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7/28/2019 CM P Planning
1/19
Project Planning
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Planning in General : SWOT analysis
S: Strengths
W: Weaknesses
O: Opportunities
T: ThreatsObjectives should be: SMART
S: Specific
M: Measurable
A: Achievable
R: Realistic
T: Timely
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Project Planning
Characteristics of a good plan
Based on clearly definite and practical objectives Simple
Flexible
Easy to control
Provide proper standards
Exploit existing resources, etc.
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Planning Inputs and Outputs
Contract information
Drawings
SpecificationsAvailable resources
Bills of quantities
Site reports
Organizational data
Construction methods
Activities
Relationships among activities
Method statement
Responsibility
Reporting levels
Project network diagram
Activities duration
Activities cost
INPUTS OUTPUTS
PLANNING
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Project Planning
Planning Major steps
Determination of Project Activities (WHAT)
Establishment of Logic; Relationships and overlap (How)
Presentation (Table, Network, Chart, )
Estimate Activities Duration and Cost (When)
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
The WBS is a hierarchical structure which is designed to
logically sub-divide all the work-elements of the project into
smaller elements.
House
Civil Plumping Electrical
Foundations Walls/
Roof
Pipin
g
H/C
Water
Wiring Finishing
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Project Planning
Work Breakdown Structure (Why)
Prepare project plan
Identifying Activities
Scheduling
Identifying cost & schedule at various levels of
details
Time & cost control
Identifying individual or departmental responsibilities
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
WBS & Organizational Breakdown Structure (OBS)
Project
Area 1 Area 3
Beams Columns Slabs
Formwork Reinforcement Concreting
OBS
(Responsibility
& reporting)
Area 2
Project
manager
WBS (Work elements)
Subcontr
actor A
General
contractor
Subcontr
actor B
Civil
superinte
ndent
Mechanic
al
superinte
ndent
Electricalsuperinte
ndent
Formwork
foreman
Rebar
foreman
Concrete
foreman
Control account
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Project Planning
WBS Coding
Each work package or activity in a WBS is given a
unique code that is used in project planning and
control Identifying Activities
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Project Activities
Project is divided into segments of work called activities
Activity: Time-consuming single work element
Guidelines for project breakdown: by: area of
responsibility, structural element, category of work, etc.
Level of details depends on: planning stage, size of the
project, complexity of the work, etc.
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Project Planning
Project Activities
Types of construction activities:
Production: taken directly from drawings and/or
specifications
Management (Approvals, site establishment, etc).
Procurement (equipment delivery, material
procurement)
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Project Activities
Example (Double Span Bridge):
Precast
beams
Deck
slab
Road base left Road base right
Hand rail
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-Clear site200
-Bridge railing190
-Road surface180
-Right road base170
-Left road base160
-Construct deck slab155
-Fill right embankment150
-Fill left embankment140
-Erect right P.C. Beams120
-Erect left P.C. Beams110
-Construct central pier100
-Construct right abutment90
-Construct left abutment80
-Foundation central pier70
-Foundation right abutment60
-Foundation left abutment50
-Excavate central pier40
-Excavate right abutment30
-Excavate left abutment20
-Procure P.C. Beams16
-Procure RFT14
-Set-up site10
DescriptionCode
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Activities Relationships
The order in which project activities are to be performed
Which activity(ies) must be completed before an activity
can start
Which activity(ies) can not start until activity completion
Which activity(ies) have no logical relations
Logic constraints: Physical, and Resources
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Project Planning
Predecessors
Controls the start or finish of another activity
Successors
Depends on the start or finish of another activity
Predecessor
to Act. B
Successor to
Act. B
180, 190Clear site200
155Bridge railing190
155, 160, 170Road surface180
150Right road base170
140Left road base160
110, 120Construct deck slab155
90Fill right embankment150
80Fill left embankment140
16, 90, 100Erect right P.C. Beams120
16, 80, 100Erect left P.C. Beams110
70Construct central pier100
60Construct right abutment90
50Construct left abutment80
14, 40Foundation central pier70
14, 30Foundation right abutment60
14, 20Foundation left abutment50
10Excavate central pier40
10Excavate right abutment30
10Excavate left abutment20
---Procure P.C. Beams16
---Procure RFT14
---Set-up site10
PredecessorsDescriptionCode
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Project Planning
Type of Activities Relationships
Four Types:
Finish to Start (FS) Finish to Finish (FF)
Start to Start (SS) Start to Finish (SF)
FS FF
SS SF
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Project Planning
Type of Activities Relationships
Finish-Start
When A finishes, then B can start
Default Relationship
A
First Activity
B
Second Activity
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Project Planning
Type of Activities Relationships
Start-Start
When A starts, then B can start
A
First Activity
B
Second Activity
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Type of Activities Relationships
Finish-Finish
When A finishes, then B can finish
AFirst Activity
B
Second Activity
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Project Planning
Type of Activities Relationships
Start-Finish
When A starts, then B can finish
A
First Activity
B
Second Activity
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Project Planning
Overlaps
how much a particular activity must be completed
before a succeeding activity may start
Used for activities not using the same type of resources
With a value less than the duration of the preceding activity
+ve overlap (-ve lag) -ve overlap (+ve lag)
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Project Planning
Overlaps
Example
Consider the construction of the following sequential activities of
a bridge consists of 19 bays
Pile manufacturing with duration 2.5 wks/pier
Pile driving with duration 1.5 wks/pier
Pile cap with duration 2.0 wks/pier
Pier shaft with duration 2.5 wks/pier
Determine the appropriate overlap between activities
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Project Planning
Relationships Considering Resource Constraints
-
A1B1
A1
B1, A2
C1, B2
A2
B2, A3
C2, B3
-
A1B1
-
A2
B2
-
A3
B3
Excavate unit 1
Concreting unit 1Brickwork unit 1
Excavate unit 2
Concreting unit 2
Brickwork unit 2
Excavate unit 3
Concreting unit 3
Brickwork unit 3
A1
B1C1
A2
B2
C2
A3
B3
C3
Predecessors
(constrained
resources)
Predecessors
(unconstrained
resources)
descriptionActivity
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Project Planning
Project networks: AOA
Two Types:
Activity-On-Arrow; AOA (Arrow Networks).Activity-On-Node; AON (Precedence Networks):
AOA
Activity represented as arrows with start and finish nodes called
Events
i jActivity A
j > i
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Project Planning
Project networks: AOA
5A
10 15B
B depends on A
5A
10 15C
5
B
C depends on A and B
5A
10 15C
15B B depends on A
C depends on A
15D
15C C depends on A and B
D depends on A and B
5
B 10
5 A
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Project Planning
Project networks: AOA
Dummy activity
Activity with zero duration and no resources to adjust the network
Incorrect representation
20C
5A
15
10
B
C depends on A and B; D depends on B only
25
D
Correct representation
5A
20 25C
1510B
30D
Dummy
15A
5
B
5 15A
10
BDummy
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Project Planning
Project networks: AON
AOA
Activity represented as nodes
10
A
Activity number
Activity name
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Project Planning
Project networks: AON
B depends on A10
A
20
B
C depends on A and B
D depends on C
30
C
10
A
20
B
40
D
B depends on A
C depends on B
D depends on B
10
A
20
B
40D
30
C
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Project Planning
Project networks: Example
--
A, B
C
C
D
D, E
AB
C
D
E
F
G
PredecessorsActivity
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Project Planning
Project networks: Example (AOA)
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Project Planning
Project networks: Example (AON)
SS(C)+1 = 4
SS(D)+1 = 4
Highest of [SS(D), SS(E)] = 5
Highest of [SS(F), SS(G)] = 5
C
D
D, E
F, G
E
F
G
Finish
Calculate the Sequence step
Start - SS(Start) = 1
A - SS(Start) +1 = 2
B - SS(Start) +1 = 2
C A, B Highest of [SS(B), SS(A)] = 3
D C SS(C) +1 = 4
Activity Predecessor Sequence step (SS)
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Project Planning
Project networks: Example (AON)
Sequence step 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Project Planning
Activity Duration & Direct Cost
Planning time unit (hours, days, weeks, months)
Establish method statement (method of construction)
Specify number of resources, and hence output
Duration = Quantity of work / No. of Res. x Res. Output
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Project Planning
Activity Duration & Direct Cost
Productivity data
Man-hours/ unit
Mhrs/unit
Daily production
Units/day
How long it takes form one
labor to finish one unit
Applies to any crew formation
How many units can be done
in one time unit
Applies to a given crew
Productivity can be estimated:
From published data ( )
Previous records of a company
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Activity Duration & Direct CostExample
What is the duration to install 6000 square feet of walls shuttering if:
Crew of 2 carpenters is used, output of 200 square feet/day
Productivity is measured as 0.008 man-hour/square feet. Number
of carpenters =3, and number of working hours/day = 8 hours
a. Duration = 6000 / 200 = 3 days
b. Total man-hours needed = 6000 x 0.008 = 48 man-hours (if one manused)
Duration = 48 / 8 = 6 days (if one man used)
Duration using 3 men = 6 / 3 = 2 days
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Project Planning
Activity Duration & Direct Cost
Example (balanced mix of resources)
A wall involves 660 m3 concrete, 50 tone of steel, and 790 m2 of formwork.
- A 6 man concrete crew can place 16 m3 of concrete/day.
- A steel-fixer and assistant can fix 0.5 ton of reinforcement/day.
- A carpenter and assistant can fix and remove 16 m2 of shuttering/day
- using one steel-fixer: duration = 50 / 0.5 = 100 days
- using one carpenter: duration = 790 / 16 = 49.4 days
- using one concreting crew: duration = 660 / 16 = 41.25 days.
2 steel-fixer crews, one carpenter crew, and cone concreting crew.
duration = 50 / 0.5 x 2 = 50 days
13/01/2002 Emad Elbeltagi
Project Planning
Activity Duration & Direct Cost
Activity direct cost:
Duration, resources, and cost are interrelated elements
Direct cost comprises: labor, material, equipment, and/or
subcontractors
Unit cost = total cost / quantity