Cm1008 Mc Terms Finalexam

7/27/2019 Cm1008 Mc Terms Finalexam

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16 point of reference ->When you discover the point of reference youcan use it to evaluate other objects and experiences

17 Cultural mytopia -> people not exposed to another country througha range of media content are prone to evaluating that country with short

sided negativity

global media conglomerate -> grant parent corporation

homogenization-> sameness

direction of global information flow.

direction unidirectional

volumeethnocentric (supplied by domestic media sources)exocentric (supplied by foreign media sources)world centric (robust mixture of both domestic and foreign)

Globalization:

Globalization is a kind of worldwide climate in which people, industries,governments, and countriesacross the world are being propelled into closer political, economic, andcultural unions.

Epistimology:

Epistemology is essentially the study of how our knowledge is limited bythe information to which we are exposed. (e.g. studying media access of the USA and how that affects the perspective of the people.)

4 factors that stimulate globalization:

1. International travel2. Communication technologies3. Global Media Conglomerates4. Audience curiosity

1. International travel:

When people travel to other countries and regions of the world, they set

into motionan exchange of information that helps give rise to a greater consciousness


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about countriesand regions of the world.

2. Communication technologies:

Communication technologies contribute to globalization on two levels:1. Personal communication technologies makes communicationeasier, cheaper and faster.

2. Advanced television technologies increase corporatecommercialism and globalization .

3. Global Media Conglomerates:

A global media conglomerate is a giant parent corporation that presidesover an amalgamation of wholly and partially owned subsidiaries, companies, and divisions that arescattered acrossthe world, and that are afforded great local autonomy within individualcountries in terms of product design and distribution.

4. Audience curiosityAn escalating curiosity by media audiences about other parts of the worldis the final factor affecting globalization.

3 Criticisms of globalization

1. Homogenization of media2. Unfairness in Global Information Flow3. Spread of cultural imperialism

1. Homogenization of media

The increasing concentration of media ownership is leading to anincredible amount of sameness, or homogenization , of products andservices across the world.

2. Unfairness in Global Information Flow

Criticisms about global information flow revolve around perceptions byrepresentativesfrom developing countries that their countries receive sparse and unfaircoverage in theflow of global information.

The criticism has singled out particular countries (the USA and the UK) andregional associations(Europe and North America; English-speaking countries) as beingresponsible for the unfairinformation flow.


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3. Spread of cultural imperialism

A third criticism of globalization is cultural imperialism (sometimesreferred to also as culturalhegemony), which has been advanced in varying degrees of severity by a

host of scholars.

Aspects of a domestic culture are said to succumb to an imported cultureif the imported media represents an inappropriate volume in relation todomestically produced media.

Definitions

- Globalization: is kind of worldwide climate in which people,industries, governments, and countries across the world beingpropelled into closer political, economic and cultural unions.

- Global media conglomerate: is a giant parent corporation thatpresides over an amalgamation of wholly and partially ownedsubsidiaries, companies, and divisions that are scattered across theworld, and that are afforded great local autonomy within individualcountries in terms of product design and distribution.

- Homogenization: sameness of products and services across theworld

- Direction: the way information moves around the world

- Unidirectional: when information flows mostly from one country orregion to another country or region, but not vice versa.

- Volume: the amount of information that flows into or out of acountry

- Ethnocentric: media content of a country is supplied mostly by

domestic media sources, the critic on this kind of countries is thatthey lack then a global perspective on life

- Exocentric: media content of a country is supplied mostly by foreignmedia sources, the critic on this kind of countries is that they lack ahomegrown perspective on life

- Worldcentric: the media content of a country is a robust mixture of domestic and foreign media sources, these kind of countries offer amore global perspective

- Misrepresentation of countries: specifically that developing countries


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are routinely portrayed in negative ways by foreign countries

- Cultural imperialism (cultural hegemony): the culture in less media-savvy countries is being diluted by culture represented in the mediacontent imported from more media-savvy countries. Culture is usedhere to mean rituals, styles and language that have a historicallongevity in a country.

- Electronic colonialism: media invasion by conglomerates, who areseeking to expand markets for their products and ideas for foreignaudiences and governments

- Conventions used in the production of media content: countries donot only import the content produced in foreign countries, but alsothe ways the content is produced and shapes

1) What are the three levels of cultural imperialism?

2) Whats the difference between electronic colonialism and the classiccolonialism?

What 4 factors stimulate globalization?

A. Homogenization of media - Unfairness in GlobalInformation Flow Cultural imperialism Internationaltravel

B. Spread of cultural imperialism - Personal communication Audience curiosity Flow of Global Information

C. International travel - Communication technologies GlobalMedia Conglomerates Audience curiosity

Chapter 3:Definition of system: Collection of inter-related parts in motion thatmakes up u whole. These parts interact with each other to produce awhole system.

media system is -> dynamic / self perpetuating / multiple parts= always changing over external forces / draws on existing resources


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(cult. char) / interrelated and influence each others.

-> 9 elements of a media system (p.35) = chapters-> tree metaphor : what stands for 9 elements > easy way to remember

elements + how they relate

Key terms of chapter 3

Methodological approach - A way of studying a phenomenonsystematically and is composed of a conceptual framework breaking downinto variables that make up this framework.

Conceptual framework a set of connecting assumptions that guide theapproach and the variables that are used to generate information.

Variables Categories of information that vary according to differentconditions and circumstances.

System - A collection of interrelated parts in motion that make up awhole. These parts interact with eachother to produce a whole system.

1 A system is an entity that consists of multiple parts that are mutuallyinfluenced by eachother.

2 A system draws on a wide range of resources to exist and to functionproperly.

3 A system is always undergoing change because of external forces butremains a basic stability of an established internal structure,

Media content Main point at which audiences mentally come intocontact with the media.

The analogy to the tree is not covered due to the overlap with therespective chapters

0 Cultural characteristics: = soil -> build media system on it1 philosophy = roots -> not visible2 regulation = trunk = visible / gives directions to other parts3 financing = big branches = supports smaller branches4 accessibility = feeder branches -> leads to content5 content = leaves -> most visible and easy to analyze

6 news reporting as leaves = give info on system/tree welfare7 import/exports = seeds


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8 audience = passerbys

Elements of media systems as a tree

Cultural characteristics local or domestic conditions of a countrys mediasystem/tree

Philosophies for media systems the root of the tree/ root network for amedia system

Regulations trunk of the tree, supports and gives direction for the mediasystem

Financing provides the basic parameters and the support for the smallerfeeder branches: accessibility

Accessibility

Content most observable and changeable part of media systems / tree

News reporting also observable and changeable part of media but moresensational

Imports/exports seeds of the tree, export media but also provides newimports for a media system

Audience observers of the media system

Multiple choice question:

Where would the financing of a media system be placed thinking inanalogy of the tree?

a. the leaves

b. the standout leaves

c. trunk

d. main branches

Chapter 4:cultural characteristics:that what distinguishes one group of people from another group of people;


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how the values of a group of people are manifested essentially in thegroupss rituals & symbols. Central is a set of societal norms based onshared values of a group with the same history.

Key Terms of Chapter 4Culture: Pick your own definition on Page 39

Cultural Characteristics: Often used as a tiny snapshot of acountrys enormously intricate conceptof culture. Cultural characteristicscultivate the media system of acountry. Elements that influence acountrys media system are:

Geography, Language, Society andGovernment.

Geography The geography of a country has an influenceon the media content that crosses thecountrys borders.

Language The languages (plural!) in a country influence the languages in which mediacontent is delivered, as well as the kinds of audiences that can be reached.

Society Demographics of the population. Ethnicgroups, religious groups etc..

Government Left/Right - Chaos? Communism Capitalismetc.

Multiple Choice question:

The Cultural Characteristics of a country are a good way to snapshot thecountrys culture and helps us to see what cultivates the countrys media

system . Which of the following statements is NOT true?


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A) The countrys culture cannot be characterised without informationabout the countrys media system.

B) The media systems are affected by cultural characteristics.

C) The cultural characteristics are affected by the media system

Culture linked to media:cultural characteristics: can tell a lot about how a media system develops.

Chapter 5:Legacy philosophies (former normative theories)Authoritarian philosophy

18 head at country is all knowing ruler19 authoritarian philosophy tends to be adopted in countries where elite

segments of society perceive that society is vulnerable to severeinternal/external threats

20 authoritarian philosophy if at least 3 principles of the following arefollowed:

0 serving the state -> only publish what state find appropriate.1 immunity of the state -> media not allowed to criticize state2 state control over media

3 state censorship / self censorship4 punishment if someone criticizes the state

Libertarian philosophy21 holds that individuals is responsible for civic participation and

discovery of truth22 tends to take root in society where power at government is

criticized.23 free market concept24 economically presented in societies with:

- constituted law for private ownership of property- legislative & juridical law that stimulates free market in which ideas

& products can compete against each other.25 if society follows roots of this philosophy

0media privately owned and operated1government can enter the marketplace to maintain fair competition2media can regulate themselves; don't need government3balance between rewards & punishments to encourage individuals &

organizations with media properties to engage in fair competition.


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Communist philosophy26 holds that the role of state is to be caretaker for well being of

society: centralized government

27 if society follows communist philosophy at least 3 concepts:0 state ownership of property & media1 use of media to elevate tastes. So government can keeppopulation well educated & exposed to more sophisticated content2 control through censorship3 punishment if someone criticizes communist doctrine or fordemeaning prescribed cultural values

Social responsibility philosophy

28 holds that government influence the media is to provide forbalanced information with a goal of effecting change for the better insociety

29 media ownership = public trust where media organizations havecertain obligations to society & exist primarily to serve the public

0So: news media should provide factual coverage tempered withcontextual information

1media content contains balanced opinion & commentary2editors & directs should clarify goals & desires

30 Social. rep phil. is impended through 2 procedures:- public accountability throughout & regulations- use of public admonishment

Contemporary philosophies (newer ones..?)

Developmental philosophy31 holds that media are to improve social conditions of developmental

nations32 media is independent from government33 media perform certain task for funding by government (government

mandate)34 following principles:

0media pursue cultural autonomy1export of domestic media content to other countries2media is watchdog on government

35 giver international assistance36 public expectation at better conditions because of exposure to


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media of foreign countries.

Democratic-participant philosophy:37 holds that citizen created content is essential to all forms of

governments.38 citizen group pressure: individuals try to gain greater access tomedia by using media production equipment & creation of institutionalmedia content.

39 alternative group pressure: organizations formed with the expresspurpose of providing alternative voices and conventions for producingmedia content.

40 principles: media organizations take exception to government-drivenobjectives and corporate profit motives to make room for citizen initiated

media content0citizen groups are guaranteed the freedom to express opinions

without fear of retribution from the government or from corporatemedia

41 implened in 3 procedures:0media content include citizen viewpoints1media organizations allow citizens to participate in the process of

producing content.2citizens are provided with access to media facilities to produce &

distribute their own content

1.Authoritarian philosophy:

The head of the country is the all-knowing ruler who deserves obedienceand acquiescence. The ordained right of this ruler is to protect the countryand to provide discipline and order to its way of life.

This philosophy often holds that traditional culture should be aggressivelymaintained against encroaching external or contemporary culture, these

are seen as eroding sacrosanct traditional values2. Libertarian philosophy:

The individual is responsible for civic participation and discovery of thetruth. Central of this philosophy is that individuals take responsibility fortheir own actions

3.Communist Philosophy:

The role of the state is to be a caretaker for the well-being of the society. A

centralized government will then plan to the distribution of sustenanceand the pleasure of culture. The individual is to respect the states


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objectives and methods for bettering society.

4. Social responsibility philosophy

The government influences the media to provide fair and balanced

information with a goal of effecting change for the better in society5. Developmental philosophy

The media is to improve the social conditions of developing nations

6. Democratic participant philosophy:In this one citizen create content is a essential to all forms of government

Terms Ch.5

Philosophies for media systemsA philosophy for a media system is perceived as a root network that feedsthe media system with characteristics from surrounding culture.

There are six philosophies for media systems:

1. Authoritarian

2. Libertarian

3. Communist4. Social Responsibility

5. Developmental

6. Democratic-Participant

Authoritarian philosophy : the head of the country is an all-knowingruler who deserves obedience and acquiescence. Authoritarian philosophyoften holds that traditional culture should be maintained against

encroaching external or contemporary culture, both of which are seen aseroding sacrosanct traditional values. So the ruler of the country rules themedia system of the country.

Libertarian philosophy : the individual is responsible for civicparticipation and the discovery of truth. The proper role of government isto concern itself with defending the state against hostile countries orassisting the state during national disasters, rather than intervening inindividuals personal lives by attempting to regulate their morals andinterests.

Communist philosophy : the state is the caretaker for the wellbeing of


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society. Individuals should work together as a collective whole, then it ispossible to achieve an egalitarian society in which there are no wealthyclasses and no poverty classes.

- Elevate public taste

- Teaching communist doctrine

Social responsibility theory : government influence the media toprovide fair and balanced information with a goal of effecting change forthe better in society. It focuses on news media, but also other mediacontent.

Development philosophy : media are to improve the social conditions of developing nations.

Democratic-participant philosophy : citizen-created content is essentialto all forms of government. This philosophy proposes formulating mediaoperations in such a way as to involve citizens in all phases of producingmedia content.

Some media systems philosophies rely more on the government than others, which of the following philosophies contains this?

a. Development theory

b. Social responsibility theory

c. Libertarian theory

Multiple choice questions:

1. When a media system draws on the roots of the authoritarianphilosophy at least three principles are followed, which of thefollowing are they- Serving the state, religious doctrine, state control of media

- Serving the state, immunity of the state, state censorship- Serving the state, immunity of the state, state control of media

2. The Libertarian philosophy is commonly represented in thegovernance of two main avenues, which are there:- Constitutional law and the legislative and judicial law- Constitutional law and the liberal law

- Judicial law and the legislative law


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3. In a communist philosophy the media is used to:- teach the communist doctrine- claim stat ownership property- plan objectives for state ownership

4. What answer characterizes the social-responsibility philosophy:- factual coverage tempered with contextual information- Government supports the role of media as a social change- Proposes formulating media operations in a way that involvescitizens

5. What answer characterizes the Democratic participant philosophy:- factual coverage tempered with contextual information- Government supports the role of media as a social change- Proposes formulating media operations in a way that involvescitizens

6. What answer characterizes developmental philosophy:- factual coverage tempered with contextual information- Government supports the role of media as a social change- Proposes formulating media operations in a way thatinvolves citizens

Chapter 6:regulation: influences on media operations and media content. So its notonly coming from government-related regulatory bodies. Broadcast-mediais often more regulated than print because of the bigger reach.Regulation on media:- Government related agencies- media organizations/professional organizations (television/radio/print

statistics having self regulation)- citizen groups (non-profit)-

advertisers/sponsors- audiences


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Regulation in EU:television without frontiers directive.Regulation: an authoritative rule

Watershed: specific time period late at night in which certain restrictionson content are relaxed

Minutage: total number of advertisements allowed per hour

Bumper: a momentary graphic that appears on the television screenbetween regular programming and advertising

Give basic bodies that regulate media:

1. Government related agencies2. Media organizations/profession organizations3. Citizen groups4. Advertisers/sponsors5. Audiences

Ways of regulation:

Political pluralism: a wide variety of political voices represented(dependent on country)

Protection of minors

Protection of language/culture

Advertising minutage

Drug/alcohol/sexual/violent content

Give basic bodies that regulate media:

6. Government related agencies7. Media organizations/profession organizations8. Citizen groups9. Advertisers/sponsors10. Audiences

Ways of regulation:

Political pluralism: a wide variety of political voices represented(dependent on country)


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Protection of minors

Protection of language/culture

Advertising minutage

Drug/alcohol/sexual/violent content

Regulation: Regulation is often defined asinfluences on media operations andmedia content. (broad concept

Five basic Regulatory bodies:

Government-Related Agencies

- Government related agencies are bureaucracies that havegovernment oversight of media operations

- Three concepts:

- Watershed

- Minutage

- Bumper

Media Organizations/Professional Organizations- Media organizations are the television statios, radio statios,

production houses, newspapers, internet providers and so on that produce and deliver media content.

- Media organizations engage in self regulation that is, they enact their own policies about what content is either acceptable or unacceptable.

Citizen groups

- Citizen groups typically are nonprofit organizations assembled by activists because of a concern about various aspects of mediaoperations.

- Derived from moral concerns

Advertisers and Sponsors

- When advertising or sponsorship is a major funding source for media operations, a more covert form of regulation can occur.

-

Audiences


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- Audiences regulate media content because the size of an audienceoften defines the success of media content

Regulation of Media in the European Union.

- See the television without Frontiers Directive

According to McKenzie, media systems are dynamic, self perpetuating andit has multiple parts.

How can you explain the dynamic character of media systems?A dynamic media system:a) always changing because of an external forcesb) draws on existing resourcesc)has interrelated parts that influence each other

Electronic colonialism is a type of a)digital divideb) cultural imperialismc)neo-colonialism

Ethnocentrism, exocentrism and world centrism are part of:

a.global communication flowb. globalizationc. global information flow

The US exports many media products (for example tv shows) and importslittle. This is connected to the US:a.ethnocentrismb. exocentrismc.world centrism

Chapter 7

Financing - provision of money or services to facilitate the production anddistribution of media content

Methods of financing:

1. advertising method of financing in which a provider of media


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content sells space or time to vendor so that the vendor canpromote a product or service to the audience.

2. Sponsorship is a variation of advertising in both commercial and

non-commercial media content, wherein space and time areunderwritten by a vendor.

3. License fee used to finance broadcast media requires people to payan annual fee the privilege of owning and using television sets.

4. Government appropriation is when the government allocates moniesor resourced for the production and delivery of media content,usually on an annual cycle as part f the budgeting process for

everything the government s going to fund.

5. Government subsidy is when government allocation makes up only apart of the operating expenses of media organization.

6. User fees as a method of financing permit a media organization bylaw to charge a fee to individual audience members who access thatorganizations media content.

7. Donation is a method of financing in which an individual or aninstitution voluntarily contributes money to provider of mediacontent.

Accessibility of media =

circulation = the number of copies of a newspaper that are printed anddelivered

broadcasting = the delivery of content through airwaves andcable/satellite technology

penetration = the percentage of households that are reached by aparticular medium

Chapter 7: Financing of Mediafinancing - provision of money or services to faciliate production anddistribution of media content; money shapes media content and audiencesglobalization in financing - media conglomerates seek new internationalaudiences via new technology delivery systems; advertising and user fees

become more importantadvertising - method of financing; provider of media content sells space or


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time to a vendor so that the vendor can promote a product or service tothe audienceSponsorship - a variation of advertisement; space and time areunderwritten by a vendor; typically, vendor is mentioned throughoutmedia content in exchange for money

license fee - people pay an annual fee for the privelege of owning andusing television setsgovernment appropriation - a method of financing; government allocatesmoney or resources for production and delivery of media contentgovernment subsidy - government allocation makes up only part of theoperation expensesuser fees - charge a feeto individual audience members who acces thisorganizations media contentdonationan individual or an institution voluntarily contributes money to aprovider of media content

Financing: provision of money in order produce and distribute (mediacontent)

Methods of financing:

1. Advertising2. License fee: people paying an annual fee for the privilege of owning

and using television set3. Government appropriation: subsidies4. Users fee: a fee for individual audience members to be able to

access organizations media contentA. Subscription: regular accessB. Per-use fee: instance of access

5. Donation individual voluntarily gives money to provider of mediacontent

MCQ In countries with which media philosophy advertising ispresent as the most common method of financing media?

a) social-responsibilityb) libertarianc) development

Chapter 8

1. A broadsheet is a newspaper whose shape is more horizontalthan vertical before you open it. Content wise, broadsheets areusually serious newspapers.

2. A tabloid is a newspaper whose shape is more vertical than


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vertical before you open it. Content wise, tabloids can be eitherserious or sensational.

3. Circulation is the number of copies of a newspaper that areprinted and delivered.

4. A station is a single facility that delivers program either from its

own programming or from other source.5. A network is a group of affiliate stations that receiveprogramming at select times of the day from a program supplier.

6. An ownership group is a collection of stations that belong to thesame private corporation.

7. A channel is a numerical brand used to identify a media outlet toallow audience to identify a single source of programming.

8. Broadcasting refers to the delivery of content through cable andsatellite technology.

9. Multichannel broadcaster is a phrase to categorize satellite andcable broadcasters together as essentially the same kind of entity.

10. Penetration refers to the percentage of households that arereached by a particular medium.

Accessibility: which media are easy to access because they areconvenient/inexpensive/readily available

Terms: page 138-140

According to McKenzie, what does the term penetration refer to?

a) the percentage of potential households that could beaccessing a particular medium

b) the percentage of people who can access the internetc) the percentage of homes actually using a particular medium

Chapter 9

1. Form is indicate how the content in a medium is presented2. Substance is the actual information that is contained within a

medium3. Geolocation technology is the ability of the internet to bring up the

content in that language in the location where the intenet isaccessed

Media content: A combination of form (the way in which it is presented)and substance (the information contained within a medium) Never lookat form and substance separately medium is the message (McLuhan)

Note: content is what drives an audience to access certain media


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Distinctive themes: reveal-interesting facets of one particular mediumsystem compared to those of another (lists pages 186-187)

Media content is traditionally has been defined as quantifiable datacontained within a medium, and identifiable through a researchmethodology called content analysis. Two main problems: this definitiontreats media content versus media form as separate, discrete, andmutually exclusive concepts + traditional approach has promoted the ideathat content is primarily what drives an audience to access selectedmedia, while treating from merely as a secondary motivator (the mediumis the message).

To address the problems with the traditional definition, media content isdefined here as a combination of form (the way the substance of amedium is presented) and substance (the information contained within amedium), neither can be separated from each other.

Distinctive themes: interesting facets of one particular media systemcompared to facets of another media system.

Geolocation: technology to bring up content that is local to where theinternet is being accessed.

MCQ: How would you define Substance in terms of media content?

A It indicates how the content in a medium is presented

B It is the actual information that is contained within a medium

C Is the degree how biased media content is

Exocentric = countries are exocentric if they regularly import a lot of foreign media content. These countries tend to be smaller countries withcomparatively smaller populations.

Ethnocentric = countries which not import very much foreign mediacontent. These countries are often geographically isolated and have theirown vibrant media industry.

Worldcentric = countries are worldcentric when they are both bigexporters of media content and big importers of media content. Thesecountries tend to be smaller but have vibrant domestic media industries.

Q: Worldcentric and exocentric countries are said to have an organicmedia system, what does this mean?

a.) A media system that thrives on an exchange of ideas


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with other media systems and is therefore considered to bea more open system.

b.) A country with a system that as imports as well as exports a lot of media content.

c.) A media system that suits the countrys audiences tastes andexpectations.

Media audiences = a construct that describes only the commondenominators of individuals interacting with selected media. Researcherscompile certain aspects of interaction because every user has individualhabits of media use.

Quantitative = numerical information measuring peoples habits relatedto media use. These numbers revolve for example around percentages of men versus women.

Qualitative = descriptive information about an audiences surroundingsand culture that influence their interactions with media content, as well ashow they think and feel as a result of the interactions.

Chapter 10

Depth: The amount of topical detail offered in a news report

Brevity: The amount of off-topic, irrelevant information present in a newsreport

Bias: Presenting certain topics in a manner that suggests a certain point of view

Objectivity: Examining things from a neutral, unbiased point of view, thisconstitutes no

News reporting: delivery of new information to mass audiences

Bias vs. Objectivity:

1. Commentary: professional reporting of what is right or wrong2. Advocacy journalism: reporting that advocates a policy, position,

belief, or action3. Meta messages: titles, word choices and imagery that indicate

whether they objective or biased4. Balance: providing opposing viewpoints


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Entertainment vs. Serious news reporting

1. People: entertainment news on the private lives of public figures

-Serious news politicians or ordinary people with socialsignificance

2. Priority: entertainment: dramatic and horrifying news beforecontent

-Serious news: according to social significance

3. Special effects: entertainment: eyecatching/earcatching

Serious news: down playing special effects, emphasizing

on news itself

Depth vs. Brevity

1. Length2. Space3. Companion reports: multiple reports in a single medium that

addresses the same event4. Serializing: reporting more than one more than one story on a news

event on successive days

MCQ: Entertainment-oriented news presents dramatic or horrifying newsat the front of the content or as a constant theme of the overall newscontent:

a) Serious news presents news in order of priority and proportionb) Serious news presents news in order of priority and impactc) Serious news presents news in order of proportion and impact

Chapter 11:

Exocentric:

- Countries that tend to be big importers of media content. Thesecountries tend to be smaller countries, with comparatively smallerpopulations.

- Countries that produce very little domestic content are susceptible


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to patterns of cultural imperialism.

Ethnocentric:

- Countries that do not import very much media content. Ethnocentriccountries are often geographically isolated and have their owneconomically vibrant media systems. E.g AUSTRALIA.

Worldcentric:

- Both big exporters and big importers of media content.

Factors influencing the exporting of media content

Ethnocentric

- often geographically isolated and have their own economicallyvibrant media industries

- foreign media often gets modified to suit importing countrysaudience tastes and expectations

- closed media system, less access to outside ideas

Exocentric

- Big importers of media content- Smaller countries, smaller populations- Imports meant to fill TV schedules (cheaper)- Because of little domestic content, they are susceptible to cultural

imperialism- Open media system, wider access to ideas

Worldcentric- big importers and exporters- small country, but vibrant media industry- multiple languages boost interest in foreign media- cheap to import- open media system, wider access to ideas

Chapter 12 Media Audiences

Media Audience:


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- An artificial construct that describes only the common denominatorsof individuals interacting with selected media.

- Private organizations and public governments look at the statisticsbehind the quantitative and qualitative data in order to makeinferences about the media audience.

Media Audiences

- an artificial construct that describes only the commondenominators of individual interaction with selected media(McKenzie, p.327)

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Which two factor influencing the exporting of media content havegenerally open media systems allowing them to experience ideasoutside their country?

a. Ethnocentric and Exocentricb. Exocentric and Worldcentricc. Worldcentric and Ethnocentric

2. Seeing economy as interrelated with politics, society, and culture is

the definition of which approach?a. Holistic approachb. Critical analytical approachc. Liberal pluralist approach

3. Siebert, Peterson, and Schramm identified four models or theoreticaltypes of media. Which of the following models was not one of them?

a. Libertarian modelb. Developmental modelc. Authoritarian modeld. Soviet communist model

Chapter 13

(McKenzie, 2006, pp. 361, 362)

4 issues that influence policy in media

1: private versus public media


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2: news reporting as a product, public service, or propaganda

3: nudity, sexuality and profanity in media

4: violence in media

Article: Liebes and livingstone

Models of soap operas:

Dynastic: this model focuses on a powerful family, with some satelliteoutsiders connected by romance, marriage or rivalry -> its periphery.Some have a parallel, interconnected downstairs network

Community: a number of equal, separate, middle and working class, multigenerational, families (including single parent ones), and singlecharacters, mostly but not romantically connected, all living within onegeographical neighbourhood and belonging to one community.

Dyadic: A destabilized network of a number of young, denselyinterconnected, mostly uni-generational, interchanging couples, with past,present and future romantic ties, continually abso\bed in the process of reinventing kinship relations.

Multiple choice question Which of the models mentioned by Liebes & livingstone are used todescribe a soap opera which focuses on a powerful family and itsnetworks?

a. Dynasticb. Communityc. Dyadic

Q: In a soap opera about young couples, who look for individual fulfillment,situated in a caf, one of the characters is having a mental breakdown andends up in mental hospital. How would you define this type of soap opera?

a.) Dyadic model

b.) Dynastic model

c.) Community model


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The Article Africa and the Digital DividePippa Norris dimensions of the digital divide (Norris, 2001, p. 4)

Article: Fuchs and Horak

Concepts:

Global digital divide: unequal material, usage skills, benefit andinstitutional excess to new information and communication technologiesby different world regions.

With an eye to Africas media system, what is implied by the term globaldivide?

a. Difference between those who do and do not use the opportunitiesof digital resources to engage mobilize and participate in public life

b. Gap between information rich and poor in each nationc. Divergence of internet access, between industrialized anddeveloped societies

Five types of communicative relationships- page 18

1. Ironic (characters whom we may feel superior to) *Mainlycommunity soaps*

2. Mimetic (positioning the viewers with characters like us on bothdimensions) *Mainly community soaps*

3. Leader-orientated4. Romantic5. Mythic

Types of digitaldivide

Global

divide

Divergence of Internet access between industrialized and

developed societies

Socialdivide

Gap between information rich and poor in each nation

Democratic divide

Difference between those who do, and do not, use theopportunities of digital resources to engage, mobilize andparticipate in public life

----------

Van Dijk and Hacker (2003) argue that there are four types of barriers to


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access: The lack of mental access refers to a lack of elementary digitalexperience. The lack of material access means a lack of possession of computersand network connections.

The lack of skill access is a lack of digital skills. The lack of usage access signifies the lack of meaningful usage

opportunities.---------------------------------

chapter 10: news reportingnews reporting - delivery of new and updated information to massaudiences

MC questions:

Media content is defined as a combination of... ? :

42Form & Data43Structure & Agency44Form & Substance

Which of the following divides is described as divergence of internetaccess between indrustrialized countries and developed countries:

1. Social divide2. Democratic divide3. Global divide4. Wealth divide

Which of the following principles is not useful to identify predominantlyentertaining news or predominantly serious news?A) PeopleB)Priority9 Meta messagesD) Special effects

How has the climate of globalization affected advertising and user fees inthe media industry?5 advertising and user fees decline6 advertising and user fees become more widespread7 advertising declines and user fees become more widespread

Hardy


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Liberal democratic theory: this theory relates to the media being freefrom state intervention promoting a mainly a free market economic modelwhich also promotes freedom of speech to the media.

Neoliberalism: this theory relates most to the idea of a free market modelin which market competition can promote the best (media) products andmeet consumer needs.

Libertarianism: this theory also promotes minimal state intervention inmedia affairs whilst upholding the ideals of inviolable rights and personalself-determination and integrity.

Critical political economy: this theory actually denounces the existing freemarket models of libertarianism and neoliberalism and their allegiance tothe capitalist market whish has resulted in failure to promote economicfairness or social justice mainly also due to the growing strength of bigmedia corporations which monopolise the market.

Media ownership and influence two different views

McQuail: difficulty in separating allocative fro operational control and alsoisolating ownership from other variables influencing content

Goldsmiths Media Group: review the challenges made to traditionalpolitical economic accounts and devolved levels of management.

Media and power: relates to the idea that media has symbolic power as ithas the power to produce, transmit and receive meaningful powerfulsymbols. A few big media conglomerates have the power to shape thereality portrayed in media

Q1: Determine whether the following two theorys are true arefalse :

Neoliberalism: this theory relates most to the idea of a free market modelin which market competition can promote the best (media) products andmeet consumer needs.

Libertarianism: this theory also promotes minimal state intervention inmedia affairs whilst upholding the ideals of inviolable rights and personalself-determination and integrity.

A: Both are true

B: Neither are true

C: A is true


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Q2. The liberal democratic theory is

A: Against state interference in media affairs

B: Promotes a free market economic model

C: Both of the above are true

Q3. The libertarianism theory:

A. Promotes state interference in media

B. Promotes self determination and integrity

C. Neither of the above

Normative- critical approach: looking at policy and regulation of themedia and the values of a particular media system.

Analytical approach: explaining and evaluating the powers of a mediasystem.

4 different paradigms:

Liberal democratic theory : The role of the media is to oversee thestate. Media are free from state interference. Operates within a free-market economy

Political economy ; addresses how market power operates against freeinformation exchange. It criticizes the increasing concentration of mediaownership.

Holistic approach : seeing economy as interrelated with politics, societyand cultural life.

Social market: state intervenes in the economy to support the interest of the public

Liberal pluralist: A way of viewing society in which there is acompetition of groups that have different interests, without having one

dominant interest.


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Marxist approach: media are part of the one dominant ideology insociety; the economic differences in classes.

Symbolic power: Thompson (1995): stems from the activity of producing, transmitting and receiving meaningful, symbolic forms in themedia.; The power of the media to construct reality.

Coercive power: when the state has legitimate power to use threat of physical force

Economic power: stems from the organisation of human productivity

Political power: coordinating individuals through regulations

Discursive power: media privileges particular discourses and constructsto form reality through agenda setting and framing.

Access power: including or excluding particular interests in the media.

Resource power; media conglomerates affecting the actions of thegovernment

Public Sphere: If you do not know this concept, use your Thussu book.

Tablodization article

Is There a Tabloidization of Online News? A Content Analysis of TraditionalNews Websites

1. There are distinct ways in which the media serves its users. Which

one of the answers below provides more than two correct ways,using the appropriate terms?

a) Surveillance, intertextuality, transmission

b) Cultural values, entertainment, transmission

c) Intertextuality, mobilization, surveillance

d) Correlation, entertainment, mobilization


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2. Which one of the following terms is NOT included in the basic ethicalcodes and canons of professional news?

a) Accurancyb) Truthfulness

c) Impartiality

d) Surveillance

3. When it comes to web-based news sites besides the content what

determining factor in the judgment between traditional and tabloidpresentation is/are there?

a) Appearance

b) Layout

c) Both

d) Neither

Becker and Vlad:

- (Historic) Authoritarian Model: the government controlled the pressthrough prior censorship and punishment after publication.

- (Modern) Authoritarian Model = Soviet Communist Model: Statesalso controlled the media and assigned them the responsibility of building a classless, Marxist society.

- Libertarian Model: Counterpoint to the authoritarian model. Absenceof government control and the view that the truth will prevail in anenvironment in which media operate free of control.

- Social Responsibility Model: Media have obligations to society thataccompany their freedom, e.g. provide meaningful information tomembers of society.

- Developmental Model: Press is seen as a building tool for nationalidentity and economic development.

- Democratic Socialist Press Theory: allows for state intervention,particularly through economic controls to protect citizens from pressconcentration and to provide for societies needs.


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4 Stages of Media Reform:

- Pretransition Stage: Lays the groundwork for subsequent changeand there is an opening or freeing of a previously constrained mediasystem, and a greater willingess to tolerate criticism andexpressions of alternative points of view.

- Primary Transition Stage: A systematic change within the formerlyauthoritarian regime. Statutes on access to information,deformation, ownership and the like are passed. The culture of censorship is disrupted.

- Secondary Stage: Politicians and journalists participate in trainingseminars to explain and clarify the new institutional legal order.

Networks of media professionals develop.- Late or Mature Stage: Legal and institutional questions hve beenresolved, and educational opportunities for journalists are wellestablished.

Models of Press Freedom:

- Polarized Pluralistic Model: one in which the press is oriented not

toward the masses but to the elite members of society, and thecirculation is relatively limited and freedom of the press is relativelynew. Newspapers have weak financial footing and the state is oftenowner regulater and provider of funding for the media.

- Democratic Corporatist Model: A high level of newspaper circulationand strong party newspapers aligned with organized social groups.So the media reflect the political divisions of society.

- Liberal Model: Newspaper circulation reaching the masses ratherthan the elite. Commercialism dominates and information oriented

journalism is predominant and the role of the state is limited. But itis becoming increasingly dominant around the world.

- Reporters sans frontires (RSF): a registered nonprofit based inParis, evaluates what it terms Respect for Media Freedom as part of its work to defend journalists and media outlets around the world.

- Censorship: characteristic of totalitarian systems. Supervision of media content and eliminating materials that are critical of thepolitical leadership. In most cases, the media in totalitarian countriesare owned and subsidized by the government.

- Self-censorship: when journalists or media organizations makedecisions not to investigate specific issues or not to publish or air


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stories resulting from those investigations.- Political instability: source of restrictions on media freedom.

Journalists and media organizations either take sides and lose theirneutrality or avoid reporting for fear of potentially dangerouspolitical developments.

- Economic harassment: sometimes used by government or businessgroups to control media content. Manipulation of advertising of state-owned and private organizations to either reward or penalizemedia outlets for their favourable or critical attitudes. Often found inemerging democracies hypercompetition: the weak advertisingmarket cannot sustain the large number of media organizationscompeting for those limited advertising revenues. Consequence:low-quality journalism, compromises in terms of objectivity, andcorruption with the media system.

- Media concentration: Businesspeople have established or purchasedexisting media organizations. Often these media reflect theeconomic and political agendas of these oligarchs, rather than theissues that are relevant for the general public and society.

Multiple Choice Question:

- What is the best method to use when comparing media audiencesacross different audiences.

o A. Quantitativeo B. Qualitativeo C. Both.

- What are the characteristics of an exocentric country?o Exocentric countries do not import much mediao Exocentric countries tend to be big importers of media

content.o They are both big importers and exporters of content.

Article: CurranConcepts:

Media exposure: The frequency with which the consumer (audience) usesvarious media sources

Social Inclusion: the process of reaching disadvantaged groups (in termsof income, education and ethnicity) within society

Deregulation: the weakening of programme requirements on commercial

broadcasters by the government or governmental agencies


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Marketization: the movement of a domestic media system towards amarket based (media) system.

Multiple choice questions

What is one of the main aims of national television in European countriesas stated by Curran?

a. Generating profitsb. Social inclusionc. Maintaining public service tradition

Documents

Cm1008 Mc Terms Finalexam