things have changed inthe administration of the Society under his leadership,notably the initiation of a modern financial managementsystem and the development of a centralised database thathave allowed the safeguarding and exploitation ofnumerous data and statistics about our membership,committees, finances and congresses. For the first time inits modern history the Society finally acquired anautonomous and efficient administration that fulfils itsrequirements.

Ian developed closecontacts betweenCMOS and externalorganisations such asPAGSE (PartnershipGroup for Science andEngineering) whicha i m s t o i n f o r mpo l i t i c i ans a b o u ts c i e n c e , C C R(Canadian Consortiumfor Research) whichsubmits budgetaryp r o p o s a l s a b o u ts c i e n c e t o t h e

Government, SMCC (Science Media Centre of Canada)which informs the media about scientific developments, aswell as NSERC (Natural Science and Engineering ResearchCouncil) and other scientific societies, in particular CAP andCGU (Canadian Geophysical Union). Ian was also at thecentre of the CMOS initiative to create CFCAS (CanadianFoundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences) whichsucceeded in distributing more than $75 million to ourscientists.

Dr. Ian Rutherford



Organisation of congresses was a major achievement underIan’s leadership. Since congresses now require severalyears of planning, negotiation of expensive agreements withhotels and development of large budgets, the expertise andmanagement tools of the Executive Director have becomeessential. Ian’s expertise has even allowed CMOS to offerconference management services to other societies orfriendly organisations. Thanks to him, congresses havebecome a significant source of revenue for the Society.

All those who have had the occasion to work with Ian havebeen able to appreciate his talents in all domains, hisreasoned commentaries and advice, his deep commitmentto the Society and to everything that concerns atmosphericand oceanographic sciences, all rounded up in a friendlypersonality. Everything is not lost with his departure: he willremain available to assist his successor in understandingand resolving the challenges that the Society will continueto face.

Richard Asselin, Director, CMOS Publications

Ian Rutherford nous quitte

Après avoir servi trois ans à la tête du Conseil de 1998 à2000 Ian Rutherford a complété son apprentissageadministratif comme chef de bureau de la SCMO alors quel’ACP (Association canadienne des physiciens etphysiciennes) administrait encore la SCMO. En juin 2004 ilétait nommé Directeur général en remplacement de NeilCampbell. Beaucoup de choses ont changé dansl’administration de la Société sous sa direction, notammentl’implantation d’un système de gestion financière moderneet le développement d’une banque de données centraliséequi ont permis d’accumuler et d’exploiter de nombreuxrenseignements et statistiques sur nos membres, comités,finances et congrès. Pour la première fois de son histoire,la Société fut enfin dotée d’une administration efficaceautonome qui répond à ses besoins particuliers.

Ian a développé des contacts étroits entre la SCMO et desorganismes externes tels que PFST (Partenariat en faveurdes sciences et de la technologie) qui vise à informer lespoliticiens sur les sciences, CCR (Consortium canadienpour la recherche) qui fait des propositions budgétaires auGouvernement en faveur de la recherche, CCSM (Centrecanadien sciences et média) qui informe les média desprogrès scientifiques, de même que le CSNRG (Conseil derecherches en sciences naturelles et en génie), et d’autressociétés scientifiques, en particulier l’ACP et l’UGC (Uniongéophysique canadienne). Ian fut aussi au centre del’initiative de la SCMO pour la création de la FCSCA(Fondation canadienne pour les sciences du climat et del’atmosphère,) qui a contribué à distribuer plus de 75$millions à nos chercheurs.

L’organisation des congrès a particulièrement bénéficié duleadership de Ian. Comme il faut maintenant planifier lescongrès plusieurs années d’avance, négocier des ententestrès coûteuses avec les hôtels et établir des budgetsimportants, l’expertise et les outils de gestion du directeurgénéral sont devenus indispensables. Les systèmes établispar Ian ont même permis à la SCMO d’offrir des servicesd’administration de conférences à d’autres sociétés ouorganisations amies. Grâce à lui, les congrès sont devenusune source importante de revenus pour la Société.

Tous ceux qui ont eu l’occasion de travailler avec Ian ont puapprécier ses talents dans tous les domaines, sesréflexions et conseils réfléchis, son engagement auprès dela Société et tout ce qui touche les sciencesatmosphériques et océanographiques, sans oublier soncontact amical. Mais tout n’est pas perdu avec son départ;il demeurera disponible pour aider son successeur àcomprendre et à résoudre les défis qui ne cessent de seprésenter à la Société.

Richard Asselin, Directeur des Publications de la SCMO

Andrew Bell becomes the newExecutive Director for CMOS

After nearly 10 years asexecutive director of CMOS, IanRutherford is stepping down to awell deserved break from hisduties. He expressed hisintention well in advance to giveus the time needed for CMOS tofind someone who could take upthis position. An announcementwas sent to our members andpublished in the CMOS Bulletinand four candidates responded,all with valuable credentials.After informal discussions withthe candidates, two of themwithdrew their candidacies. Thetwo remaining candidates wereinterviewed and myself, the past-

and vice-president went to Ottawa for the occasion. It isnow my great pleasure to announce that Dr. Andrew Bellhas been selected as the new executive director of CMOS.

Dr. Bell obtained a PhD in atmospheric physics from theUniversity of Manchester (UK) and has worked as projectmanager, technical leader, systems engineer, and principalscientist on several significant electro-optical instrumentprojects and many advanced studies within the civil spaceindustry in Europe and North America. He championed thedesign and development of scientific instruments foratmospheric sounding and Earth/Ocean surface sensing. Atthe interview, we were all impressed by his grasp of what

Dr. Andrew Bell



CMOS is but maybe more importantly what it could become.This is very timely as the executive has expressed itsinterest in revamping the organization.

Andrew took up the position on October 1, 2013 and sincethen has been working with Ian Rutherford on the transition.Presidents of CMOS come and go but the executive directorremains and keeps our organization on track. We havebeen privileged to have had Ian Rutherford for all thoseyears and we cannot think him enough for his dedicationand hard work. This being said, I think that Andrew Bell willlive up to the expectations and imprint his own personaltouch to the future of CMOS. I warmly welcome himamongst us and look forward to working with him.

Pierre Gauthier, President CMOS

Andrew Bell devient le nouveaudirecteur général de la SCMO

Après presque dix ans au poste de directeur général de laSCMO, Ian Rutherford laisse son poste pour un répit bienmérité de ses responsabilités. Il avait exprimé son intentionil y a longtemps pour nous donner le temps nécessaire pourlui trouver un remplaçant. Une annonce a été envoyée ànos membres et publiée ensuite dans le Bulletin de laSCMO et quatre candidats ont répondu, tous avec desréférences intéressantes. Après des discussions informellesavec les candidats, deux d'entre eux ont retiré leurcandidature. Les deux autres candidats furent interviewéset moi-même, le président sortant et le vice-présidents noussommes rendus à Ottawa pour l'occasion. C'est maintenantavec grand plaisir que je vous annonce que le Dr. AndrewBell a été choisi comme nouveau directeur général de laSCMO.

Le Dr. Bell a obtenu son PhD en physique de l'atmosphèrede l'Université de Manchester (UK) et a travaillé commegestionnaire de projet, chef technique, ingénieur desystèmes et scientifique principal sur plusieurs projetsconcernant le développement d'instruments électro-optiques ainsi que sur des études avancées dans l'industriespatiale civile en Europe et en Amérique du Nord. Il apromu la conception et le développement d'instrumentsscientifiques pour sonder l'atmosphère et la télédétection dela surface terrestre et des océans. Lors de l'entrevue, nousavons tous été impressionnés par sa compréhension de cequ'est la SCMO mais, encore plus important, de ce qu'ellepourrait devenir. Ceci tombe bien car l'exécutif s'intéresseactuellement à remanier l'organisation.

Andrew est devenu directeur général le 1er octobre 2013 etdepuis, a travaillé sur la passation des pouvoirs avec IanRutherford. Les présidents de la SCMO ne font que passermais le directeur général reste et maintient le cap. Nousavons été privilégiés d'avoir eu Ian Rutherford durant toutesces années et nous ne le remercierons jamais assez pour

son dévouement et son travail ardu. Ceci étant dit, je pensequ'Andrew Bell saura être à la hauteur de nos attentes etqu'il donnera sa touche toute personnelle à l'avenir de laSCMO. Je lui souhaite donc la bienvenue parmi nous et j'aibien hâte de travailler avec lui.

Pierre Gauthier, Président de la SCMO

A few words from our newExecutive Director

I am very happy to have been selected for the role ofExecutive Director. I thank the committee and Ian inparticular for trusting someone who is from neither atraditional meteorological nor oceanographic background.I have however worked with both groups in the process ofmy career designing and building remote sensinginstruments to support both fields. I hope to be able toutilise some of my skills in working with groups of manydifferent backgrounds to strengthenand broaden the CMOS community.

We find ourselves in an interestingtime where the major governmentdepartments in our f ie ld,Environment Canada and theDepartment of Fisheries andOceans are contracting andrefocusing, and many aspects oftheir past work are being picked upby academia and industry. As thecommuni ty becomes moredispersed and diverse it will beincreasingly important to have anumbrella organisation where thedifferent constituent groups candiscuss the issues that face them and find a combinedvoice. I hope that we can build CMOS in to thatorganisation.

For those of you who use linkedin I have created a grouparea there called “Canadian MeteOcean Group” it is opento all who have an interest and can be used to publicisework, items of interest for discussion about science,measurement equipment & techniques, campaigns,questions for the community, studentships, jobs etc. Fromthe CMOS side I will use it to provide group members withthe push email on CMOS “What’s New” items, the“Congress” and “Jobs” so that communication does notsolely rely on remembering to visit the CMOS web site fromtime to time. Please join in and make use of this moreinteractive new media to strengthen and hopefully grow thecommunity. (Note: you do not have to be a CMOS memberto join the linkedin group ).

Andrew Bell, CMOS Executive Director

Dr. Andrew Bell



Un mot de notre nouveau directeur général

Je suis très heureux qu’on m’aitchoisi pour le poste de directeurgénéral. Je remercie le comité, etIan en particulier, de faireconfiance à un candidat qui neprovient pas des secteurstraditionnels de la météorologieou de l’océanographie. J’aitoutefois travaillé avec ces deuxgroupes au cours de ma carrière,en concevant et en construisantdes instruments de télédétectionen soutien à ces domaines.J’espère être en mesure d’utilisercertaines compétences acquisesau contact de groupes dediverses spécialités, afin derenforcer et d’élargir la

communauté de la SCMO.

Il s’agit là d’une période intéressante, pour laquelle lesministères fortement liés à notre domaine, EnvironnementCanada et Pêches et Océans Canada, se restructurent etse repositionnent, de manière que plusieurs aspects deleurs activités passées sont repris par les universités etl’industrie. Tandis que la communauté se disperse et sediversifie, il importera de plus en plus d’avoir un organismequi chapeaute les discussions entre les divers groupes ence qui a trait aux questions qui les concernent, tout entrouvant une voix commune. J’espère que nous pourronsfaire de la SCMO cet organisme rassembleur.

Pour ceux qui utilisent LinkedIn, j’ai créé un groupe appelé« Canadian MeteOcean Group ». Celui-ci est ouvert à tousceux qui s’intéressent aux domaines visés. Il peut servir àdiffuser des travaux et des discussions autour de questionsscientifiques, ou portant sur l’équipement et les techniquesde mesure, ainsi qu’à faire campagne, à répondre auxquestions adressées à la communauté et sur les boursesd’études, les emplois, etc. En ce qui concerne la SCMO, jevais utiliser LinkedIn pour transmettre aux membres dugroupe de l’information sur les nouveautés, le Congrès etles emplois, afin que la communication ne se limite pas à sesouvenir de visiter le site Web de la Société de temps àautre. N’hésitez pas à vous inscrire et à tirer profit de cenouveau média interactif, visant à renforcer et, je l’espère,à faire croître notre communauté (notez que vous n’avezpas à faire partie de la SCMO pour vous joindre au groupeLinkedIn).

Andrew Bell, Directeur général de la SCMO

Dorothy Neale is leaving us

After thoughtful consideration, Dorothy Neale, ourAssociate editor, has decided to retire.

Dorothy joined CMOS in 1994 as Executive Secretary toDr. Neil Campbell, then the newly appointed ExecutiveDirector. With her vast experience in public administration,she was of tremendousl help in the organization of theSociety.

Since her arrival inCanada in the mid-fifties, Dorothy Nealeworked with Mr. R.F.Shaw in his variedcareer as President,T h e F o u n d a t i o nCompany of Canada,Deputy CommissionerGeneral of EXPO “67and Vice-Principal(Administration) McGillUniversity. On hisa p p o i n t m e n t a sDeputy Minister of then e w l y c r e a t e dDepartment of theEnvironment in 1971,

Dorothy joined the Public Service in Ottawa and providedadministrative support until his retirement at the end of1974. At that time, she joined the office of Dr. A.E. Collin inhis capacity as Assistant Deputy Minister, Ocean andAquatic Sciences, Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In1977, Dr. A.E. Collin was appointed Assistant DeputyMinister, Atmospheric Environment Service. Dorothyfollowed him and provided administrative support andserved in this capacity a succession of Assistant DeputyMinisters: Mr. J. Bruce, Mr. H. Ferguson and Ms.E.Dowdeswell. Prior to retirement in 1992, Dorothy workedas Assistant Liaison Officer in the preparation of ministerialcorrespondence in AES.

Since her beginning with CMOS, by methodically revisingour published material, Dorothy contributed tremendouslyto improve the various CMOS publications, specially theCMOS Bulletin SCMO. Well known for her merciless redpen, she corrected the proofs often in short delays becauseof the publication deadlines. With the departure of NeilCampbell as Executive Director, Dorothy became ourAssociate Editor, tireless, always looking for thegrammatical or spelling error. She was awarded the Neil J.Campbell Medal for Exceptional Volunteer Service in 2007.For all this, for unconditional assistance during all thoseyears, for her proverbial good mood, we only can say“Thank you”! [Note: Version française en page 213].

Paul-André Bolduc, CMOS Bulletin SCMO Editor

Dr. Andrew Bell

Dorothy Neale receiving the Neil J.Campbell medal for exceptional

volunteer service from Neil Cambellhimself in 2007



BOOK REVIEW / REVUE de LITTÉRATURE

Chemistry and the Environment

by Sven E. Harnung and Matthew S. Johnson

Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-68257-32012, Paperback, xiii + 427 pages, $75

and

An Introduction to Chemistry of the Sea,Second edition

by Michael E.Q. Pilson

Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88707-62013, Hardcover, xi + 524 pages, $80

Books reviewed by J.J.P. Smith1

The true art in the work of an academic scientist is thewriting of a textbook. For it is in the creation of a text,with its goal of efficiently transferring knowledge, thatcurrent advances in science come to be synthesizedand enter into the canon of received learning. And,from such a source, science advances. Well-writtentexts in the natural sciences define epochs ofunderstanding. In disciplines where knowledge isincreasingly acquired through electronic media,textbooks can have an enduring quality that givesthem authority in the classroom and as references inthe laboratory. So it is with both these recent works.

Harnung and Johnson’s Chemistry and theEnvironment has the ambitious goal of surveyingcomplex chemical processes across the naturalenvironment, a daunting task in a single volume. Theauthors define their subject matter with clarity andframe introductory (i.e. review) topics which groundthe following comprehensive presentations ofparticular subjects. The book begins with a breezy(but concise and interesting) consideration of theearth’s origins featuring basic chemical formulae andcompact explanations of the Wilson geochemicalcycle and Curie temperature. Fearlessly the authors(both well regarded senior academics at the Universityof Copenhagen) move into the challenging area of

earth dynamics, presenting the empirical schema ofglobal scale thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Some aspects of the two subjects could have beenmore fully explained, but space had to be left for thecentral introductory topic of chemicalthermodynamics, itself well presented. From thesebeginnings Chemistry and the Environment returns toa descriptive section (Chapter 3) that defines theearth’s constituent parts for chemical analysis: theatmosphere, the lithosphere, and the hydrosphere,followed by a description of what constitutes biota inall three parts. From there, the subsequent threechapters address empirical chemistry in detail foreach of the spheres. The book is at its best here, ablypresenting narrative descriptions of chemicalprocesses (and established rules) with formulae andwell developed charts and drawings. For example, the“Chemistry of Soils” section (at Chapter 6.3) is superband one could see how it would be taught in theclassroom straight from the book.

What transformsChemistry and theEnvironment from agood work to anexcellent one are thefinal four chapters (7– 10) and supportingmaterials in severala p p e n d i c e s .Al though thesechapters – aboutglobal cycles of thee l e m e n t s , t h echemicals industry,e n v i r o n m e n t a limpact of selectedchemicals and thechemistry of climate

change – are somewhat general, they presentcomplex phenomena unusually well. Because thesubject of climate change (Chapter 10) has particularinterest (if not urgency) this section could have beenmore detailed. I anticipated a comparison of highlatitude climate change causation at the north andsouth poles as the mechanisms differ in each regionand because there is a useful heuristic in the exampleof the cooling effect around the South Pole from thereduction of its stratospheric ozone in recent decades.The concern is minor, however. The book’s

1 McGill and Carleton Universities, and the government of the Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic.



concluding materials also have a useful selection ofcurrent reference works that includes several classics,such as Henderson’s 1982 Inorganic Chemistry. Afinal mark of a well-written text, as here, is anaccessible, organized index.

Pilson’s An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea,similarly empirical and so accessible to many, caneasily be called one-stop shopping in the field ofchemical oceanography. The (yet further) tests of atextbook are whether it is an interesting read and ifone would teach from it. An Introduction to Chemistryof the Sea succeeds at both.

The 15 chapters of thebook begin with theb a s i c s o f w h a tseawater is comprisedof and the physicalproperties by which weanalyze it, beforeturning to gases inseawater (Chapter 5)and salts (Chapter 6). Particular explanationsabout salinity, density,s o l u b i l i t y a n datmospheric exchangeare among the best inthe wider literature. An

Introduction to Chemistry of the Sea then moves toaddress specifics in neatly integrated chapters, fromcarbon dioxide (Chapter 7) and nutrients (Chapter 8)through the chemical extraction of substances fromseawater (Chapter 14). On first impression, the finalchapter (geochemical history of the oceans) seemsmisplaced. After all, “earth origins” in natural sciencetexts almost invariably feature as introductorymaterial. But this is a deftly prepared culmination ofsignificant ocean chemical phenomena, one thatrewards the reader for persevering through thefoundations of earlier chapters. Chapter 10,radioactive clocks, merits particular mention. It is likelyas much the development in radionuclide research forocean chemistry as it is the author’s (an emeritusprofessor of oceanography at the University of RhodeIsland) confidence in presenting the subject thatmakes this section especially useful. There is here aseemingly complete reference to methodologicallyapproaching research of radioactivity in seawater.Together with some useful reference appendices (forexample carbon dioxide in seawater, and soundabsorption) the book concludes with question sets for

each chapter and an impressive list of bibliographicreferences. Rare is the text which balances theteaching of science with the role of being a referencemanual for research. Michael Pilson’s An Introductionto the Chemistry of the Sea achieves that.

The test of a book is whether one would buy it. Another is whether it can be recommended to others. A third, applicable here, is whether the book has usein the classroom. Both Chemistry and theEnvironment and An Introduction to Chemistry of theSea succeed at these. Taken together, the two wouldmake suitable core selections for seniorundergraduate environmental chemistry and chemicaloceanography courses. That is because theydefinitively encompass their subjects in a way that isaccessible to students and they have a readypedagogical engagement for the lecturer. For others,each book will be a timely and credible researchreference, useful in climate change, generaloceanographic and marine pollution research (amongothers), as well as the planning of research. Theydeserve a place on the bookshelves of many.

Books in search of a Reviewer (Partial list)Livres en quête d’un critique (Liste partielle)

Latest Books received / Derniers livres reçus

2013-02) Mesoscale-ConvectiveProcesses in the Atmosphere, byRobert J. Trapp, CambridgeUniversity Press, ISBN 978-0-521-88942-1, Hardback, 346pages, CDN$86.95.

2013-04) Non-Linear ClimateDynamics, by Henk A. Dijkstra,

Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-87917-0,Hardback, CDN$76.95, 357 pages.

2013-05) The Weather and Climate, Emergent Laws andMultifractal Cascades, by Shaun Lovejoy and DanielSchertzer, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-01898-3, Hardback, CDN$132.95, 475 pages.

2013-06) The Self-Potential Method, Theory andApplications in Environmental Geosciences, by André Reviland Abderrahim Jardani, Cambridge University Press, ISBN978-1-107-01927-0, Hardback, CDN$121.95, 369 pages.



IN MEMORIAM

Robert Edward (Ted) Munn

(26 July 1919 – 7 September 2013)

BA (McMaster), MSC (Toronto), PhD (Michigan), FRSC

Ted Munn, a well known figure in Canadian meteorologyand environmental science, passed away in earlySeptember at the age of 94. Ted enjoyed a long anddistinguished career in the federal public service and at theUniversity of Toronto. Despite his numerous projects andcommitments he always had time for students andcolleagues, for visits to his favourite art galleries andconcerts halls, and for cross-country ski outings on sunnywinter afternoons. Ted never stopped working away at hisbeloved science – he completed his final book in the lastfew weeks of his life.

Ted joined the Meteorological Division of the CanadianDepartment of Transport in 1941. He served as a wartimeforecaster in Gander from 1943 to 1948 and meteorologistat the Public Weather Office in Halifax from 1948-1956,including a short stint as a TV weatherman. In 1956 he wasseconded to the Canada-US International Joint Commissionin Windsor as an air pollution research meteorologist toinvestigate pollution in the Detroit-Windsor area. In 1959Ted moved to Meteorological Branch Headquarters inToronto to become Head of the new MicrometeorologySection. He continued his research in meteorology and airpollution, with publications on micro- and meso-scalemeteorology, turbulence, air pollutant dispersion, and lake-breeze and heat-island effects. His first book, “DescriptiveMicrometeorology”, was published in 1966 and usedextensively as a textbook; his second, “Biometeorological

Methods” followed in 1970.

Shortly after the creation of the federal Department of theEnvironment in the early 1970s Ted became Chief Scientistof the Air Quality Research Branch, a position which he helduntil his retirement from the public service in 1977. Duringthis period Ted played a very important role in bringing amultidisciplinary approach to the study of environmentalissues in Canada and abroad. Initially he brought togethermeteorologists, physicists and chemists to work on airpollution problems. One of his proud moments was the dayhe announced to his staff of physical scientists that he hadjust hired a biologist into the group – unheard of at the time! Ted worked with aquatic, forestry, plant and healthcommunities, with social and political scientists, andeconomists. He strove to ensure that decision-makers whowould eventually have to deal with the impacts of andadaptions to environmental problems were well informedand fully engaged. In 1971 Ted founded “The InternationalJournal of Boundary-layer Meteorology” and served as itsEditor in Chief for more than 25 years.

In 1977 Ted began a new career at the Institute forEnvironmental Studies (IES) at the University of Toronto.He became increasingly interested in broaderenvironmental issues – environmental policy, riskassessment, sustainable development and globalenvironmental change. He was very active internationally,notably with the United Nations Environment Program(UNEP) and the Scientific Committee on the Environment(SCOPE) of the International Council of Scientific Unions(ICSU), where he was Editor in Chief for the SCOPEPublication Program from 1979-1998.

In 1985 Ted became Leader of the Environment Programand Deputy Director at the International Institute for AppliedSystems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. This movewas somewhat of a surprise given Ted’s penchant foravoiding management positions. Could his decision havebeen influenced by the lure of Vienna’s galaxy of opera,concerts, galleries and museums? On his return to IES in1989 Ted continued to work on long term global change andglobal environmental issues. He served as a senior advisorto UNEP, the United Nations Conference on Environmentand Development, the World Meteorological Organization,the World Health Organization and ICSU. He was one theprincipal editors of the 1992 UNEP book, “The WorldEnvironment 1972-1992” and Editor in Chief of thecomprehensive reference work, the five-volumeEncyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, publishedby Wiley & Sons in 1992. In addition to Ted’s legendaryeditorial skills, he published more than 200 scientific papersand some 20 books and monographs. Although Ted retiredagain in 2005, he continued to be part of the IES communityand pursue his scientific interests.

Dr. Robert Edward MunnRef: Peter Taylor et al., Boundary-Layer Meteorology 78: 3-8,

1996



Ted was recognized in Canada and abroad for his manyoutstanding accomplishments. He received the President’sPrize from the Canadian Meteorological Society; thePatterson Medal for Meteorology in Canada; awards forApplied Meteorology, Outstanding Achievement inBiometeorology and the Walter Orr Roberts Lectureshipfrom the American Meteorological Society; the FrankChambers Research Award from the US Air PollutionControl Association; and a Commonwealth Fellowship fromthe Government of Australia. He was a Fellow of the RoyalSociety of Canada, the Canadian Meteorological andOceanographic Society, the American MeteorologicalSociety, and the American Association for the Advancementof Science. In 1991 he received the Arbor Award from theUniversity of Toronto for Service to the University.

One of Ted’s most important contributions was thepioneering and sustained role he played in the evolution ofenvironmental science in Canada and abroad. He alwaysseemed to be a step ahead of the state of the science. When air pollution was primarily thought of in terms of stackemissions, Ted was thinking about where the pollutioneventually ended up, how it got there and what damage itwas doing. He promoted the new tools and techniques thatwould be required to advance understanding ofenvironmental issues: more effective monitoring systems,comprehensive modelling approaches, risk assessmentsand environmental impact assessments. Throughout hiscareer he was a strong advocate for a multi-disciplinaryapproach to environmental studies and for informed societalengagement. Ted’s editorial and written communicationskills contributed immensely to the dissemination ofinformation about current and impending environmentalissues. His audience included layperson, politician,decision-maker, and scientist.

Ted was a wonderful teacher and mentor. His thirst forknowledge and his enthusiasm touched many bright youngstudents. During the 1990s Ted, Ron Williams and I had thegood fortune to co-teach a course at IES on “Current Issuesof Global Environmental Change”. Ted had a knack ofreaching out to students in other disciplines, both toencourage them in matters environmental and to benefitfrom their diverse insights and talents. He was particularlydelighted to have attracted students of law, journalism,history and medicine to the course. During his later years heestablished a tradition of having lunch on a regular basiswith an assortment of his former colleagues and studentsfrom over the years, “the Lads”, as he called them. Hewould often begin the lunch-time conversation with achallenging question or a proposal for the next project to betackled. Perhaps not many startling developments emergedfrom these sessions, but as always, Ted was delighted tohave provoked a good discussion.

Doug Whelpdale

Dr. John Vandermeulen

1933-2013

John Vandermeulendied on 20 July 2013in Truro, NS after alengthy illness. Born inThe Netherlands, heimmigrated to Canadawith his family in 1948.He earned B.Sc.,B.Ed. and M. Sc.Degrees from theUniversity of Albertaand later a Ph.D. inmarine biology atUCLA. Following a p o s t d o c t o r a lfellowship at Duke

University, he returned to Canada to take up a researchscientist position at the Marine Ecology Laboratory at theBedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, NS wherehe remained for the rest of his scientific career. He becamean international expert on the impacts of oil spills on marineecosystems, beginning with work on the 1970 Arrow oil spillin Chedabucto Bay, NS followed by work on other major oilspills around the world. Over his lengthy career, hepublished a wide variety of scientific papers and reports and organized numerous international symposia andworkshops. Other major scientific contributions includedleading the founding of the A.G. Huntsman Award (givenannually to an outstanding scientist in internationaloceanography) and serving as an adjunct professor atDalhousie University. A person with insatiable curiosity anddiverse interests, John was also an avid orchid grower, atalented enamellist and visual artist, and a member of theRoyal Astronomical Society. He is survived by his wife Gail,four children, nine grandchildren and a wide network offriends and colleagues.

Prochain numéro du CMOS Bulletin SCMO

Le prochain numéro du CMOS Bulletin SCMO paraîtraen février 2014. Prière de nous faire parvenir avant le 3janvier 2014 vos articles, notes, rapports d’atelier ounouvelles à l’adresse indiquée au haut de la page 186.Nous avons un besoin URGENT de vos contributionsécrites.

Dr. John Vandermeulen



Klaus Hochheim

Dr. Klaus Hochheim, a respected climatologist and researchassociate with the Centre for Earth Observation Science(CEOS) at the University of Manitoba, has died tragically ina helicopter accident in the Canadian Arctic (See CMOSBulletin SCMO, Vol.41, No.5, page 184). He was 55 yearsof age.

Dr. Hochheim was aboard a Coast Guard helicopter over the Northwest Passage when it crashed on Monday 9September. Two Coast Guard officers were also killed in theaccident.

Dr. Klaus was anardent researcherdedicated to theunderstanding of thenature of climatechange and its effectson sea ice. He workedat the University ofManitoba Centre forEarth ObservationScience in the ClaytonH. Riddell Faculty ofEnvironment, Earth,and Resources (CEOS) for over 12ye a rs , and has

collaborated with researcher at CEOS for more than 25years. He was a veteran of high Arctic field campaigns andan outstanding research scientist.

Hochheim received his BA (hons) from the University ofWinnipeg, followed by his MA/95 and PhD/03 from theUniversity of Manitoba. He studied sea ice climatology andmicrowave and optical remote sensing in extremeconditions, having been part of projects and expeditions inboth the Arctic and Antarctic. He worked extensively withArcticNet, a Network of Centres of Excellence of Canadathat brings together scientists and managers in the natural,human health and social sciences with their partners fromInuit organizations, northern communities, federal andprovincial agencies and the private sector.

Dr. Hochheim leaves behind a wife and three children.

Next Issue CMOS Bulletin SCMO

Next issue of the CMOS Bulletin SCMO will be publishedin February 2014. Please send your articles, notes,workshop reports or news items before January 3, 2014to the address given at the top of page 186. We have anURGENT need for your written contributions.

Dorothy Neale nous quitte

Après mûre réflexion, Dorothy Neale, notre rédactriceassociée, a décidé de prendre sa retraite définitive.

Dorothy s’est jointe à la SCMO en 1994 comme Secrétaireexécutive du Dr. Neil Campbell, alors nouvellement nomméDirecteur général. Elle a alors largement contribué àl’organisation de la Société étant donné sa vasteexpérience en administration des affaires publiques.

Après avoir émigré del’Écosse dans le milieudes années cinquante,Madame Dorothy Nealea travaillé avec monsieurR. F. Shaw pendant quecelui-ci occupait diverspostes : président de laFoundation Company ofC a n a d a , s o u s -commissaire générald’Expo 67 et vice-recteur(administrat ion) del’Université McGil l .Dorothy s’est jointe à la

fonction publique à Ottawa et a fourni, à partir de 1971, unsoutien administratif à M. Shaw, quand celui-ci était sous-ministre du nouveau ministère de l’Environnement, et ce,jusqu’à la retraite de celui-ci à la fin de 1974. À ce moment,elle a été affectée au bureau de monsieur A. E. Collin,sous-ministre adjoint des Océans et des Sciencesaquatiques au sein du ministère des Pêches et desOcéans. En 1977, M. Collin a été nommé sous-ministreadjoint, au Service de l’environnement atmosphérique.Dorothy l’a suivi en tant que soutien administratif, puis elleest restée auprès des sous-ministres adjoints suivants : J.Bruce, H. Ferguson et E. Dowdeswell. Avant sa retraite en1992, Dorothy a travaillé comme agente de liaison adjointeà la préparation de la correspondance ministérielle au seindu SEA.

Depuis le tout début de son association avec la SCMO,Dorothy a contribué largement à perfectionner lespublications de la Société, en particulier le CMOS BuleltinSCMO, en révisant méthodiquement les textes publiés.Bien connue pour sa plume rouge impitoyable, ellecorrigeait les épreuves souvent dans des délais très courts,étant donné la date de tombée de la publication. Après ledépart de Neil Campbell comme directeur général, Dorothya été notre rédactrice associée, infatigable, toujours à l’affûtde la moindre faute grammaticale ou d’orthographe. Elles’est d’ailleurs méritée la Médaille Neil J. Campbell pourservice bénévole exceptionnel en 2007. Pour tout cela,pour son soutien sans faille durant plusieurs années, poursa bonne humeur proverbiale, nous lui disons “Merci”!

Paul-André Bolduc, Rédacteur CMOS Bulletin SCMO

Dr. Klaus Hochheim

Dorothy Neale s’occupant dukiosque de la SCMO au congrès de

2004



Advertising Rates for 2014

CMOS offers advertisers three options for reaching its membership and subscribers of approximately 800 addresses, including professionalsof meteorology and oceanography residing mostly in Canada, and institutions and companies operating in Canada, the United States andoverseas.

1) Direct mailing (ask us for selecting sub sets of addresses) $0.35 per address, plus postage and handling.

2) Printed ad (camera-ready or pdf format) in CMOS Bulletin SCMO, published every two months at 800 copies or more:

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The prices shown are per issue; save even more, for six issues the price is only 4 times the price of a single publication!All prices mentioned are in Canadian dollars.

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* Materials inserted in CMOS publications must be specifically approved by CMOS before. CMOS recommends bilingual advertising, andwill provide translation for short texts free of charge. Additional charges apply if typesetting, artwork, photography or photocopy are required.

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Tarif des annonces pour 2014

La SCMO offre trois façons pour rejoindre ses 800 clients, incluant des météorologistes et océanographes professionnels résidantsurtout au Canada, ainsi que des institutions et corporations des États-Unis, Canada et outremer.

1) Envoi direct (informez-vous du triage possible): $0.35 par adresse, plus manipulation et poste.

2) Annonce (prête à imprimer ou format pdf) dans le CMOS Bulletin SCMO, publié à 800 exemplaires ou plus, à tous les deux mois:

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Note: Les prix mentionnés sont pour un numéro; pour six impressions consécutives de la même annonce, le tarif est quatre fois le prixd’une seule parution! Tous les prix mentionnés sont en dollars canadiens.

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* Le matériel inséré dans les publications de la SCMO doit être spécialement approuvé par la SCMO auparavant. La SCMOrecommande les annonces bilingues, et s’engage à faire la traduction de courts textes gratuitement, s’il y a lieu. Des frais additionnelss’appliquent si de la mise en page, traduction appréciable, dessin, photographie ou photocopie sont nécessaires.



BRIEF NEWS / NOUVELLES BRÈVES

Dalhousie University IndustrialResearch Chair

According to Halifax Chronicle Herald and reported byJoann Alberstat, Dalhousie University is getting a$2.5-million industrial research chair to study ways ofimproving data transmission underwater. The position isco-sponsored by the Natural Sciences and EngineeringResearch Council of Canada and Ultra Electronics MaritimeSystems Inc.

Christian Schlegel, an engineering professor at the HalifaxUniversity, will hold the research chair and lead thefive-year project. He said that the program’s goals includedeveloping technology to carry high-speed data usingunderwater sound equipment. “Squeezing ever-more datathrough that wireless channel is the name of the game,"Schlegel said in an interview. He also reported that theresearch may also lead to improvements in other types ofcommunications networks that operate in challengingenvironments, such as below ground, through rock or inouter space. “The underwater channel is, in a sense, a newand very challenging environment for industry”, Schlegelsaid.

An official with Ultra Electronics said the development ofbetter wireless technology will benefit the sound equipmentcompany, which specializes in undersea surveillance andantisubmarine warfare. “We’re looking at ways to improvethe bandwidth capability so you can go from, basically, thetelegraph to sending video images," said Ken Walker,Ultra’s president .“We’re very much in kindergarten when itcomes to these sorts of transmission mechanisms".

The research will be useful not only to defence industry butalso to other sectors, including offshore resourcesmanagement, search and rescue, satellite Internet andmobile wireless services. Besides the underwaterapplications, Woodside-based Ultra is also interested inadvancing its magneto-inductive systems, which allow forunderground communication, claimed Ken Walker. Thecompany, a subsidiary of English defence multinationalUltra Electronics plc, does have ties to Dalhousie now, butthis is the first time it has helped fund a research chairposition.

It is interesting to note that a sister company, UltraElectronics Tactical Communications Systems, sponsorssimilar research at the University of Quebec. TheMontreal-based company supports a research chair relatedto conventional radio systems, Walker said. “That was alarge part of the impetus for us getting into it. Although wehave a relationship with Dalhousie, we saw the added valuethat they were getting from their industrial chair."

El Niño / La Niña Update

Neutral conditions (neither ElNiño nor La Niña) continue in thetropical Pacific. Model forecastsand expert opinion suggest thatneutral conditions are likely to bemaintained through the borealautumn of 2013 and winter 2013-14. Two or more consecutiveyears of neutral conditions havebeen observed in the past andthe situation is not unusual.

National Meteorological and Hydrological Services andother agencies will continue to monitor the conditions overthe Pacific and provide outlooks to assess the most likelystate of the climate through the remainder of 2013 and intoearly 2014.

Since the boreal spring of 2012, El Niño-SouthernOscillation (ENSO) indicators in the tropical Pacific (e.g.,tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures, sea levelpressure, cloudiness and trade winds) have generally beenat neutral levels, indicating that neither El Niño nor La Niñaconditions have been present. Since May 2013, sea surfacetemperatures have been well below average in the fareastern tropical Pacific, only recently returning towardnormal. However, these cold sea surface temperatureshave been positioned too far to the east to be consideredindicative of a basin-wide La Niña episode, even thoughthey caused some minor impacts over local climateconditions in western parts of South America.

The latest outlooks from international climate models andexpert opinion suggest that sea surface temperatures andatmospheric anomalies associated with El Niño or La Niñaare most likely to remain neutral through the end of 2013and into early 2014. Less than one-fifth of the modelssurveyed predict weak La Niña conditions to develop duringthe October to December period, and likewise less thanone-fifth predict weak El Niño development during thatperiod and into the first quarter of 2014. Therefore, whilethere is a very slight chance for La Niña or El Niñodevelopment during the next one or two seasons, neutralENSO conditions are considered by far the most likelyscenario.

It is important to note that El Niño and La Niña are not theonly factors that drive global climate patterns. At theregional level, seasonal outlooks need to assess the relativeimpacts of both the El Niño/La Niña state and other locallyrelevant climate drivers. For example, the negative IndianOcean Dipole conditions, established in May, dissipatedduring August and neutral conditions are currentlyprevailing. Locally applicable information is available viaregional/national seasonal climate outlooks, such as those



produced by WMO Regional Climate Centres (RCCs),Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs) and NationalMeteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs).

In summary:

! Over the last 12 months, conditions have mainlyremained neutral (neither El Niño nor La Niña);

! As of mid-September 2013, outlooks indicate that theseneutral conditions are most likely to continue into early2014.

Forecasting and Monitoring the El Niño / La NiñaPhenomenon

The forecasting of Pacific Ocean developments isundertaken in a number of ways. Complex dynamicalmodels project the evolution of the tropical Pacific Oceanfrom its currently observed state. Statistical forecastmodels can also capture some of the precursors of suchdevelopments. Expert analysis of the current situationadds further value, especially in interpreting theimplications of the evolving situation below the oceansurface. All forecast methods try to incorporate theeffects of ocean-atmosphere interactions within theclimate system.

The meteorological and oceanographic data that allowEl Niño and La Niña episodes to be monitored andforecast are drawn from national and internationalobserving systems. The exchange and processing of thedata are carried out under programmes coordinated bythe World Meteorological Organization (WMO).

Date of the Update: October 7, 2013.

Source: WMO Website visited October 31, 2013.

CMOS Accredited ConsultantsExperts-Conseils accrédités de la SCMO

Douw G. Steyn

Air Pollution MeteorologyBoundary Layer & Meso-Scale Meteorology

4064 West 19th AvenueVancouver, British Columbia,V6S 1E3 CanadaTel: 604-827-5517; Home: 604-222-1266Email: [email protected]

Personnel

Election of a new RSC Fellow

On 6 September 2013, theRoyal Society of Canadaannounced its list of newlyelected fellows. The newlyelected fellows have beenelected by their peers inrecognition of outstandingscholarly, scientific and artisticachievement. Election to theacademies of the RoyalSociety of Canada is thehighest honour a scholar canachieve in the Ar ts ,Humanities and Sciences.

Dr. Kenneth Frank from theBedford Institute of Oceanography (Department of Fisheriesand Oceans) was elected to the Fellowship of the RoyalSociety of Canada as a Fellow in the Earth, Ocean andAtmospheric Sciences Division of the Academy of Science.

Ken Frank’s research into the dynamics of marine fish populations and the ecosystems they inhabit has yieldedimportant and revolutionary insights into their ecology andfunctioning. Consistently anchored within the framework of ecological theory his research has broad application in theecological sciences, has stimulated re-examination of long-held concepts, and has advanced the management of largemarine ecosystems and the communities/species that inhabitthem.

The Induction and Awards Ceremony is scheduled forNovember 16, 2013, at the Fairmont Banff Springs in Banff,Alberta, and is open to the public.

Congratulations to Dr. Kenneth Frank from all the CMOScommunity.

CMOS Accredited ConsultantsExperts-Conseils accrédités de la SCMO

Gamal Eldin Omer Elhag Idris, C.Chem., MCIC

Chemical Oceanography,Pollution Control and Water Technology

211-100 High Park AvenueToronto, Ontario M6P 2S2 CanadaTel: 416-516-8941 (Home)Email: [email protected]

Dr. Kenneth Frank


What do you need to measure? Why do you need to measure? When do you need to measure? How do you need to measure? When you call Campbell Scienti�c, these are the questions you can expect our Measurement Consultant to ask, as they learn about your project. We are eager and curious to understand your work and we care for the science behind the data you are collecting. Ensuring you have the right instruments to make the best possible measurements is our passion.

We’re passionate about what we doWe just work with di�erent instruments

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Documents

CMOS Bulletin SCMO Volume 41 No. 6 December 2013 ...cmos.ca/uploaded/web/members/Bulletin/Vol_41/b4106.pdf · Chers amis et collègues: (Englsi h version follows on page 187) À chaque