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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (3)
{ejU g§H«$‘U{ejU g§H«$‘U_hmamï—> amÁ` _mÜ`{_H$ d CÀM _mÜ`{_H$ {ejU _§S>i, nwUo · gßQ>|~a 2019 : eHo$-1941
g§nmXH$ S>m°. AemoH$ ^mogbo
g{Md, amÁ`_§S>i, nwUo
H$m`©H$mar g§nmXH$S>m°. e{eH$m§V MìhmU
ghg{Md, amÁ`_§S>i, nwUo
ghm¶H$ g§nmXH$ lr. JmodY©Z gmoZdUo
g§emoYZ A{YH$mar
g§nmXH$ ‘§S>i gXñ¶
S>m°. ñZohm OmoerS>m°. O¶lr AÌo
lr. kmZoe ~mdrH$a{Z‘§{ÌV gXñ¶S>m°. {Xbrn JéS>
lr. g{bb dmK‘mao
g„mJma _§S>i S>m°. eHw§$Vbm H$mio
AÜ`j, amÁ¶‘§S>i, nwUogXñ¶
lr. VwH$mam‘ gwnolr. eaX Jmogmdr
lr. H¥$îUHw$‘ma nmQ>rb
"{ejU g§H«$_U' ho _m{gH$ _mbH$, _hmamîQ> ñQ>oQ> ~moS>© Am°\$ goH§$S>ar A°ÊS>> hm`a goH§$S>ar EÁ`wHo$eZ, nwUo `m§À`mgmR>r _wÐH$ dàH$meH$ S>m°. AemoH$ ~§Sy>Or mogbo `m§Zr {S>bmB©Q> qàQ>g©, 16-E, {h_mb`m BñQ>oQ>, {edmOrZJa, nwUo-411 005 oWo N>mnyZ g.Z§.832-E, \$m`Zb ßbm°Q> Z§. 178, 179, ~mb{MÌdmUrOdi, AmKmaH$a [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>çyQ>_mJo, m§~wS>m©, {edmOrZJa, nwUo-411 004`oWo à{gX²Y Ho$bo. g§nmXH$ : S>m°. AemoH$ ~§Sy>Or ^mogbo
dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur : é.200/- {H$aH$moi A§H$ é. 20/- {ejU g§H«$‘U A§H$mMr dm{f©H$ dJ©Ur "g{Md, ‘hmamîQ> amÁ¶ ‘mܶ{‘H$ d CÀM ‘mܶ{‘H$ {ejU ‘§S>i, nwUo' qH$dm 'SECRETARY, MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF SEC & HIGHER SEC EDUCATION PUNE' ¶m§À¶m Zmdo amÁ¶ ‘§S>imÀ¶m darb nË˶mda _ZrAm°S>©aZo qH$dm {S>‘m§S> S—>mâQ>Zo nmR>dmdr. Email : [email protected] | Website : http.//www.mahahsscboard.maharashtra.gov.in | ’$moZ : 020-25705000 A§H$mVrc coIm§Mo AÝ`Ì H$moR>ohr nwZ_w©ÐU H$aÊ`mgmR>r amÁ`_§S>imMr nydm©Zw_Vr KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. _hËËdmMo : `m A§H$mV ì`³V Pmcocr _Vo Ë`m Ë`m coIH$mMr ñdV§Ì AgVmV; _ §S >i Ë`mg gh_V AgocM Ago Zmhr.
coImZwH«$_ ‘ZmoJV 4
{ejUjoÌmVrb ‘hfu - kmZVnñdr
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ‘YwH$aamd Ea§S>o 5
Mbm, {b{hVo hmoD$¶m ! S>m°. {Xbrn JéS> 10
^maVmÀ¶m Xþgè¶m Mm§Ð‘mo{h‘oMr d¡{eîQ>ço {ddoH$ ^mboamd 14
amîQ>{Z‘m©Vo XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr S>m°. JUoe amD$V 18
H${dVoMo agJ«hU - EH$ Aä¶mg S>m°. ñZohm Omoer 22
Am‘Mo {ejH$ - AmZ§X ¶mXd ga hare ‘oQ>H$a 27
International Literacy Day lrYa ZmJaJmoOo 31
‘amR>r ¶wdH$^maVr : A§Va§J Xe©Z
B¶ËVm AH$amdr {edmOr Vm§~o 33
B¶ËVm AH$amdr - OrdemñÌ nmR>çnwñVH$ amOrd nmQ>moio 39
B¶ËVm AH$amdr - B{Vhmg nmR>çnwñVH$ S>m°. ew m§JZm AÌo 43
Political Science Text Book - Std. XI S>m°. lrH$m§V nam§Ono 48
dmMH$m§Mo A{^àm¶ 50
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (4)
_ZmoJV
S>m °. eHw§$Vbm H$mioAÜ`j,
amÁ`_§S>i, nwUo.
gßQ>|~a _{hZm kmZmMm dgm KoVboë¶m AmnUm gd© {ejH$m§gmR>r _hËËdmMm _{hZm Amho. gßQ>|~a hm"{ejH$ {XZ' åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
""H$s KoVbo Z d«V ho Amåhr A§YVoZobãY àH$me B{Vhmg {ZgJ©_mZoOo {Xì¶ XmhH$ åhUmo{Z Agd¶mMo~wX²ÚmMr dmU Y[abo H$ar ho gVrMo !''
Aem kmZXmZmMo d«V ñdrH$maboë¶m AmnU gd© {ejH$m§Mo amï>KS>UrVrb ¶moJXmZ eãXmVrVAmho. _mUyg ~Zm¶bm {eH$dUmao {ejU hm S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mm {dMma AmOhr H$mimMr JaO Amho. ^maVr¶VËËdkmZmMo CnmgH$ Jwê$§Um§ Jwé: Agbobo ^yVnyd© amï>nVr S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ² ho {ejH$m§À¶m AmXem©Mm _mZX§S>AmhoV. {ejH$m§Zr AmOÝ_ ì¶mg§Jr Agmdo ¶mMm dñVwnmR> åhUOo S>m°. gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mo {ejU{df¶H$ VËËdmqMVZAmho. ˶m§À¶m e¡j{UH$ H$m¶m©{df¶r AmXa, H¥$VkVm 춳V H$aʶmgmR>r ˶m§À¶mVrb JwéVËËdmbm d§XZ H$aʶmgmR>r˶m§À¶m gÝ_mZmW© ˶m§Mm OÝ_{XZ 5 gßQ>|~a hm {ejH$ {XZ åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. H¥${Verb CnH«$_erb {ejH$"h_ H$ao amï>{Z_m©U' ¶mgmR>r AmOÝ_ H${Q>~X²>Y AgVmV. {dXçm϶mªÀ¶m ¶em_ܶo Va {ejH$m§Mo ¶moJXmZ AgVoM; na§Vw˶mhrnojm _hËËdmMo AgVo, Vo {dXçm϶mªZm à{VHy$b n[apñWVr_wio AS>MUr ¶oVmV, _mJm©Vrb Z¡amí¶ Ë¶m§Mm nwT>rb àdmgIS>Va ~ZdVmV, Aemdoir {ejH$M Aem {dXçm϶mªÀ¶m _mJm©Vrb àH$meXm¶r, àoaUmXm¶r g_wnXoeH$ ~ZVmV. {dXçmWunwÝhm Zì¶m Omo_mZo, Zì¶m AmeoZo Ooìhm à˶oH$ AS>MUtda _mV H$aV Zdr dmQ> MmoImiVmo d ¶eñdr hmoVmo Vmo {ejH$mbm{_imbobm gdm}ƒ nwañH$ma AgVmo.
B¶Îmm XhmdrÀ¶m nmR>monmR> AmVm nwZa©{MV Aä¶mgH«$_mZwgma B¶Îmm AH$amdrMr ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVHo$ AmnUmn¶ªVnmohmoMbr AmhoVM. ¶m A§H$mV H$mhr {df¶m§À¶m nmR>çnwñVH$m§Mm n[aM¶ H$ê$Z {Xbm Amho. {ejH$m§Zr ñd¶§-Aܶ¶ZmZoAmnë¶m {df¶mÀ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mMo n[aerbZ H$amdo. {df¶{Zhm¶ j_Vm{dYmZo d nmR>çKQ>H$ ¶m§Mr gm§JS> Kmbmdr.ñdmܶm¶, H¥$Vr d j_Vm ¶m§Mm ghg§~§Y ¶m§Mm Aä¶mg H$amdm. ˶mgmR>r {dXçm϶mªZmhr ào[aV H$amdo. Vm{H©$H$ {dMma(Logical thinking), {M{H$ËgH$ {dMma (Critical thinking), g¥OZerb {dMma (Creative thinking) {dXçm϶mªÀ¶m ¶m Cƒj_Vm§Mm {dH$mg hm nm¶m^yV ÑîQ>rH$moZ ¶m ~Xbm_mJo Amho.
gXa A§H$m_ܶo "kmZVnñdr S>m°ŠQ>a gd©n„r amYmH¥$îUZ²²', "'amï>{Z_m©Vo XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr,' "'agJ«hU EH$ Aä¶mg',"Am_Mo {ejH$ AmZ§X ¶mXd ga' ¶m àg§Jmo{MV boIm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. {XZm§H$ 8 gßQ>|~a hm "gmjaVm {XZ' åhUyZgmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. gmjaVoMo XoemÀ¶m {dH$mgmVrb _hËËd AYmoao{IV H$aUmam hm {Xdg. gmjaVoMo Iao nmB©H$ d àgmaH${ejH$M AmhoV; åhUyZ AmnU {ejH$m§Zr gmjaVoMm OmUrdnyd©H$ dgm ¿¶m¶bm hdm. g§nH©$ ^mfm åhUyZ gÝ_mZ{_imboë¶m qhXr ^mfoMm Jm¡ad H$aʶmgmR>r 14 gßQ>|~a hm "qhXr {XZ' åhUyZ gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo.
kmZmMr J§Jm IoS>monmS>r nmohmoMdUmao a¶V {ejU g§ñWoMo g§ñWmnH$ nX²‘^yfU H$_©dra ^mD$amd nmQ>rb ¶m§MmOÝ_{XZ 22 gßQ>|~a hm Amho. "H$_dm d {eH$m' hr {dMmaYmam _hmamï>mÀ¶m _mVrV ˶m§Zr éOdbr, ˶m§Zm {dZ_«A{^dmXZ! n§{S>V XrZX¶mi Cnmܶm¶ ¶m§Mr O¶§Vr 25 gßQ>|~a amoOr Amho. hm {Xdg "A§Ë¶moX¶ {Xdg' åhUyZ gmOamHo$bm OmVmo. {Zanoj _ZmZo, Vi_irZo g_mOmÀ¶m CX²YmamgmR>r AhmoamÌ PQ>Umè¶m n§{S>V XrZX¶mi Cnmܶm¶ ¶m§À¶mì¶p³V‘ËËdmbm {dZ_« A{^dmXZ!
nmaV§Í¶mÀ¶m H$mimV AmYw{ZH$ ^maVmÀ¶m OS>U-KS>UrV ‘mobmMo ¶moJXmZ XoUmao ^maVmMo {nVm_h XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr¶m§Mm 4 gßQ>|~a hm OÝ_{XZ Amho. {ejH$mbm "JmVw{dV' åhUOo _mJ© XmIdUmam, åhQ>bo OmVo. {ejH$ hm amï>KS>UrVrbgdmªV _hËËdmMm ñV§ Amho. {dXçmWu, ^mdr ZmJ[aH$ KS>dʶmMo H$m¶© H$aUmè¶m H¥${Verb, {Zð>mdmZ {ejH$m§À¶mH$m¶m©bm _ZmnmgyZ A{^dmXZ !
^maVmMo ^yVnyd© amï>nVr S>m°. E. nr. Oo. AãXwb H$bm_ ¶m§Zr, "_mPr AmoiI OJmZo {ejH$ åhUyZ R>odmdr', AgoCX²Jma H$mT>bo. eodQ>À¶m ídmgmn¶ªV kmZXmZmgmR>rM d«VñW am{hboë¶m S>m°. H$bm_ ¶m§Zm eVe… àUm_ ! S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ²²d S>m°. AãXwb H$bm_ ¶m Jwê$§Zr {Xboë¶m àoaUm KoD$Z ˶m§Mm dmagm nwT>o ZoʶmÀ¶m d«VmMm A§JrH$ma H$ê$¶m !
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (5)
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ho VËËdk {ejH$ åhUyZ»¶mVH$sV© hmoVo. amîQ´>nVr hmoʶmnydu VogwédmVrbm àmܶmnH$ Z§Va àmMm¶© hmoVo. Z§VaVo ~Zmag qhXÿ {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$ Pmbo.a{e¶m‘ܶo naXoer dH$sb åhUyZ H$m‘H$aVmZmhr ˶m§À¶mVrb {ejH$ H$m¶‘MOmJê$H$ hmoVm. Ho$ìhmhr, Hw$R>ohr ì¶m»¶mZmbmJoë¶mZ§Va ˶m§À¶mVrb {ejH$ OmJ¥V hmoVAgo. ho {ejH$nU qH$dm JwénX ˶m§À¶mVËËdqMVH$ ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘wio ˶m§Zm {‘imbohmoVo. S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² {ejUjoÌmVrb ‘hfu, kmZVnñdr hmoVo. F${fVwë¶ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘wio ˶m§Zm AmMm¶© åhUyZ ‘mݶVm{‘imbr. ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vr‘ܶo AmMm¶mªZmAZݶgmYmaU ‘hËËd Amho.
{ejUjoÌmVrb ‘hfu - kmZVnñdrS>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ‘YwH$aamd Ea§S>o
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^maVaËZ S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mm 5
gßQ>|~a hm OÝ‘{Xdg {ejH${XZ åhUyZ g§nyU©
^maVmV gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. H$maU S>m°. gd©nëbr
amYmH¥$îUZ² AmXe© d ‘hmZ {ejH$ hmoVo. amYmH¥$îUZ²
ho ^maVmMo n{hbo CnamîQ>nVr (gZ 1952 Vo
1962) Xhm df} hmoVo. nwT>o gZ 1962 ‘ܶo Vo
^maVmMo Xþgao amîQ>nVr Pmbo. Vo Wmoa VËËdqMVH$
hmoVo. ào{gS>oÝgr H$m°boO‘ܶo VËËdkmZmMo àmܶmnH$,
~Zmag qhXÿ {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$, amîQ>g§KmV ^maVmMo
à{V{ZYr hmoVo. ^maVmMo a{e¶mVrb amOXÿV åhUyZhr
amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr CËV‘ H$m‘ Ho$bo. ¶mhrnojm àW‘
Vo Wmoa AmMm¶© hmoVo. ˶m§À¶m F${fVwë¶ VËËdqMVH$
ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘wio {ejH$ ho nX yfUmdh R>abo Amho.
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mr ~wX²Yr Hw$emJ«
hmoVr. ˶m§Mo {dMma "gw{dMma' AmhoV. ˶m§À¶m
{dMmam§~m~V Ago åhUVm ¶oB©b H$s, g‘wÐmbm Imobr
AgVo; nU C§Mr ZgVo. AmH$membm C§Mr AgVo;
na§Vw Imobr ZgVo; nU S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ
¶m§À¶m {dMmam§Zm Imobr Amho Am{U C§Mrhr Amho.
nmíMm˶ OJmbm ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmMr AmoiI
H$ê$Z XoUmao, Am°³g’$S>© ¶oWrb Am°ßQ>Z ì¶m»¶mZ‘mbm
d {h~Q>© ì¶m»¶mZ‘mbm Jw§’$ʶmMm ~hþ‘mZ àmßV
Pmbobo, ñQ>°{bZMr oQ> Pmbobo, gZ 1927 ‘ܶo
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (6)
A{Ib ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZ n[afXoMo d gZ 1930
‘ܶo A{Ib ^maVr¶ {ejU n[afXoMo Aܶj
Agbobo àkmd§V S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mm
OÝ‘ "{VéËVmUr' ¶m Jmdr Pmbm. {VéËVmUr ho Jmd
Am§Y«àXoemVrb {MËVwa ¶m {OëømV ¶oVo. "gd©nëbr'
hr nXdr Zmhr H$s amYmH¥$îUZ ¶m§Mo AmS>Zmdhr
Zmhr, Va H$Yr H$mir ˶m§Mo nyd©O "gd©nëbr' ¶m
Jmdr amhV hmoVo. d§ena§naoZwgma S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ²
¶m§Zm gd©nëbr ho JmdmMo Zmd H$m¶‘MoM {MH$Q>bo.
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mo AmS>Zmd Aæ¶a hmoVo. ˶m§Mo
Aæ¶a Hw$Qw>§~ "{VéËVmUr' ¶oWoM ñWm{¶H$ Pmbo.
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² Aæ¶a ho AmXe©
{ejH$ ~Zbo. ^maVr¶ g§ñH¥$Vr‘ܶo AmMm¶mªZm
AZݶgmYmaU Ago ‘hËËd Amho. "AmMm¶© Xodmo
^d' Ago AmMm¶mª~X²>Xb åhQ>bo OmVo. ""Jwé~«©÷m,
Jwé{d©îUw: JwéX}dmo ‘hoída:&& Jwé: gmjmV² na~«÷
Vñ‘¡ lrJwado Z‘:&&'' S>m°³Q>am§Mo ì¶p³V‘ËËd à^mdr,
~wX²>Yr VoO, ì¶mg§J Xm§S>Jm hmoVm. H${dd¶© ~m. ^.
~moaH$am§Zr åhQ>boM Amho H$s, "{Xì¶ËdmMr OoW
à{MVr, VoWo H$a ‘mPo OwiVr.' S>m°³Q>a amYmH¥$îUZ²
F${fVwë¶ Vnñì¶mMo OrdZ OJbo. Vo VÁk {ejH$
hmoVo; åhUyZ n§{S>V Odmhabmb Zohê$ ˶m§Zm "VËËdk
amOm' åhUV.
åh¡gya‘Yrb ‘hmamOm H$m°boO‘ܶo VËËdkmZ
{d^mJmM o à‘ wInX gm §^miV AgVmZm
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ^anya boIZhr Ho$bo. ˶m
H$mim‘ܶo ˶m§Mr XmoZ nwñVHo$ àH$m{eV Pmbr.
n{hbo "adtÐZmW Q>mJmoam§Mo VËËdkmZ', Xþgao
"g‘H$mbrZ Y‘m©Mo ñWmZ' ¶m nwñVH$m§‘wio amYmH¥$îUZ²
¶m§Zm bmoH${à¶Vm, à{gX²Yr Va {‘imbrM, nU
adtÐZmWm§Mo ào‘hr bm^bo. adtÐZmWm§Zr JrVm§ObrdaMo
Vo VmpËËdH$ nwñVH$ dmMyZ amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zm {b{hbo,
""AmnU {b{hboë¶m nwñVH$mÀ¶m gm¢X¶m©~X²Xb
H$m¶ {bhÿ? ‘m¶m VËËdkmZmda EdT>o gw§Xa nwñVH$
Aݶ H$moUr {bhÿ eHo$b H$s Zmhr, ¶m{df¶r ‘bm
e§H$mM Amho!''
gZ 1921 Vo 1931 ¶m Xhm dfmªÀ¶m
H$mimV H$bH$ËVm {dXçmnrR>mV VËËdkmZ {df¶mMo
àmܶmnH$ AgVmZm S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mo
B§{S>¶Z {’$bm°gm°’$s ^mJ 1 d 2, {X qhXÿ ìhçy Am°’$
bmB©’$, {X [a{bOZ dwB© ZrS>, H$pëH$-{X â¶yMa
Am°’$ {gpìhbm¶PoeZ, ho Mma J«§W àH$m{eV Pmbo.
X²{dI§S>mË‘H$ "B§{S>¶Z {’$bm°gm°’$s' ¶m J«§WmVyZ
amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ^maVr¶ VËËdkmZmMo gdmªJmZo
Am{U ~maH$mB©Zo ‘y붑mnZ Ho$bo Amho. ^maVr¶
VËËdkmZmV {dMmañdmV§Í¶, g{hîUwVm Am{U
dmXg§dmXmVyZ VËËd~moY ¶m§Zm AZݶgmYmaU ‘hËËd
Amho. Amnë¶m g§{dYmZm‘ܶohr ¶mMr VaVyX Amho.
H$pëH$-{X â¶yMa Am°’$ {gpìhbm¶PoeZ ¶m Amnë¶m
J«§WmV amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mo {dMma ‘Zmbm {^S>Umao
AmhoV. Vo åhUVmV, ""{dkmZmZo ‘mUgmbm ^m¡{VH$
gwImMr gmYZo {‘idyZ {Xbr. ˶m‘wio M¡Z dmT>br.
nU ‘mUyg IamoIarM gwIr hmoD$ eH$bm H$m?
‘mUyg ’$³V earagwImdaM g‘mYmZr amhÿ eH$V
Zmhr; Va earamì¶{V[a³V ˶mbm AmË‘m d ~wX²Yrhr
Amho. ho {dkmZ Am茦mMr yH$ ^mJdy eH$Vo H$m?
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (7)
Va CËVa ZH$mamË‘H$ ¶oVo. {dkmZmMr {H$Vrhr àJVr
Pmbr Var Omon¶ªV ‘mUgm§‘Yrb ghH$m¶© d gX² md
dmT>>V Zmhr, Vmo ghOrdZmZo OJUma Zmhr; Vmon¶ªV
OJmV em§VVm Zm§Xÿ eH$Uma Zmhr. {dkmZ Ho$di
^m¡{VH$ gwI XoD$ eHo$b; nU Am§V[aH$ gwImMo
H$m¶? ˶mgmR>r Vwåhmbm B©ídamH$S>o Omdo bmJob.
gmè¶m {dídmVrb ~m§Ydm§Mo H$ë¶mU B©ída H$arV
AgVmo. ‘mUgm§Zr X²>dof, Y‘mªYVm, ñdmW© ¶mV Jw§VyZ
amhÿ Z¶o.''
gZ 1931 Vo 1936 ¶m nmM dfmª©À¶m
H$mbmdYrV S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ~Zmag {dXçmnrRmMo>
Hw$bJwê$ åhUyZ H$m‘ nm{hbo. {dXçmnrR>mV AZoH$
Agw{dYm hmo˶m. doJdoJù¶m {d^mJmÀ¶m ñdV§Ì
B‘maVr Zìh˶m. AXç¶mdV à¶moJemim d J«§Wmb¶hr
ZìhVo. bJoMM S>m°³Q>a amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr {Za{Zamù¶m
{df¶m§Mo {d mJ gwê$ Ho$bo. ˶mgmR>r VÁk àmܶmnH$m§Mr
{Z¶w³Vr Ho$br. {d{dY {df¶m§Mr {d^mJdma dg{VJ¥ho
~m§YyZ KoVbr. S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr gd© OmVr, Y‘©,
n§WmMr ‘wbo EH$Ì OodVrb, EH$Ì amhVrb, EH$Ì
Aä¶mg H$aVrb Aer ì¶dñWm Ho$br. ˶mVyZ ˶m§Zm
‘mZdVoMr, gd©Y‘©g‘ mdmMr, amîQ>r¶ Eo³¶mMr ^mdZm
‘wbm§‘ܶo éOdm¶Mr hmoVr.
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² amîQ>nVr Agbo Var
˶m§Mm g§~§Y amOH$maUmer H$YrM Ambm Zmhr.
OJ^a ˶m§Mr VËËdk åhUyZM à{gX²Yr hmoVr. hOmamo
bmoH$ ˶m§À¶m J«§Wm§Mo MmhVo hmoVo. ‘hmË‘m Jm§Yr,
n§{S>V Zohê$ ˶m§À¶m boIZmMo MmhVo hmoVo. S>m°.
amYmH¥$îUZ² ho VËËdk ‘mJ©Xe©H$ hmoVo. ˶m§Mo Z¡{VH$
dOZ EdT>o ‘moR>o hmoVo H$s; ˶m§À¶m gm‘϶m©g‘moa
ZV‘ñVH$ hmoʶmV gËVobmhr Amnbm Jm¡ad Pmbm
Amho Ago dmQ>o. Xþ:I {ZameoÀ¶m jUr ˶m§Mm
ghdmg hoM EH$ ‘moR>o gm§ËdZ hmoVo. amYmH¥$îUZ² ho
AOmVeÌy, F$Oy ñd^mdmMo åhUyZ à{gX²Y hmoVo.
’$Q>H$inUm, VwgS>onUm hm ˶m§Mm ñd^md ZìhVm,
nU ˶m§Mm gai gmYm àíZM {H$˶oH$ doim
g‘moaÀ¶m ‘mUgmbm {dMma H$am¶bm bmdV Ago.
EH$m ‘§Í¶m§er Vo gm°H«o${Q>gda ~mobV hmoVo. gm°Ho«${Q>gMo
Ago EH$ ‘V Amho H$s, Amnë¶mbm H$moUH$moU˶m
{df¶m§V H$mhrhr H$iV Zmhr ho Z³H$s ‘mhrV AgUo,
ho ehmUnUmMo bjU Amho. amYmH¥$îUZ² CnamîQ>nVr
hmoVo, Voìhm ˶m§Zr ‘§Í¶m§Zm {dMmabo, ""Amnë¶mbm
Á¶m {df¶mVbo H$mhr H$iV Zmhr ˶m§Mr ¶mXr Vwåhr
Ho$br Amho H$m?'' ‘§Ìr åhUmbo, ""¶mXr Amho; nU
AnyU© Amho.'' amYmH¥$îUZ² åhUmbo, ""H$mhr haH$V
Zmhr, AmnU XmoK§ ~gyZ Vr ¶mXr nyU© H$ê$Z Q>mHy$.''
n§{S>V Zohê§$Zr S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zm gmopìhEQ>
a{e¶mV ^maVmMo dH$sb åhUyZ nmR>dbo. EH$Xm
ñQ>°{bZZo ˶m§Zm oQ>rgmR>r ~mobmdbo. ñQ>°{bZ gm‘mݶ
bmoH$m§Zm oQ> XoV Zgo; nU amYmH¥$îUZ² ho OJX²{d»¶mV
VËËdk Agë¶m‘wio ñQ>°{bZZo ˶m§Zm ~mobm{dbo.
BH$S>À¶m-{VH$S>À¶m Am¡nMm[aH$ ~m~r ~mobyZ Pmë¶mda
ñQ>°{bZ åhUmbo, ""S>m°³Q>a, AmnU a{e¶mV AmhmVM
Va a{e¶Z OZVoZo Or ‘hmZ g§ñH¥$Vr C^mabobr
Amho, Vrhr nmhÿZ ¿¶m. Zì¶m ^maVmÀ¶m C^maUrbm
Am‘À¶m AZw dmMm Cn¶moJ hmoB©b.'' ˶mda
amYmH¥$îUZ² åhUmbo, ""‘hmamO AmnU nmIam§gmaIo
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (8)
CSy> eH$Vm d g‘wÐmV ‘memà‘mUo Imob dmdê$
eH$Vm, ho Va ‘bm ‘mhrVM Amho; nU n¥Ïdrda
‘mUgmà‘mUo dmJm¶bm {eH$bmV H$m?'' VËËdkmZo
hþHy$‘ehmÀ¶m Vm|S>mda ˶mÀ¶m hþHy$‘emhrMm {ZfoY
Zm|XdʶmMmM hm àH$ma hmoVm; nU ñQ>°{bZZo hm
’$Q>H$m em§VnUo ghZ Ho$bm. d{H$bmZo H$m¶ ~mobmdo
¶m g§Ho$VmMm hm §JM hmoVm; nU VËËdkmZo H$m¶
~mobmdo ¶mÀ¶mer hm ‘wX²Xm V§VmoV§V gwg§JV hmoVm.
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² gmoSy>Z ˶m§À¶m OmJr Xþgao H$moUr
Ago ~mobbo AgVo Va Mmodrg Vmgm§À¶m AmV
˶mMr a{e¶mVyZ hH$mbnQ²>Q>rM Pmbr AgVr.
{ejU ho g‘mOn[adV©ZmMo d g‘mOà~moYZmMo
à^mdr gmYZ Amho. S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§À¶m ‘Vo
Zdg‘mO {Z{‘©VrMm nm¶m {ejU hmM Amho.
{ejUm{edm¶ 춳VrMm, amîQ´>mMm {dH$mg hmoD$M
eH$V Zmhr. {dXçm϶mªMo ì¶p³V‘ËËd, Mm[aͶ
KS>{dUo ho {ejUmMo CX²{XîQ> Agbo nm{hOo.
‘wbm§~amo~a ‘wbtZrhr {ejU KoVbo nm{hOo. ‘hmË‘m
’w$bo Am{U Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Mm ñÌr-{ejUmMm
{dMma S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>bm. ‘wbr {eH$ë¶m
Va n[admamMm, g‘mOmMm, amîQ>mMm {dH$mg hmoB©b.
‘hmË‘m ’w$ë¶m§Zr nwʶmbm {^S>o dmS>çmV n{hbr
‘wbtMr emim H$mT>br d Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Zr
qhJʶmbm "qhJUo ñÌr-{ejU g§ñWm' H$mT>br d
‘wbr {eHy$ bmJë¶m. gdmªZm g‘mZ h³H$ AmhoV.
{ejU gdmªZm {‘imbo nm{hOo. na§Vw Amnë¶m
XoemV pñ̶m§Zm Xþ涑 dmJUyH$ {Xbr OmVo. ˶m§À¶m
{ejUmH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo OmVo. na§Vw H$mhr bmoH$,
g‘mOgwYmaH$ ñdV:Mo Am¶wî¶ ñÌr{ejUmgmR>r
g‘{n©V H$aVmV. Ym|S>mo Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Zr pñ̶m§gmR>r
ñdV§Ì {dXçmnrR> H$mT>bo. ˶m§Mm C{MV gÝ‘mZ
hmoUo Amdí¶H$ hmoVo. åhUyZ 1942 gmbr ~Zmag
(H$mer) {dXçmnrR>mÀ¶m am¡ß¶ ‘hmoËgd àg§Jr Ym|S>mo
Ho$ed H$d} ¶m§Mm gÝ‘mZ H$amdm hr gyMZm Hw$bJwê$
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr ‘m§S>br. ¶m g‘ma§ mV H$d}
¶m§Zm gÝ‘mZZr¶ S>m°³Q>aoQ> nXdr ~hmb H$aʶmMo
R>adʶmV Ambo. ¶m gd© KQ>Zm§‘mJo amYmH¥$îUZ²
¶m§Mr H$ënH$Vm hmoVr.
gZ 1939 Vo 1948 n¶ªV gbJ 9 df} Vo
~Zmag (H$mer) {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$ hmoVo; na§Vw
Vo ‘mZYZ KoV ZìhVo. ˶m§À¶m A§Jr {Z:ñn¥hnUm
d {Z:ñdmWunUm hmoVm. Hw$bJwê$ nXmÀ¶m H$m¶©H$mimV
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm,
g§H$Q>m§Zm gm‘moao Omdo bmJbo. na§Vw Vo S>J‘Jbo
ZmhrV. ‘moR>çm H$m¡eë¶mZo ˶m§Zr AS>MUtZm Vm|S>
{Xbo. {dXçmnrR>mMr à{VîR>m dmT>dbr. gZ 1948
‘ܶo S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² Hw$bJwê$ nXmdê$Z {Zd¥ËV
Pmbo. ˶m§À¶mZ§Va Hw$bJwê$ nXmMr Ywam Wmoa
g‘mOdmXr {dMmad§V AmMm¶© Za|Ð Xod ¶m§Zr
Im§Xçmda KoVbr.
gZ 1947 gmbr ^maV ñdV§Ì Pmbm.
ñdmV§Í¶moËVa H$mimVrb {ejUmMr nwZa©MZm H$aUo
Amdí¶H hm oVo. ˶mgmR>r ^maVmVrb gd©
{dXçmnrR>m§Mr nmhUr H$aUo JaOoMo hmoVo. ñdV§Ì
^maVmÀ¶m gaH$maZo ˶mgmR>r EH$ "¶w{Zìh{g©Q>r
H${‘eZ' {Z¶w³V Ho$bo hmoVo. ¶m H${‘eZÀ¶m
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (9)
AܶjnXr S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mr {Z¶w³Vr
Ho$br hmoVr. ˶m§À¶mnmer AZw dmMm àM§S> gmR>m
hmoVm. H$V©¥Ëdhr hmoVo. {edm¶ ˶m§À¶mH$S>o ñdV§Ì
{dMmagaUrhr hmoVr. gaH$maZo {Z¶w³V Ho$boë¶m
H${‘eZbmM "amYmH¥$îUZ² H${‘eZ' Ago g§~moYʶmV
¶oD$ bmJbo.
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² gZ 1952 nmgyZ
11 ‘o 1962 n¶ªV gbJ 10 df} ^maVmMo
CnamîQ´>nVr hmoVo. Cnamï´>nVrnXmÀ¶m H$m¶©H$mimV
˶m§Zr CËH¥$îQ> H$m‘ H$ê$Z Zmdbm¡{H$H$ {‘i{dbm d
Vo »¶mVZm‘ Pmbo. S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr 1952
‘ܶo àW‘ Ooìhm CnamîQ´>nVrnX ñdrH$mabo,
˶mMdoir Vo {Xëbr {dXçmnrR>mMo Hw$bJwê$hr hmoVo.
VgoM 1952 ‘ܶo Vo ¶wZmoñH$moMo Aܶjhr hmoVo.
EH$mM doir VrZ-VrZ nXm§da Vo H$V©ì¶XjVoZo d
H$m¶©j‘nUo H$m‘ H$arV hmoVo. CnamîQ´>nVr nXmda
{damO‘mZ Pmë¶mda ^maVr¶ amÁ¶KQ>ZoZwgma,
CnamîQ´>nVr ho amÁ¶g oMohr Aܶj AgVmV.
˶mZwgma S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² gbJ Xhm df} amÁ¶g oMo
Hw$eb Aܶj åhUyZ H$m¶©aV am{hbo. 26 OmZodmar
1958 amoOr àOmgËVmH$ {XZr ˶m§Zm "^maVaËZ' hm
gdm}ÀM {H$Vm~ XoD$Z Jm¡ad Ho$bm Jobm d ˶m§À¶m
{eanoMmV ‘mZmMm Vwam Imodbm Jobm.
gZ 1962 ‘ܶo S>m°. amO|ÐàgmX amîQ´>nVr
nXmdê$Z {Zd¥ËV Pmbo. ˶m §À¶m OmJoda
S>m°. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Mr ^maVmMo Xþgao
amîQ´>nVr åhUyZ {ZdS> H$aʶmV Ambr d
S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² gdm}ÀMnXr Amê$T> Pmbo. 13 ‘o
1962 amoOr amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr XoemMr gyÌo hmVr
KoVbr Am{U bJoM EH$ AmXe© H¥$Vr Ho$br.
˶mdoir amîQ´>nVtZm Xhm hOma én¶o ‘mZYZ hmoVo,
˶mV H$nmV H$ê$Z ˶m§Zr AS>rM hOma én¶o
‘mZYZ KoʶmMo Kmo{fV Ho$bo. VgoM {g‘bm ¶m
W§S> hdoÀ¶m {R>H$mUr Agbobm d¡^dembr àmgmX
amîQ>nVtgmR>r CnbãY hmoVm. na§Vw amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr
ho emhr OrdZ ZmH$mabo. gZ 1962 Vo 1967
n¶ªV S>m°. amYmH¥$îUZ² ¶m§Zr amîQ´>nVrnX A{Ve¶
H$m¶©j‘nUo gm§ mibo.
amîQ ´>nVr nXmMr nmM dfmªMr ‘wXV
g§në¶mdahr ˶m§Mo VËËdqMVH$ åhUyZ ì¶p³‘ËËd
A~m{YV am{hbo. ˶m§Mo {dMma, qMVZ d
˶mVyZ {‘iUmao ‘mJ©Xe©Z Amho VgoM {Ma§VZ
Amho. H$mhr {ejH$ Amnë¶m ~amo~aÀ¶m Am{U
AZoH$ ^mdr {nT>çm§Mohr {ejH$ AgVmV. ho
{ejH$nU qH$dm JwénX ˶m§À¶m Imob d VËËd{ZîR>,
VËËdqMVH$, àkmd§V ì¶p³V‘ËËdm‘wio {Z‘m©U
hmoV AgVo. S>m °. gd©nëbr amYmH¥$îUZ² ho Aem
àH$maMo Wmoa AmMm¶© hmoVo. Aem ¶m AîQ>n¡by
F${fVwë¶ Wmoa AmMm¶mªMm d¥X²YmnH$mimZo {XZm§H$
24 E{àb 1975 amoOr ‘¥Ë¶y Pmbm. EH$ hmS>mMm
{ejH$, VËËdqMVH$, boIH$, àkmd§V, Wmoa
AmMm¶©, {ejUVÁk, Abm¡{H$H$ XoXr߶‘mZ
ì¶p³V‘ËËd H$mimÀ¶m nS>XçmAmS> Jobo.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (10)
BVa H$moU˶mhr noemnojm {ejH$snoemVrb ‘mUyg boIZ-dmMZmer OmñVOdiMm AgVmo. ˶m§Zm Aܶ¶Z Am{UAܶmnZ H$am¶Mo AgVo, ˶m‘wio ˶m§ZmgVV dmMZ H$amdo bmJVo. J«§W g§J«hrR>odmdo bmJVmV. ˶mVyZ J«§W‘¡Ìr dmT>Vo,˶m§Mo ñdV:Mo N>moQ>oImZr J«§Wmb¶ V¶mahmoVo. g§X^m©gmR>r Vo Cn¶w³V R>aVo; åhUyZg‘mOmMr Aer Anojm AgVo, H$s dJm©V~mobUmè¶m {ejH$m§Mm hmVhr {b{hVmAgmdm. Zìho Vmo ˶m§Mm OrdZY‘©M Amho.Vo ˶m§MoM H$m‘ Amho; åhUyZ ^anya dmMZH$ê$Z, ì¶mg§J dmT>dyZ, d«VñW ^mdZoZo{ejH$m§Zr {b{hbo nm{hOo.
Mbm, {b{hVo hmoD$¶m !S>m°. {Xbrn JéS>
9960259085
‘amR>r ^mfoV AmO AZoH$ d¥ËVnÌo {ZKmbr
AmhoV. AJXr VmbwH$m Am{U {Oëhm nmVirdahr
˶m§À¶m Amd¥Ë˶m {ZKV AmhoV. nydu ‘¶m©{XV
n¥îR>g§»¶m Agbobr H¥$îUYdb a§Jm§V d¥ËVnÌo {ZKV.
AmVm ˶m§Mr OmJm a§JrV Amd¥ËVrZo KoVbr Amho.
n¥îR>g§»¶mhr ^anya AgVo. ¶m d¥ËVnÌm§VyZ {d{dY
{df¶m§Mr g{MÌ ‘m{hVr dmMH$m§Zm {Xbr OmVo. ˶mV
VmÁ¶m KS>m‘moS>t~amo~a H$bm, H«$sS>m, Amamo½¶, Amhma,
{ejU, g§JrV, ZmQ>ç, ¶moJ, gm{h˶, narjU,
amOH$maU, AW©H$maU, g‘mOH$maU, ì¶mnma, eoVr
Ago AZoH$ {df¶ AgVmV.
d¥ËVnÌm§~amo~aM gmßVm{hHo$, nm{jHo$, ‘m{gHo$,
{Xdmir A§H$ hohr dmMH$m§À¶m oQ>rbm ¶oV AgVmV.
‘hmamîQ>mV Xadfu Odinmg 400 {Xdmir A§H$
{ZKVmV. Vohr {d{dY {df¶m§daMo AgVmV.
ho gmao gm§Jm¶Mo H$maU åhUOo EdT>çm
d¥ËVnÌm§Zm, ‘m{gH$m§Zm, {Xdmir A§H$m§Zm {H$VrVar
{b{IV gm{h˶ hdo AgVo. AmVm hoM nhm Zm,
{Xdmir Am°³Q>mo~a ‘{hݶmV Amho; nU {Xdmir
A§H$mgmR>r boIZ hdo åhUyZ d¥ËVnÌm§VyZ {ZdoXZo
¶m¶bm bmJbrV, VrgwX²Ym VrZ-Mma ‘{hZo AJmoXa.
¶mMm AW© Agm, H$s ¶m d¥ËVnÌm§Zm, gmßVm{hH$,
‘m{gH$m§Zm ^anya {b{IV gm{h˶ hdo Amho; nU
XO}Xma, gH$g, Aä¶mgnyU© boIZ H$aUmao g§»¶oZo
H$‘r AmhoV Ago ‘bm dmQ>Vo.
{ejH$m§Mr y{‘H$m :BVa H$moU˶mhr noemnojm {ejH$s noemVrb
‘mUyg boIZ-dmMZmer OmñV OdiMm AgVmo.
˶m§Zm Aܶ¶Z Am{U AܶmnZ H$am¶Mo AgVo,
˶m‘wio ˶m§Zm gVV dmMZ H$amdo bmJVo. J«§W g§J«hr
R>odmdo bmJVmV. ˶mVyZ J«§W‘¡Ìr dmT>Vo, ˶m§Mo
ñdV:Mo N>moQ>oImZr J«§Wmb¶ V¶ma hmoVo. g§X^m©gmR>r Vo
Cn¶w³V R>aVo; åhUyZ g‘mOmMr Aer Anojm
AgVo, H$s dJm©V ~mobUmè¶m {ejH$m§Mm hmVhr
{b{hVm Agmdm. Zìho Vmo ˶m§Mm OrdZY‘©M Amho.
Vo ˶m§MoM H$m‘ Amho; åhUyZ ^anya dmMZ H$ê$Z,
ì¶mg§J dmT>dyZ, d«VñW ^mdZoZo {ejH$m§Zr {b{hbo
nm{hOo. {ejH$m§À¶m {b{h˶m hmVmbm g§Yr {‘imdr;
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (11)
åhUyZ nwʶmÀ¶m "~mb^maVr' ¶m g§ñWo‘m’©$V ‘wbm§gmR>r
"{H$emoa' ho ‘m{gH$ {ZKVo. ˶mV AZoH$ {ejH$,
gm{hp˶H$ H$Wm, H${dVm, boI {bhrV AgVmV.
VgoM ‘hmamîQ> amÁ¶ {ejU ‘§S>im‘m’©$V "{ejU
g§H«$‘U' hm A§H$ {ZKV AgVmo. ˶mVhr {ejUjoÌmer
g§~{YV boI, {d{dY emim§Zr am~dbobo d¡{eîQ>çnyU©
CnH«$‘, H${dVm§Mo agJ«hU, ZdrZ nmR>çnwñVHo$,
Aä¶mgH«$‘, H¥${Vn{ÌH$m, ‘y붑mnZ nX²>YVr, Wmoam-
‘moR>çm§Mo e¡j{UH$ {dMma ¶mda boI AgVmV. Va
àmW{‘H$ {ejU ñVamdarb {ejH$m§gmR>r "OrdZ
{ejU' hm A§H$ {ZKVmo. ho gd© A§H$ emimemim§‘YyZ
OmVmV. {ejH$ d {dXçmWu Vo dmMVmV. AJXr
{b{IV ñdê$nmV ˶mda à{V{H«$¶mhr XoVmV. ‘mÌ
˶m§À¶mH$Sy>Z ¶m A§H$mgmR>r OodT>o boIZ ¶m¶bm hdo
VodT>o ¶oV Zmhr. {ejH$m§Mm à{VgmX Aën Amho.
{bhm¶Mo H$emgmR>r ?X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ OJV AgVmZm AmnU AZoH$
AZw d KoV AgVmo. Amnë¶m OrdZmV AZoH$
KQ>Zm, àg§J KS>V AgVmV. Vo àg§J AmnU
{‘Ì‘§S>itZm gm{^Z¶ gm§JV AgVmo. ‘mÌ VmoM
AZw d eãX~X²Y H$am¶bm gm§{JVbm, H$s ‘mUyg
Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmo. "VodT>o {bhm¶Mo ZH$m ~wdm gm§Jy'
Agm ˶m§Mm gya AgVmo. Ia§ Va "{b{hUo åhUOo
eãXm§À¶m ‘mܶ‘mVyZ A{^춳V hmoUo.' à˶oH$
춳Vrbm A{^춳V ìhmdogo dmQ>Vo. {MÌH$ma {MÌm§VyZ
춳V hmoVmo, JrVH$ma JrVm§VyZ 춳V hmoVmo, Vgm
boIH$ boIZmVyZ 춳V hmoV AgVmo. à˶oH$mbm
H$mhrVar gm§Jm¶Mo AgVo, 춳V ìhm¶Mo AgVo.
{b{hʶm‘wio ‘mUgmMo A§Va§J H$iVo. ˶mMr
{dMmaYmam H$iVo; åhUyZM g‘W© am‘Xmgm§Zr gm§JyZ
R>odb§¶ -
"{Xgm‘mOr H$mhrVar Vo {bhmdo, àg§Jr AI§{S>VdmMrV Omdo.'
g‘WmªMm hm CnXoe {eamoYm¶© ‘mZm¶Mm Agob,
Va boIZH$m¶m©gmR>r H$moU˶m JmoîQ>tMr Amdí¶H$Vm
Amho, hohr nhmdo bmJob.
AZw dm§Mo g§{MV hdo :boIZ H$am¶Mo åhUOo hmVmV boIUr KoVbr,
nwT>o H$mJX R>odbm Am{U Ho$br {bhm¶bm gwédmV Ago
hmoV Zmhr. ˶mgmR>r AJmoXa qMVZ, ‘ZZ ìhm¶bm
hdo. boIZmMm AmamIS>m AJmoXa ‘ZmV aoIbm OmVmo
Am{U Z§Va Vmo H$mJXmda CVaVmo. B‘maV ~m§Ym¶Mr
Agob Va AJmoXa ˶mMm ZH$mem/ßb°Z H$mJXmda
CVaVmo. Z§Va B‘maV AmH$mambm ¶oVo. boIZmgmR>r
‘w»¶ JmoîQ> AgVo AZw dmMo g§{MV. Vwåhr CKS>çm
S>mooù¶m§Zr {d{dY OrdZmZw d KoVbo nm{hOo. g‘mOmV
KS>Umè¶m KQ>Zm d àg§Jm§Mo gyú‘ {ZarjU Ho$bo
nm{hOo. {d{dY AZw d ¶oʶmgmR>r, {d{dY H$m¶©H«$‘m§Zm,
g‘ma§ m§Zm CnpñWV amhÿZ ì¶m»¶mZo EoH$br nm{hOoV.
gÁOZm§er XmoñVr Ho$br nm{hOo. XÿaXÿaMo àdmg H$ê$Z
AZw d KoVbo nm{hOoV. Ago åhQ>bo OmVo, H$s
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˶mgmR>r {VÀ¶mdarb gm¡a{dOoè¶m gy¶©gÝ‘wI R>odë¶m
OmVrb. hr JmS>r MmbVmZm EH$mM ~mOybm H$b§Sy>
bmJë¶mg {VÀ¶mdarb "BݳbrZmo‘rQ>a' X²dmao Vo
ñd¶§M{bV ¶§ÌUobm g‘Oob d Vr Wm§~ob. VgoM
{VÀ¶m ‘mJm©V H$mhr AS>Wim Amë¶mg {VÀ¶m
MmH$mÀ¶m ‘moQ>mar AmoìhabmoS> hmoD$Z OmñV drO dmnê$
bmJë¶mg Mm§ÐJmS>r AmnmoAmn Wm§~ob d AS>Wim
Q>miyZ nwÝhm Mmby bmJob. ¶m JmS>rÀ¶m ghm MmH$m§Zm
ñdV§Ì ‘moQ>mar AgyZ Vr MmHo$ ñdV§ÌnUo hdr Ver
didVm ¶oVmV. ¶m JmS>rMr MmHo$ {^ÝZ JVrZo {’$adyZ
JmS>rMr {Xem ~XbVm ¶oVo. aUJmS>mXoIrb diʶmgmR>r
hrM nX²YV dmnabr OmVo.
Mm§ÐJmS>rdarb XmoZ {^ÝZ dU©nQ>‘mnH$m§X²dmao
Mm§Ðn¥îR>mdarb XJS>‘mVrMo amgm¶{ZH$ {díbofU
(ñH°$Q>atJ nX²YVrZo) Ho$bo OmB©b. Vr ‘m{hVr
M§Ðm^modVr {’$aV AgUmè¶m ‘w»¶ ¶mZm‘m’©$V
(Am°{~©Q>a) n¥Ïdrdarb {Z¶§ÌU H$jmH$S>o àjo{nV Ho$br
OmB©b. M§Ðmdarb amÌrMo Vmn‘mZ IynM H$‘r AgVo.
VoWo {H$‘mZ Vmn‘mZ CUo EH$eo ͶmE|er A§e gopëgAg
AgVo. ˶m ^rfU W§S>rV Cn¶mZ d Mm§ÐJmS>r VJ
Yê$ eH$ë¶mg ˶m§Mm H$m¶©H$mb dmTy> eHo$b. ¶m
Mm§ÐJmS>rMo {Z¶§ÌU H|$ÐmH$S>o Agob.
Zmoìh|~a 1970 ‘ܶo a{e¶mÀ¶m ë¶yZm
‘m{bHo$Vrb ë¶yZm -17 ¶mZmVyZ OJmVrb n{hbr
Xÿa{Z¶§{ÌV JmS>r M§Ðmda Vã~b AH$am ‘{hZo H$m¶©aV
hmoVr. ˶m H$mimV ˶mdarb CnH$aUm§Zr Mm§Ðn¥îR>
IUyZ nmMeo XJS> ‘mVrÀ¶m Z‘wݶm§Mo d¡km{ZH$ narjU
Ho$bo.
Am°JñQ> 1971 ‘ܶo A‘o[aHo$À¶m Anmobmo-
15 ¶m ¶mZmVrb Ooåg Am¶{d©Z d S>opìhS> ñH$m°Q>
¶m§Zr OJmV àW‘ M§Ðmda ñdV: Mm§Ð~½Jr (amoìha)
Mmbdbr. Vr A‘o[aHo$Mr n{hbrM Mm§ÐJmS>r hmoVr.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (17)
{S>g|~a, 1913 ‘ܶo MrZÀ¶m M±J-3 ¶mZmX²dmao
MrZMr n{hbr Xÿa{Z¶§{ÌV Mm§ÐJmS>r M§Ðmda CVabr.
{VMo Zmd "¶wVw' (yutu) Ago hmoVo. "¶wVw' ho EH$m
{MZr bmoH$H$WoVrb Mm§ÐXodVoÀ¶m M§Ðmdarb AmdS>˶m
C§XamMo Zmd Amho. hr JmS>r M§Ðmda ’$ma H$mi Mmby
eH$br Zmhr. ‘mÌ Ë¶mdarb aS>maZo Mm§Ðn¥ð>mÀ¶m
g§aMZoMr WmoS>r d BVa ‘m{hVr ~amM H$mi n¥ÏdrH$S>o
àjo{nV Ho$br.
^maVmÀ¶m Mm§Ð¶mZ-2 ¶m ‘mo{h‘oMr CX²{XîQ>onwT>rbà‘mUo AmhoV -(1) AmYw{ZH$ ^maVr¶ AdH$me V§ÌkmZ dmnê$Z
M§Ðmda Cn¶mZ (b±S>a) AbJXnUo CVadUo.
¶mbm "gm°âQ> b±qS>J' Ago åhUVmV.
(2) M§ÐmÀ¶m y mJmMm {Ì{‘Vr¶ ZH$mem H$aʶmMo
45% H$m‘ Mm§Ð¶mZ-1 X²dmao nyU© Ho$bo Jobobo
Amho. Cabobo 55% H$m‘ Mm§Ð¶mZ-2 X²dmao
nyU© Ho$bo OmB©b.
(3) M§Ðmdarb Mm§ÐJmS>r d Xÿa{Z¶§{ÌV ¶§ÌUobm
n¥Ïdrdê$Z Amkm XoD$Z H$m‘ H$aUo d VoWyZ
Amboë¶m g§Xoem§Mo {díbofU H$ê$Z ˶m§Mm AW©
bmdUo ho H$m‘ H$m¡eë¶mMo Amho. ˶m AZw dmMm
Cn¶moJ nwT>rb AdH$me ‘mo{h‘m§V hmoB©b.
(4) M§ÐmÀ¶m Yw«d^mJmOdirb O{‘ZrImbÀ¶m
nmʶmÀ¶m ~’$m©Mm doY KoVbm OmB©b.
(5) Mm§Ðn¥îR>mdarb XJS>‘mVrMo ‘ybÐì¶ {díbofU,
VoWrb O{‘Zrdarb {dXçwV^m[aV Am¶Zm§Mr
(ßbm‘m) KZVm d ~Xbm§Mm Aä¶mg,
Mm§Ðn¥îR>mÀ¶m JwUY‘mªMm Aä¶mg, M§Ðmdarb
dma§dma hmoUmè¶m ^yH§$nm§Mm Aä¶mg, ao{S>Amo
bhatÀ¶m gmhmæ¶mZo M§Ðm^modVmbÀ¶m A˶§V
{dai dmVmdaUmMm Aä¶mg ¶m ‘mo{h‘oV
H$aʶmMo CX²{XîQ> Amho.
‘§S>i A{YH$mar/H$‘©Mmè¶m§Zm godm{Zd¥ËVr{Z{‘ËV hm{X©H$ ew oÀN>m !‘mho gßQ>|~a 2019 AIoa _§S>igodoVrc Imcrc A{YH$mar / H$_©Mmar ñdoÀN>m / {Z`V d`mo_mZmZwgma
godm{Zd¥ËV hmoV AmhoV. Ë`m§À¶m AZw^dg§nÝZ H$m¶m©‘wio ‘§S>imVrb ghH$mè`m§Zm ‘mobmMo _mJ©Xe©Z cm^cocoAmho. m godm{Zd¥ËV A{YH$mar / H$_©Mmè`m§Zm d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~r`m§Zm CËV_, {Zam‘¶ Am{U g§nÞ OrdZ cm^mo,Aer _§S>imH$Sy>Z ew H$m_Zm !
A.H«$. A{YH$mar / H$_©Mmè`mMo Zmd nX _§S>i {Zd¥ËVrMm {XZm§H$
1) lr. {XdmH$a lrYa Ywar n¶©dojH$ {b{nH$ H$moëhmnya 30/09/2019
2) lr‘. Á¶moVr ¶moJoe YH$mVo H${ZîR> {b{nH$ ZmJnya 30/09/2019
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (18)
XmXm^mBªMo AmYw{ZH$ maVmÀ¶m OS>U-KS>UrVrb ¶moJXmZ XmoZ ‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmaoñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo. EH$ g§ñWmË‘H$ ¶moJXmZAm{U X þga o J « §WmË‘H$ ¶m oJXmZ. ¶mJmoîQ>t‘wioM ˶m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ "^maVmMo{nVm‘h' åhUVmV. 1848 ‘ܶo XmXm^mBªÀ¶mnwT>mH$mamZo Am{U Eb{’$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO‘YrbB§J«OrÀ¶m {ejH$m§À¶m ‘XVrZo nmaer d qhXÿY‘mªVrb ¶wdm gwYmaH$ EH$Ì Ambo. ˶m§Zr"X ñQw>S> §Q>g² {bQ>aar A°ÊS>> gm¶pÝQ>{’$H$gmogm¶Q>r' Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ˶m H$mbI§S>mMm{dMma H$aVm g§ñWoMo H$m¶© {H$Vr ‘hËËdmMoAmho, ho Amnë¶m AmO bjmV ¶oUo AdKS>Amho. ¶m gmogm¶Q>rMo CX²>{XîQ> hmoVo, emimAm{U Aën doVZm§da H$m‘ H$aUmao qH$dmnyU©nUo godmd¥ËVrZo H$m‘ H$aUmao {ejH$ øm§À¶mghH$m¶m©Zo bmoH$m§Zm [ejU {‘idyZ XoUo.
amîQ>{Z‘m©Vo XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOrS>m°. JUoe amD$V8459772018
amîQ´>{Z‘m©Vo XmXm^mB© Zm¡am oOr ¶m§Mm OÝ‘
4 gßQ>|~a, 1825 amoOr Pmbm d 30 OyZ, 1917
amoOr ¶m§Zr AIoaMm ídmg KoVbm. ˶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mMo
eVH$ ’$³V AmR> dfmªZr hþH$bo. EdT>o àXrK© Am¶wî¶
˶m§Zr ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶bT>çmgmR>r g‘{n©V Ho$bo.
Am¶wî¶mÀ¶m AIoaÀ¶m ídmgmn¶ªV ˶m§Zr ’$³V ¶m
XoemMmM {dMma Ho$bm. ¶m ˶m§À¶m d¡{eîQ>çm§‘wio Vo
"^maVmMo {nVm‘h' R>abo.
bmoH$‘mݶ {Q>iH$m§Zr XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr ¶m§À¶m
g§X^m©V Oo CX²Jma H$mT>bo Vo nwT>rbà‘mUo -
""Am‘À¶m S>moùçm§nwT>o Joë¶m nÝZmg-nmD$Ueo
df} ho Oo Jm¡S>~§Jmb (Am{W©H$) Mmbbo Amho, ˶m§Mo
Iao B§{JV H$m¶ d ˶mMm n[aUm‘ nwT>o H$m¶ hmoUma ho
nÝZmg dfmªnydu Á¶m§Zr nm{hbo, ˶m§n¡H$s XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr
¶m§g AJ«ogaËd {Xbo nm{hOo. B§J«Or amÁ¶mMr darb
MH$mH$s d ^nH$m ¶m§g wbyZ Z OmVm em§V d gyú‘
arVrZ o AW©emñÌmÀ¶m {gX²Ym §Vmà‘mUo ZdrZ
amÁ¶nX²YVrMm {dMma H$ê$Z ho H$mhr R>rH$ Zìho, Ago
Á¶m§À¶m CX²Jmam§Mm IaonUm AmO nmdbmonmdbr
Am‘À¶m à˶¶mg ¶oV Amho, ˶m nwéfmg XoemÀ¶m
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (19)
nwT>mè¶m§‘ܶo Amåhr AJ«ñWmZ {Xë¶mg ˶mV H$mhr
Zdb Zmhr.''
XmXm^mB© nmbZOr Zm¡amoOr ¶m§Mm OÝ‘ ‘w§~B©V
‘m§S>dr Jmdr 4 gßQ>|~a amoOr Pmbm. ˶m§Mo ‘yi AmS>Zmd
hmoVo XmoaS>r (gw§^). ˶m§À¶m AmB©Mo Zmd ‘m{UH$Or
hmoVo. XmXm^mBªMo KamUo JwOamV‘Yrb ZdgmarMo-
Zdgmar åhUOo ZdrZ gmar. Zdgmar ho Zmd BamU‘Yrb
‘P|XaV àm§VmÀ¶m amOYmZrÀ¶m "gmar' ¶m Jmdmdê$Z
nS>bo. JwOamVÀ¶m Zdgmar JmdMo ‘yi Zmd hmoVo
Zwgm[a¶m. OJX²{d»¶mV yJmobVÁk Q>m°bo‘rÀ¶m "‘°n'
‘ܶo ¶mM ZmdmMm CëboI Amho. 8 Vo 15 ì¶m
eVH$mÀ¶m Xaå¶mZ nmaer bmoH$ ^maVmV Ambo.
JwOamVÀ¶m {H$Zmè¶mbJV Vo doJdoJù¶m {R>H$mUr
ngabo. H$mhrOU Zwgm[a¶m D$’©$ Zdgmar JmdmV
ñWm{¶H$ Pmbo. VoM Vo Jmd åhUOo XmXm^mBªMo ‘yi
Jmd. XmXm^mB© Mma dfmªMo AgVmZm ˶m§Mo dS>rb
dmabo. ˶m§À¶m AmB©ZoM ˶m§Mm gm§ mi Ho$bm. VËH$mbrZ
n[apñWVrà‘mUo d¶mÀ¶m 11 ì¶m dfu ˶m§Mm {ddmh
Pmbm. 1845 ‘ܶo XmXm^mB© nXdrYa Pmbo. d¶mÀ¶m
Ad¿¶m {dgmì¶m dfu Eb²{’$ÝñQ>Z BpÝñQ>Q>çweZ Am{U
Eb²{’$ÝñQ>Z ‘hm{dXçmb¶ ¶oWyZ ˶m§Zr {ejU nyU©
Ho$bo. nwT>o Vo ¶mM ‘hm{dXçmb¶mV J{UV d VËËdkmZ
{df¶m§Mo àmܶmnH$ Pmbo.
àmܶmnH$s Mmby AgVmZmM ‘yiMm Midi
H$aʶmMm ñd^md {Zdm§V ~gy XoV ZìhVm. àmܶmnH$sMo
{Zdm§V OrdZ Mmby AgVmZmM H$mhr Var doJio Ho$bo
nm{hOo, hm AñdñW H$aUmam {dMma nwÝhm nwÝhm nwT>o
¶oV hmoVm. ¶mVyZM 1855-56 À¶m gw‘mamg "H$m‘m'
H§$nZrÀ¶m ^mJrXmar‘wio ˶m§Zm naXoemV {deofV:
B§½bS>bm OmʶmMr g§Yr {‘imbr. B§½b§S>‘Yrb
dmñVì¶m‘wio OJmH$S>o ~KʶmMm ˶m§Mm ÑpîQ>H$moZ
~XbyZ Jobm. B§½bS>‘ܶo Joë¶mdagwX²Ym ‘yi
ñd^mdmà‘mUo ˶m§Zr AZoH$ JmoîQ>rV ag ¿¶m¶bm
gwédmV Ho$br. ¶mVyZM ‘±MoñQ>a H$m°Q>Z gßbm¶
Agmo{gEeZ ¶m g§ñWoÀ¶m H$m¶m©V ˶m§Zr {dbjU ag
KoVbm. OmoS>rbm H$mhr H$mi b§S>Z ¶oWrb ¶w{Zìh{g©Q>r
H$m°boO‘ܶo JwOamVrMo àmܶmnH$ åhUyZ Vo H$m¶©aV
am{hbo. 1855-56 nmgyZ Vo nwT>o XmoZ XeHo$ ˶m§Mo
^maV-B§½b§S> ¶oUo-OmUo am{hbo. 1865 ‘ܶo XmXm^mB©
Am{U S>ãë¶y. gr. ~°ZOu ¶m§Zr "b§S>Z-B§{S>¶m
gmogm¶Q>r' ñWmnbr. 1862 ‘ܶo XmXm^mB© "H$m‘m
A±S> H§$nZr' ‘YyZ ~mhoa nS>bo. ˶m§Zr ñdV:MrM
"XmXm^mB© Zm¡amoOr A±S> H§$nZr' H$mT>br. 1866 ‘ܶo
b§S>Z ¶oWo B©ñQ> B§{S>¶m Agmo{gEeZMo Vo g§ñWmnH$
Aܶj d g{Md Pmbo.
1873 ‘ܶo ˶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mV EH$ doJioM
diU Ambo. B §½bS>‘ܶo ^maVmÀ¶m Am{W©H$
n[apñWVrÀ¶m nmhUrg§X^m©V EH$ g§gXr¶ g{‘Vr
Zo‘ʶmV Ambr hmoVr. ¶m g{‘VrMo Zmd hmoVo "’$m°goQ>
g{‘Vr.' ¶m g{‘Vrg‘moa XmXm^mBªMr gmj Pmbr. ¶m
gmjrMm à^md gXñ¶m §da nS>bm. XmXm^mBªMo
^maVmÀ¶m Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr{df¶rMo AmH$bZ
g{‘VrÀ¶m bjmV Ambo. XmXm^mBªÀ¶m ì¶mg§JmMo
Xe©ZM ˶m gmjr‘ܶo {XgVo. maVmV H$am§Mo à‘mU
A{V[a³V Amho Am{U ^maVr¶m§Mo gamgar CËnÝZ
’$³V drg én¶o Amho, ho ˶m§Mo ‘V åhUOo ˶m§À¶m
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (20)
gmjrMm gmam§e hmoVm.
1874 ‘ܶo XmXm^mB© maVmV ~S>moXo g§ñWmZMo
{XdmU åhUyZ Ambo. ˶m§Mm ñd^md Am{U Aä¶mgy
d¥ËVr nmhVm Vo Aem àH$maÀ¶m gaH$mar ZmoH$arV
{Q>H$Uo AdKS>M hmoVo. ì¶dñWobm àíZ {dMmaʶmMr
˶m§Mr d¥ËVr ˶m§Zm ñdñW ~gy XoV ZìhVr. ¶mMo
n¶©dgmZ ˶m§À¶m amOrZmå¶mV Pmbo. {XdmUnXmMm
amOrZm‘m {Xbm, Var OZVoer ¶oUmam g§~§Y XmXm^mBªZm
Q>miVm ¶oUma ZìhVm. 1875 ‘ܶo Vo ‘w§~B ©
ZJanm{bHo$À¶m eha n[afXoMo g^mgX åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z
Ambo. ZJanm{bHo$˦m eha n[afXoMo Vo g^mgX Pmbo.
XmoZ df} ^maVmV H$mT>ë¶mda 1876 ‘ܶo Vo nwÝhm
B§½bS>bm Jobo. H$mhr dfmªZr nwÝhm ^maVmV naVbo.
1883 ‘ܶo ˶m§Zm "OpñQ>g Am°’$ nrg' hm ~hþ‘mZ
{‘imbm. ¶mM Xaå¶mZ nwÝhm EH$Xm Vo ‘w§~B©
ZJanm{bHo$da {ZdSy>Z Ambo.
Vo B§J«Om§À¶m àemgZ ì¶dñWoMo Q>rH$mH$ma hmoVo.
‘mÌ B§J«Om§Mo Q>rH$mH$ma ZìhVo. B§J«Om§À¶m H$mhr
A{YH$mè¶m§er ˶m§Mo Mm§Jbo g§~§Y hmoVo. ¶mVyZM 1885
‘ܶo JìhZ©a bm°S>© ao ¶m§À¶m AmJ«hmñVd Vo àm§{VH$
H$m¶Xo‘§S>imMo gXñ¶ Pmbo.
¶m gJù¶m§nojm ‘hËËdmMr H$m‘{Jar AOyZhr
˶m§À¶m hmVyZ ìhm¶Mr hmoVr. ^maVr¶ amîQ´>r¶ g^m
D$’©$ H$m±J«ogÀ¶m ñWmnZoV ˶m§Zr ‘hËËdmMm dmQ>m
CMbbm. H$m±J«og åhUOo EH$Ì ¶oUo, Oo XmXm^mBªÀ¶m
ñd^mdmVM hmoVo. 1886 Am{U 1893 Ago
EH$mo{Ugmì¶m eVH$mV Am{U 1906 åhUOo {dgmdo
eVH$ Aem XmoZ eVH$m§V H$m±J«ogÀ¶m AܶjnXmMm
‘mZ ˶m§Zm {‘imbm. Ago m½¶ ³d{MVM H$moUmbm
{‘imbo Agob.
H$m±J«ogMo H$m¶© OmoamV Mmby AgVmZmM 1902
‘ܶo XmXm^mB© b§S>ZpñWV, hmD$g Am°’$ H$m°‘Ýg‘ܶo
{b~ab njmV’}$ ImgXma åhUyZ {ZdSy>Z Ambo. Ago
H$V¥©Ëd JmOdUmao Vo n{hboM ^maVr¶ hmoV. g|Q>b
{’$ÝP~ar‘YyZ Vo {ZdSy>Z Jobo. ¶mM g^mJ¥hmV ImgXma
åhUyZ ˶m§Zr ^maVr¶ ñdmV§Í¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V Oo
{dMmaԤWZ Ho$bo Vo AOmoS> Amho. XoegodoMr AmUIr
EH$ g§Yr ˶m§Zm 1897 ‘ܶo MmbyZ Ambr. "am°¶b
H${‘eZ Am°Z B§{S>¶Z E³ñn|{S>Ma' Agm EH$ Am¶moJ
(H${‘eZ) Zo‘ʶmV Ambm. goë~r ho B§J«O J¥hñW
˶mMo Aܶj hmoVo. ¶m Am¶moJmda gXñ¶ åhUyZ
XmXm^mBªMr Zo‘UyH$ Pmbr. XmXm^mBªÀ¶m H$V¥©ËdmV
AmUIr EH$ ^a nS>br. ¶m Am¶moJmg‘moahr ˶m§Zr
Aä¶mgnyU© gmj {Xbr. nwT>o EH$mM dfm©V åhUOo
1898 ‘ܶo B§{S>¶Z H$aÝgr H${‘eZg‘moa ˶m§Zr
Amnbr ñdV§Ì {ZdoXZo {Xbr.
1905 ‘ܶo XmXm^mBªÀ¶m {eanoMmV AmUIr
EH$ ‘mZmMm Vwam ImoMʶmV Ambm. B§Q>aZ°eZb
gmoem{bñQ> H$m±J«og D$’©$ Am§VaamîQ´>r¶ g‘mOdmXr
‘hmg oV ˶m§Zr ^maVmMo à{V{Z{YËd Ho$bo. 1906
‘ܶo H$bH$ËVm H$m ±J« ogÀ¶m A{YdoeZmV ˶m§Zr
Ohmbm§À¶m Anojm nwè¶m Ho$ë¶m. B§J«Om§da OiOirV
Q>rH$m H$aVmZm "ñdamÁ¶, ñdXoer Am{U ~{hîH$ma'
¶m§Mm ˶m§Zr nwañH$ma Ho$bm.
XmXm^mBªMo AmYw{ZH$ maVmÀ¶m OS>UKS>UrVrb
¶moJXmZ XmoZ ‘wX²Xçm§À¶m AmYmao ñnîQ> H$aVm ¶oVo.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (21)
EH$ g§ñWmË‘H$ ¶moJXmZ Am{U Xþgao J«§WmË‘H$ ¶moJXmZ.
¶m JmoîQ>t‘wioM ˶m§Zm AmYw{ZH$ "^maVmMo {nVm‘h'
åhUVmV. 1848 ‘ܶo XmXm^mBªÀ¶m nwT>mH$mamZo Am{U
Eb²{’$ÝñQ>Z H$m°boO‘Yrb B§J«OrÀ¶m {ejH$m§À¶m
‘XVrZo nmaer d qhXÿ Y‘mªVrb ¶wdm gwYmaH$ EH$Ì
Ambo. ˶m§Zr "X ñQw>S>§Q>g² {bQ>aar A°ÊS> gm¶pÝQ>{’$H$
gmogm¶Q>r' Mr ñWmnZm Ho$br. ˶m H$mbI§S>mMm {dMma
H$aVm g§ñWoMo H$m¶© {H$Vr ‘hËËdmMo Amho, ho Amnë¶m
AmO bjmV ¶oUo AdKS> Amho. ¶m gmogm¶Q>rMo CX²>{XîQ>
hmoVo, emim§V Aën doVZm§da H$m‘ H$aUmao qH$dm
nyU©nUo godmd¥ËVrZo H$m‘ H$aUmao {ejH$ øm§À¶m
ghH$m¶m©Zo bmoH$m§Zm [ejU {‘idyZ XoUo.
"nm°ìhQ>u A±S>> AZ{~«{Q>e éb BZ B§{S>¶m' ¶m
J«§Wm‘wio XmXm^mB© AOam‘a AmhoV. B§J«Or amÁ¶mbm
X¡dr daXmZ g‘OʶmÀ¶m H$mbI§S>mV Amnë¶m
AdZVrbm Am{U emofUmbm {~«{Q>eM H$go O~m~Xma
AmhoV, ho XmXm^mBªZr ¶m J«§WmX²dmao XmIdyZ {Xbo.
^maVmMo Mmbbobo Am{W©H$ emofU d Aݶm¶mMo Xe©ZM
˶m§Zr ¶m J«§WmV KS>dbo. ¶m J«§WmVrb Oo ‘hËËdmMo
‘wX²Xo AmhoV, ˶mV Xm[aÐç, maVmMo amîQ>r¶ CËnÝZ,
H$aZrVr, maVmMo Am{W©H$ emofU (S>oZ {WAar) ¶m§Mm
g‘mdoe Amho.
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Amho, hohr ˶m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xbo. ^maVmVrb H$am§Mm
n¡gm ^maVmV am{hbm AgVm Va ^maVmMo EH$doi
^bo Pmbo AgVo; na§Vw hm H$amMm n¡gm B§½bS>‘ܶo
Zoë¶mZo Or AdñWm Pmbr Vr ^rfU Amho. ¶mda
Cnm¶ gm§JVmZm XmXm^mB© {b{hVmV - ""^maV Am{U
B§½bS> ¶m§Zr Amnë¶m gr‘oVrb godH$ dJm©Mo doVZ
ñdV: ¿¶mdo. ^maVmV Zo‘bobo B§p½be A{YH$mar d
B§½bS>‘ܶo Zo‘bobo ^maVr¶ ¶m§À¶mV ݶmæ¶ dmQ>Ur
H$ê$Z ¿¶mdr.''
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‘moOUr nX²YVrda à˶j eoVr CXçmoJmV d ì¶dgm¶mV
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XoemÀ¶m EHy$U CËnmXZmVyZ {d{dY àH$maÀ¶m godm§Mo
CËnmXZ dJiUo, ¶m§da Q>rH$m Ho$br. AWm©V Ago
Agbo Var J«§WmVrb AnwaonUm ˶m§À¶m ì¶p³VËdmbm
CUonUm AmUV Zmhr.
XmXm^mB ªÀ¶m Zdgmar ¶oWrb nwVù¶mMo
AZmdaU g¶mOramd ‘hmamOm§À¶m hñVo Pmbo.
˶mdoir Vo åhUmbo, ""XmXm^mBªZm ˶m§À¶m bjmdYr
Xoe~m§Ydm§À¶m A§V:H$aUmV BVHo$ CÀM d AT>i
ñWmZ àmßV Amho, H$s amOo ‘hmamOm§Zr ˶m§Mm hodmM
H$amdm. ˶m ñWmZmMr ¶mo½¶Vm BVH$s loîR> Amho,
H$s ˶m§Mr VwbZm gmYy-g§Vm§erM H$aVm ¶oB©b.
H$moU˶mhr XoemV AmT>iUmè¶m gdm}ÀM amîQ>m{^‘mZmMm
gdm}ËH¥$îQ> Z‘wZm åhUyZ XmXm^mBªMm {ZX}e H$aVm
¶oB©b.''
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (22)
B¶ËVm 10 dr ‘amR>r mfoÀ¶m nXç{d^mJmMo‘y붑mnZ H$aVmZm H${dVoVrb (H$mhr)nXçn§³VtMo agJ«hU H$am Aer H¥$Vr Amho.Hw$‘ma^maVr d Aja^maVr (àW‘^mfm dX²>{dVr¶ mfm) ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$m§‘ܶo g‘m{dîQ>Agboë¶m H$mhr H${dVm§Mr agJ«hUo Vwåhr{ejU g§H«$‘UÀ¶m Joë¶m H$mhr A§H$m§‘YyZdmMbr AmhoV. AmVm H¥${Vn{ÌHo$À¶m ÑîQ>rZoagJ«hUmMm Aä¶mg H$gm H$amdm ? nXçn§³VrMo agJ«hU H$am¶Mo åhUOo H$m¶ ? H$m¶H$am¶Mo ? ¶m~m~V Vwåhmbm {Xem {‘imdr,hm ¶m boIàn§MmMm CX²>Xoe Amho.
H${dVoMo agJ«hU - EH$ Aä¶mgS>m°. ñZohm Omoer9423568588
CËH$Q> ^mdZoÀ¶m CËñ’y$V© CX²JmamVyZ H${dVmOÝ_mg ¶oVo. AW©J ©, gyMH$, ghOgw§Xa eãXm§MraMZm, AënmjaËËd d AW©KZVm hr CËV_ H$mì¶mMrd¡{eîQ>ço AmhoV.
H${dVm N>§Xmo~X²Y d¥ËV, Ab§H$ma ¶m§Zr ¶w³VAgobM Ago Zmhr. Aem ~§YZ_w³V åhUOo ‘w³VN>§XmVrb H${dVm§_ܶohr darb d¡{eîQ>ço àm_w»¶mZoAmT>iVmV.
H$mhr H${dVm øm Jo¶ (amJXmarV ~gdVm¶oVrb) Aem Zgë¶m Var ˶m§Zm A§J yV b¶AgVo; åhUyZM H$mì¶Jm¶ZmBVHo$ H$mì¶dmMZhra{gH$m§À¶m _Zmbm _mohÿZ Q>mH$Vo. Aer H${dVmhra{gH$m §À¶m _ZmV Ka H$aVo. eãXàYmZVm,AW©àYmZVm hr Aem H${dVoMr ~bñWmZo AgVmV.
à˶oH$ H${dVobm ^mdgm¢X¶©, AW©gm¢X¶©,^mfmgm¢X¶©, {dMmagm¢X¶© AgVo. ñdV:Mr ñdV§Ì^mfm AgVo. H${dVoMr ^m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>ço g_OyZKoUo, ˶m H${dVoMo AW©, ^md, {dMmagm¢X¶©CbJS>Uo åhUOo H${dVoMm AmñdmX KoUo. H$bmH¥$VrAä¶mgVmZm ˶m H$bmH¥$VrMm AmñdmX KoVm AmbmVaM Vr AmZ§XXm¶r R>aVo. EImXr H$bmH¥$Vr{XgUo, nmhUo d Vr AZw dUo ho {VÀ¶m AmñdmXmMoQ>ßno AmhoV. H${dVobm Zoh_r VrZ AW© AgVmV.EH$ H${dVm dmMë¶m~amo~a H$iVmo, Vmo dmÀ¶mW©(ghO g_OUmam / bmJUmam / àVrVhmoUmam AW©). H${dVo_YyZ gy{MV hmoUmam(Between the line) AW© åhUOo ^mdmW©.H$drÀ¶m / H$d{¶ÌrÀ¶m _ZmV Agbobm˶m§Zm gwMdm¶Mm Agm AW© åhUOo _{WVmW©(_{WVmW© åhUOo H${dVoÀ¶m eãXm§Mm AWm©À¶m{dMmamVyZ, _§WZmVyZ OmUdbobm AW©). ho {VÝhrAW© dmMH$mbm g‘Oë¶mZ§Va Iar H${dVm H$iVo,CbJS>Vo, ^mdVo ho H${dVm g_OUo hmo¶. (Ia§VaBWyZ H${dVm g_Om¶bm gwédmV hmoVo). ho H${dVoMog_OUo åhUOo H$bmH¥$Vr _ZmZo AZw^dVm ¶oUo. VrAer ‘ZmZo AZw^dVm Ambr Va Vr AZw^yVrAmnë¶mbm AmZ§X XoVo. Iam H${dVoMm AmñdmXKoVm ¶oVmo. ¶mZ§Va _J ˶m H${dVoMr ^mfm, KmQ>,e¡br, àH$ma, AW©, ^md, {dMma ¶m gd©d¡{eîQ>çm§gh H${dVm CbJSy>Z XmIdUo, Amnë¶mbm
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (23)
H${dVm AmdS>br qH$dm Zmhr ? AmdS>br AgobVa ˶mVbo H$m¶ AmdS>bo? H$m AmdS>bo? dAmdS>br Zgob Va H$m¶ AmdS>bo Zmhr? H$m¶IQ>H$Vo ? øm~m~V g_rjoÀ¶m nmVirda ñdV:Mo‘V R>adUo, H${dVoMm Agm agmñdmX KoVm ¶oUoåhUOo H${dVoÀ¶m/H$mì¶mÀ¶m AmZ§XgmJamV Sw>§~Uohmo¶.
H${dVoMo ho VrZ AW© g_OʶmgmR>r ImbrbCXmhaU nmhÿ¶m. H$d{¶Ìr Amgmdar H$mH$So> ¶m§Mr"bmhmo' ¶m g§J«hmVrb H${dVm "ImoX AmUIrWmoS>ogo' B. 10 drÀ¶m Hw$_ma^maVr ¶m nmR>çnwñVH$mVAmho. ({ejU g§H«$‘U‘ܶo øm H${dVoMo H$d{¶ÌrAmgmdar H$mH$S>o ¶m§Zr ñdV: Ho$bobo agJ«hU VwåhrdmMbo Amho.)
"ImoX AmUIr WmoSo>go Pam bmJobM VoWo' ¶mAmoirMm dmÀ¶mW© H$m¶ hmoB©b? WmoSo>go ImoXbo VanmUr {_iVo, hm emñÌr¶ {Z¶_ Amho. ¶oWo hmdmÀ¶mW© Pmbm Va H$d{¶Ìrbm Ano{jV AW© Amho,à¶ËZ Ho$bo Va ¶e {_iob. ImoX AmUIr WmoSo>gohm Amho ^mdmW©. ¶mVrb "AmUIr' ¶m eãXmbmIyn AW© Amho. åhUOo OoWo Amnbo à¶ËZ g§nboAgo dmQ>Vo, VoWyZ WmoSo> AmUIr à¶ËZ H$amdo Va¶e {_iVoM. hm AmemdmX / à¶ËZdmX H$d{¶ÌrbmAno{jV Amho. hm Pmbm H${dVoMm J{^©VmW© /_{WVmW©. H${dVoV 춳V hmoUmao ho AW© g_OboVaM H${dVm H$iy bmJVo, g_Oy bmJVo. OoìhmVwåhr øm VrZhr AWmªZm g_OyZ KoD$Z H${dVmdmMmb, Ia§Va VoWyZ Vwåhmbm H${dVm g_Om¶bmbmJob Am{U ˶mZ§Va {_iVmo Vmo Iam AmZ§X.H${dVm g_Obr, {VÀ¶m AW ©, ^md,
{dMmagm¢X¶m©Mo AmH$bZ Pmbo H$s Z§Va ˶mMoqMVZ H$aUo, ˶mMm AmZ§X KoUo åhUOoagmñdmX. H${dVm Amnë¶mbm Z AmdS>ʶmMoH$maU ñdV:À¶m eãXm§V _m§S>Vm ¶oUo åhUOoH${dVoMo agJ«hU.g‘rjm d agJ«hU ¶mVrb ’$aH$ g‘OyZ KoD$¶m.
g_rjm hr agJ«hUmZ§VaMr nmVir AgVo.g_rjm åhUOo ˶m H${dVoVrb gd© gyú_ ^md/Ame¶ 춳V H$aVmZm H$drÀ¶m _ZmMo, {dMmam§MoOo à{Vq~~ nS>Vo, ˶mVrb ~maH$mdo g_OyZ KoUo,˶mVrb ݶyZVm {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ XoUo d H${dVoVrbCËV_Vo~amo~a g_rjH$mbm ñdV:bm IQ>H$Umè¶m~m~rhr naIS>nUo Z_yX H$aUo ho g‘rjoV Ano{jVAgVo.
g_rjm åhUOo Q>rH$m Zìho. EImXr JmoîQ>AmdS>br qH$dm Zmhr ho gm§JVmZm T>mo~i_mZmZobo~b Z bmdVm Amnbo _V nQ>dyZ XoVm ¶oUo_hÎdmMo AgVo. g_rjm åhUOo H$bmH¥$VrMm{M{H$ËgH$nUo Aä¶mg H$ê$Z {Xbobm A{^àm¶Agmdm. _w»¶ åhUOo Agm ñd-A{^àm¶ XoVmZmhr˶mV Ho$di AmË_{Zð> {dMmam§Mm A{^{Zdoe ZgmdmVa H$bmH¥$VrVrb CËV_Vobm XmXhr {Xbobr AgUo_hÎdmMo Amho.{dXçmWu {_Ìm§Zmo,
Vwåhmbm g_rjoMm {dMma AmVm H$am¶MmZmhr. Vmo Vwåhr Z§Va nwT>o dmL²‘¶mMm Aä¶mgH$aVmZm H$ambM. AmO _hËËdmMo Amho Vo H${dVoMmagmñdmX, AmZ§X KoUo d ˶mgmR>r H${dVoÀ¶mH$mì¶gm¢X¶m©Mm Aä¶mg g_OyZ KoUo. H$mì¶gm¢X¶©hr g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoD$¶m.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (24)
H$mì¶gm¢X¶© - A{^춳Vs åhUOo H${dVoÀ¶mdmMZmZo AWdm ldUmZo _Zmda Pmboë¶m g§ñH$mam§ZmeãXê$n XoUo hmo¶.
H$mì¶gm¢X¶m©_ܶo {dMmagm¢X¶©, Ame¶gm¢X¶©,AW©gm¢X¶© Am{U ^mdgm¢X¶© ¶m§Mm g_mdoe AgVmo.H$moUVrhr H${dVm/H$bmH¥$Vr dmMë¶mda, nm{hë¶mda˶mVrb ¶m gm¢X¶m©Mr OmUrd hmoVo. H$drMr _yig§H$ënZm, ^mdZm, {dMma, ^mfme¡br, eãXm§Mr{d{eîQ> aMZm, _m§S>Ur, ˶mV ¶moObobo eãXmb§H$ma,AWm©b§H$ma, d¥ËVaMZm d gdmª~amo~a H$drZo H$mì¶mVà{V^m d H$ënZobm eãXê$n XoD$Z {Z_m©U Ho$bobrH$mì¶g¥îQ>r ¶m gdmªMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ H$mì¶gm¢X¶m©VA§V y©V AgVmo. Vmo CbJSy>Z XmIdUo d H${dVmAmnë¶mbm ^mdUo dm Z ^mdUo ho g_n©H$ eãXm§VgH$maU H$WZ H$aUo åhUOo H$mì¶gm¢X¶© OmUUo hmo¶.
AWm©V à˶oH$ H${dVobm {VÀ¶m à˶oH$Amoirbm darb gd© KQ>H$m§À¶m Mm¡H$Q>rV Jw§’$ʶmMmà¶ËZ H$aUo eŠ¶ ZgVo. H$mhr H${dVm d¥ËV~X²YAgVrb Va H$mhr _w³VN>§XmVrb AgVrb. VgoMEImXr H${dVm hr nyU©nUo ^mdH${dVm Agob VaEImXr {dMmaàYmZ Agob. {ZgJ© H${dVm _ZmbmV¥ßV H$aVo. na§Vw {VÀ¶mVyZ EImXm {dMma àH$Q>hmoB©bM Ago Zmhr. CXm. "lmdU_mgr' (H$dr -~mbH$dr - B. 7 dr) hr H${dVm {ZgJ©H${dVmAmho, Va "AmídmgH$ {MÌ' (H$d{¶Ìr - ZraOm- B. 10 dr) hr H${dVm "ñÌrnwéf g_mZVm' hm_yë¶{dMma àH$Q> H$aUmar AmemdmXr H${dVm Amho."dñVy' (H$dr - X. ^m. Ym_UñH$a - B. 10dr) hr H${dVm {ZOud dñVy§dahr ào_ H$am¶bm{eH$dUmar g§doXZerb H${dVm Amho. "_mUg§
noam¶bm bmJy' hr dram amR>moS> ¶m§Mr gm_m{OH${dMmaàYmZ H${dVm Amho.
B¶ËVm 10 drÀ¶m Aja^maVr ¶mnmR>çnwñVH$mVrb Xoe^³Vr, Xoeào‘mMm YS>m XoUmar"{Zamon' hr H${dVm g§doXZerbVo~amo~a g¡{ZH$,g‘mO, Xoe ¶m§À¶m~m~V Agbobo g‘mO^mZ OmJ¥VH$aUmar gm‘m{OH$ H${dVm Amho.
H${dVoMo H$mì¶gm¢X¶© CbJSy>Z XmIdVmZmH${dVoMm {df¶, Ame¶, eãXm§Mm dmna,AW©ÀN>Q>m, Ab§H$ma, d¥ËV, ag, ^md, H$ënZm,H${dVoV _m§S>bobm {dMma, H${dVoVyZ 춳VPmbobo _yë¶, H${dVoVyZ àH$Q> hmoUmam dmÀ¶mW©,^mdmW©, _{WVmW©, H${dVoVyZ {_iUmam g§Xoe,gm_m{OH$ ^mZ, _mZdr ^md^mdZm, ^mfme¡br,H${dVoMr ^mfm, H${dVoMm H$mì¶àH$ma ¶m gd©~m~tMm {dMma ìhm¶bm hdm. g§nyU© H${dVoMoH$mì¶gm¢X¶© CbJS>VmZm darb gd© _wX²Xçm§Mm{dMma A{^àoV Agbm Var à˶oH$ H${dVobmà˶oH$ _wX²Xçm§À¶m H$gmoQ>rda KmgyZ nmhVm ¶oVZmhr. Vo ¶mo½¶hr Zmhr.
{deofV: B. 10 dr H¥${Vn{ÌHo$Vrb agJ«hUH$aʶmgmR>r {Xboë¶m H$mì¶n§³VsMm {dMma H$aVmZm˶mV àm_w»¶mZo ¶oUmam {dMma/^md/AW©/_yë¶ d^mfme¡br ¶m§Mm {dMma hmoUo Amdí¶H$ AgVo.
{Xboë¶m H$ mì¶n §³VsVrb/H${dVoVrbH$mì¶gm¢X¶© CbJSy>Z XmIdUo d ˶m AmYmaoH${dVoMm Amnë¶m _Zmda Pmbobm n[aUm_(AmdS>ʶmMo dm Z AmdS>ʶmMo H$maU) gH$maU,ñdeãXm§V, à^mdr ^mfoV _m§S>Uo åhUOo H${dVoMoagJ«hU hmo¶.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (25)
H${dVoMm Ame¶ Am{U ^mfmgm¢X¶m©Mm EH${ÌVAZw^d agJ«hUmV ñdeãXm§V _m§S>Uo _hËËdmMoAgVo. g§nyU© H${dVoEodOr H${dVoVrb "H$mhr AmoitMoagJ«hU H$am' Aer gyMZm Agbr Var Vohr darb_wX²Xçm§Zm Yê$ZM H$am¶bm hdo. Aer H¥$Vr B. 9dr, 10 drbm Ano{jV Amho. g§nyU© H${dVoMoagJ«hU H$am Aer H¥$Vr Ano{jV Zmhr. Vr nwT>rbñVamda H${dVoMm ñdV§Ì Aä¶mg H$aVmZm dH$mì¶mMm AmZ§X KoʶmgmR>r Vwåhr {dMmamV ¿¶mbM.AWm©V à˶oH$ AmoirÀ¶m ~m~VrV à˶oH$M/gJioM_wX²Xo bmJy nS>Vrb Ago Zmhr. H¥${Vn{ÌHo$V {Xboë¶mH$mì¶n§³VsMo agJ«hU H$aVmZm ˶m H$mì¶n§³VsMoH$mì¶gm¢X¶© CbJSy>Z XmIdUo d H${dVoMm Amnë¶m_Zmda Pmbobm EH$g§Y n[aUm_ ñdeãXm§V _m§S>Uo_hÎdmMo.
B. 9 dr, B. 10 drÀ¶m ñVamdaagJ«hUmMm {dMma H$aVmZm qH$dm Aä¶mgH$aVmZm Vmo Imbrb _wX²Xçm§Zwgma H$amdm.Ame¶gm¢X¶© (H${dVoMo ~møm§J)1. H${dVoMo Zmd2. H$drMo/H$d{¶ÌrMo Zmd3. H${dVoMm g§X^© J«§W (H$mì¶g§J«h)4. H${dVoMm aMZmàH$ma (H$mì¶àH$ma)5. H${dVoMr ^mfm6. ^mfme¡brH${dVoMr m{fH$ d¡{eîQ>ço1. H$drMr ^mfme¡br (J«m_rU^mfm, ~mobr^mfm,
g§dmXmË_H$ ^mfm, {ZdoXZmË_H$ ^mfm,{MÌXeu ^mfm)
2. H${dVoV Ambobo eãXmb§H$ma, AWm©b§H$ma
3. d¥ËV/N>§X4. H${dVoMr Am§V[aH$ b¶/ ZmX_mYw¶©H${dVoMo AW©gm¢X¶©, mdgm¢X¶©, {dMmagm¢X¶©,H$mì¶gm¢X¶©1. H${dVoMm Ame¶2. 춳V hmoUmam ^md/{dMma3. H${dVoVyZ 춳V Pmbobo {dMma (gm_m{OH$
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H$d{¶Ìrbm/H$drbm A{^àoV Agbobm {dMma5. H${dVoVyZ {_iUmam g§Xoe/_yë¶/CnXoe6. Ame¶mbm nwT>o ZoUmam {df¶, ˶mgmR>r MnIb
eãXm§Mm dmna7. AW©ÀN>Q>m / AWm©À¶m {d{dY N>Q>m.8. ^mdZm§Mm Am{dîH$ma9. g§doXZerbVm, ag, H$ënZm, à{V_m,
à{V_mZ, {_WH$ ¶m§Mm gw¶mo½¶ dmnanmR>çnwñVH$mVrb à˶oH$ H${dVoMm darb
_wX²Xo {dMmamV KoD$Z EH$ V³Vm H$ê$Z R>odmdm. VmoOmVm- ¶oVm g_OyZ KoVbm, Va nXç{d^mJmVrbH¥$Vr gmoS>{dUo A˶§V gmono d nyU© JwU {_idyZXoUmao R>aob.
darb gd© _wXçm§_ܶo Ho$di Amnë¶m _ZmdaPmbobm H${dVoMm/{Xboë¶m nXçn§³VsMm EH${ÌVn[aUm_ (åhUOoM H${dVm AmdS>ʶmMr dm ZAmdS>ʶmMr H$maUo) gH$maU _m§S>Vm Ambo H$sagJ«hUmMohr JwU {_iUo Z¸$sM gwb^ hmoB©b.
¶m gdmªnojm _hËËdmMo åhUOo Vwåhmbm Ho$dinmR>çnwñVH$mVrbM Zìho Va H$moUVrhr H${dVmdmMVmZm Iam H$mì¶mZ§X KoVm ¶oB©b.
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (26)
nXç {d^mJmVrb H¥$VtMm Aä¶mg H$am.gamdmgmR>r Imbrb Z_wZm H¥$Vr gmoS>dm.1. OZr AmO©d VmoSy> Z¶o & nmnÐì¶ OmoSy> Z¶o&
nwʶ_mJ© gmoSy> Z¶o & H$XmH$mir¶m H$mì¶n§³VsVyZ 춳V hmoUmao {dMmagm¢X¶©/{dMma ñnîQ> H$am.2. dñVy§Zm Ord Zgobhr H$Xm{MV, nU Ord
Zgë¶mgmaIo dmJdy Z¶o ˶m§Zm.¶m AmoirVrb ^mdgm¢X¶©/^mdZm ñnîQ> H$am.
3. _r XmoÝhr H$ê$ eH$Vo EH$mM doir, VyH$aerb?¶m AmoitMm Vwåhmbm H$ibobm AW© ñnîQ>H$am.
4. "_mUg§ noam¶bm bmJy' ¶m H${dVoÀ¶merf©H$mMm H$drbm A{^àoV Agbobm ^mdmW©CbJSy>Z XmIdm.
5. AmH$mer Pon Ko ao nmIamVmoS>r gmoݶmMm qnOam¶m n§³VrVrb _{WVmW© ñnîQ> H$am.
6. "Pam bmJobM {VWo, ImoX AmUIr Oamgo'¶m n§³VsVrb "AmUIr' ¶m eãXmVyZ 춳VhmoUmam {dMma ñnîQ> H$am.
7. dZdmgr (B. 9 dr) ¶m H${dVoÀ¶m AmYmaoAm{Xdmgr g_mO Am{U O§Jb ¶m§Mo AVyQ> ZmVoAgVo ¶m {df¶r Vw_Mo {dMma ñnîQ> H$am.
8. "Yݶ H$ar _mPr Hy$g, ¶oB© {dO¶r hmoD$ZnwÝhm _m¶m hmVmZo XyY^mV ^adrZ' ({ZamonB. 9 dr) ¶m H$mì¶n§³VsVrb ^mdgm¢X¶©ñnîQ> H$am.
9. "_hmamï>mdê$Zr Q>mH$ AmodmiyZ H$m¶m'(B. 9dr) ¶m H${dVoVyZ 춳V hmoUmao
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˶mMo ñnîQ> d _moOŠ¶m nU à^mdr eãXm§V_wX²XogyX CËVa Ano{jV AgVo. g§nyU© H${dVoMoH$mì¶gm¢X¶© CbJS>Uo Ano{jV Zmhr, Va ’$³V ˶mn§³VsVyZ 춳V hmoUmam Ame¶/^md/ag ñdeãXm§Và^mdr ^mfoV _m§S>Uo Ano{jV AgVo.
agJ«hU ¶m KQ>H$mMm g§nyU© Aä¶mgVw‘À¶mgmR>r AmZ§XXm¶r Va R>aobM, na§Vw H$moU˶mhrH$mì¶mMm / H$bmH¥$VrMm AmZ§X Koʶmg Vwåhmbmgj_ ~Zdob.
H$mì¶mZ§XmV Sw>§~Uo åhUOo g¥OZerb à{V oZo,H$ënZoZo ZQ>boë¶m ¶m Xwgè¶m Xw{Z¶oMr g’$a H$aUo hmo¶.Vwåhmbm H$mì¶mVrb ¶m Xwgè¶m aå¶ Xw{Z¶oMr g’$aH$aʶmMm AmZ§X XoUo d Vmo {_i{dʶmgmR>r gj_~Z{dUo hmM ¶m boIZàn§MmMm Iam CX²Xoe Amho.
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{ejH$ {dXçm϶mªÀ¶m OrdZmda Imobdaà^md nmS>VmV. {ejH$ ’$³V Mma q^VrÀ¶mAmV ‘wbm§Zm ZwgVo nwñVH$s kmZ XoV ZmhrV;Va ˶m§À¶m Am¶wî¶mMr C^maUrhr H$aVmV.˶m‘wio Iè¶m AWm©Zo {dXçm϶mªMo ì¶p³V‘ËËd{dH${gV hmoVo. Agm EH$ {dXçmWu ñdV:boIH$ ~ZVmo Am{U Amnë¶m AmXe©dV{ejH$mMo (S>m°. AmZ§X ¶mXd) ^mdnyU©eãX{MÌ aoImQ>Vmo...
Am‘Mo {ejH$ - AmZ§X ¶mXd gahare ‘oQ>H$a
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bmJbmo.
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OS>UKS>UrV _mobmMm dmQ>m Amho.
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¶m gdmªn¡H$s _bm ^mdbobr d _m¶m
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AmZ§X ¶mXd ga. VogwX²Ym Am_À¶mgmaIoM H$mJb-
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(gm{h˶emñÌ) hm {df¶ {eH$dV AgV. EdT>m
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~gm¶Mo. J«m_rU gm{h˶ åhUOo ˶m§Mm AmË_mM.
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åhUOo H$m¶, J«m_rU gm{h˶mMm B{Vhmg, J«m_rU
gm{h˶mMo ñdê$n d g§H$ënZm, J«m_rU gm{h˶mMr
Midi, J«m_rU gm{h˶mV ^a KmbUmao OwZo-Zdo
boIH$, H$dr, g_rjH$ ¶m gd© Jmoï>tMr BËW§ yV
_m{hVr ga Amåhmbm Xçm¶Mo. {eH$dVmZm {df¶
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AmË_d¥ËVmË_H$ H$mX§~arV 춳V$ Pmbo AmhoV.
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H$mì¶g§J«h _r gam§ZmM An©U Ho$bm Amho.
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2016 bm amÌr 8.30 dmOVm Xya{MÌdmUrda
~mV_r Ambr "J«m_rU gm{h˶mMm AmYmadS> S>m°.
AmZ§X ¶mXd ¶m§Mo XrK© AmOmamZo nwUo ¶oWrb
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{nVm_h AmO AmnU J_mdbm Amho.
Aem ¶m _hmZ Jwéd¶m©bm _mPo gX¡d Z_Z
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Litercy is widely acknowledged as themost powerful tool of development. Hencethe UNESCO has been celebrating theInternational Literacy Day using differentthemes since 1966. In the year 2019, weare celebrating the day with the theme.'Leteracy and Multilingualism', whichgoes well with the new concept of GlobalVillage.
International Literacy DayShridhar Nagargoje
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During the 14th Session of UNESCO'SGeneral conference held on 26th October 1966,it was proclaimed that 8 September is to beobserved as International Literacy Day.
It is true that the literacy has beenincreasing since 1946. Literacy is critical toeconomic development as well as individual andsocial well-being. The International Literacy Dayhighlights the improvement in world literacy ratesand all nations reflect on their own and remainingworld’s literacy challenges. It focuses on basicreading, writing and numeracy skills to broadernotions such as functional literacy and afoundation for lifelong learning. The concept offunctional literacy is introduced with literacy asa means for development. The day celebrationaims to raise awareness globally on the issuessurrounding adults and child literacy. It is universalaccess to quality education and learningopportunities throughout people’s lives. Literacyis key component of United Nation’s SustainableDevelopment Goals and it is UN’s 2030 agendafor Sustainable Development. The annual daycelebration ensures to achieve the young people’sliteracy and numeracy.
The UNESCO (United Nation’sEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation)
has been using different themes, ideas andprogrammes to turn attention on literacy in all itsforms in the changing world. In today’s globaland digital world we use literacy with technologyand skills. The UNESCO’s tag line for the dayis “Literacy is the best remedy”. According tothe UNESCO’s ‘Global Monitoring Report onEducation for All’, South Asia has the lowestregional adult literacy rate. The report shows aclear connection between illiteracy and countriesin severe poverty. It also shows the prejudiceagainst the women and discrimination among thepeople due to less literacy. Every year UNESCOpublishes the Global Education Monitoring (GEM)reports to monitor the progress towards theeducation targets in 2030. It has started topublish the reports since 2002. There are 12reports published during 2002- 2015. It remindsthe world leaders, influencers and the generalpublic of the current status of literacy andlearning. In 2015 UNESCO adopted itsSustainable Development Goals to mobilize effortsto eradicate poverty and inequality across theworld.
The International Literacy Day has beencelebrated with different themes since 2006.The themes are thought provoking and relevantto the changing world.2006 - Literacy sustains Development.2007-2008 - Literacy and Health2009-2010 - Literacy and Empowerment
(Gender equality and Womenempowerment)
2011-2012 - Literacy and Peace2013 - Literacies for 21st Century Skills
(Promoting Global literacy)
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (32)
2014 - Literacy and SustainableDevelopment (Social and economicgrowth and EnvironmentalIntegration)
2015 - Literacy and Sustainable Societies2016 - Reading the Past, Writing the
Future.2018 - Literacy and Skill development2019 - Literacy and Multilingualism
Literacy is widely acknowledged as oneof the most powerful tool of development.International literacy Day 2019 will focus onabove theme. Linguistic diversity is acceptedworldwide as an opportunity and not as a hardshipThe main characteristics of multilingualism intoday’s globalized and digitalized world will bediscussed with their implications for literacy inpolicies and good practices to achieve greaterinclusiveness in multilingual context.
Multilingualism is the individual speaker orcommunity which uses more than one language.Multilingual population is more than monolingualand bilingual. Everyone can speak at least onelanguage that is the first language or homelanguage. Multilingualism is the natural sourceavailable to every human being to speak or usemore than one language. It is advantageous forpeople to participate in globalization and culturalopenness. Multilingualism promotes super taskingor multi-tasking that allows people to switchfrom task to task without disturbance. Benefitsof multilingual practices in education providesthe creation and appreciation of culturalawareness. It promotes creativity, diversity andadjustment in society with local languages. Almosthalf of the European people can speak in alanguage other than their mother tongue.
In some large countries with multiplelanguages, such as India, the school childrenlearn multiple languages in their early age. Manychildren may be fluent in three to four languages.They speak home language, the state language,
medium language and official language of thenation. People who learn multiple languagesmay also experience of positive transfer oflearning process by adopting grammar andvocabulary of different languages. Belarus,Belgium, Canada, India, Ireland, South Africaand Switzerland are officially multilingualcountries. Some countries have their officiallanguage but also have regional and local officiallanguages such as Brazil, China, Indonesia,Mexico, Russia, Spain and Taiwan. France hasmore multilingual population.
Majority speakers of particular languageenrich their language. They also contribute totheir language for the new generation. Sometribal and local dialects are also considered aslanguage. Language education policies advocatethe multilingual approach of language teaching.We will celebrate this year’s InternationalLiteracy day with multilingualism and learn atleast one more language. We must respect alllanguages and their speakers. All languages areequally important and they must grow with eachother’s support. The primary and prime objectiveof any language is communication. Let us beginto talk with speakers of other languages. Thetechnology and rapid global changes can teachus more languages.Activities for International Literacy Day1 Hold a discussion on 'Why literacy is
important'?2 Literacy rates in different countries and
their development stage.3 Read Short stories from different authors
who write in different language.4 Poster presentation on Literacy with
messages.5 Ask the students to speak some other
language (Take help of Bhasha Sangam).6 Use other ideas to promote literacy and
multilingualism.
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know ? ¶m erf©H$mImbr XoʶmV Ambr Amho. Cƒ_mܶ{_H$ ñVamdarb B¶ËVm AH$amdr Am{U ~mamdrhr _hÎdmMr df} Agë¶mZo Am{U Aä¶mgVAgboë¶m {df¶mÀ¶m g§X^m©V _hËËdmMo H$m¶ Amhoho g_OʶmgmR>r Always remember ¶m erf©H$mMmdmna H$aʶmV Ambobm Amho. H$mhr àH$aUm§À¶meodQ>r Aä¶mgboë¶m àH$aUmda EH$ gmam§e ñdê$nmVAme¶mMr _m§S>Ur H$aVm ¶mdr ¶mgmR>r Do your-
self, Activity Aem erf©H$m§Imbr g§H$ënZm {MÌaoImQ>Zo, _m{hVr g§H$bZ H$aUo Aem H¥$Vr XoʶmgAmë¶m AmhoV. ¶mMm CX²Xoe hm {dXçm϶mª_ܶoVm{H©$H$ {dMma H$aUo, g§íbofU, {díbofU AemCƒ _mZ{gH$ j_Vm {dH${gV H$aUo hm Amho.{ejH$m§Zr ¶mMm Adb§~ à˶oH$ àH$aUmgmR>r H$aUoAmdí¶H$ Amho. gdmªV _hËËdmMo åhUOo ñdmܶm¶m§MraMZm hmo¶. ñdmܶm¶m§Mr aMZm H$aVmZm àm_w»¶mZo
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nwT>rb {ejUm_ܶo, àdoe narjm§_ܶo dmnaʶmV¶oUmè¶m àíZàH$mam§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho. EImXçmàg§JmMo qH$dm n[apñWVrMo dU©Z XoD$Z ˶mda àíZ{dMmaʶmV Ambobo AmhoV. ¶m_wio {dXçm϶mªZr˶m§Mo _V {b{hUo Ano{jV Amho. AmH¥$˶m aoImQ>Uo,MwH$sMr AmH¥$Vr XwéñV H$aUo, AmH¥$Vrbm Zmdo XoUo,AmH¥$˶m§_Yrb MwH$m emoYUo, AmH¥$Vrdê$Z g§H$ënZmñnï> H$aUo, AmH¥$VrMo dU©Z H$aUo Ago AZoH$àíZàH$ma Amnë¶mbm nhmd¶mg {_iVrb.ñdmܶm¶m§_ܶo {dMmaʶmV Ambobo àíZ AdKS>dmQ>V Agbo Var ˶m§À¶m CËVamn¶ªV nmohmoMʶmg_XV H$amdr bmJob. à˶oH$ àH$aUm_ܶo AemàíZm§Mr aMZm _wX²Xm_M doJdoJir R>odʶmV AmbrAmho. EImXçm g§H$ënZoda {dMmaʶmV ¶oUmam àíZH$moUH$moU˶m ñdê$nmMm Agy eH$Vmo ho g_OUo_hËËdmMo Amho. àH$aUm§À¶m eodQ>r XoʶmV AmboboàíZ / H¥$Vr øm àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$nmV XoʶmVAmboë¶m AmhoV. à˶j narjm§À¶m _mܶ_mVyZ_yë¶_mnZ H$aVmZm ¶m àíZm§Mm OemMm Vgm dmnaH$aʶmV ¶oD$ Z¶o. {dXçm϶mªZrgwX²Ym ñdV: AemàH$maMo àíZ V¶ma Ho$bo Va {df¶mMr V¶mar A{YH$Mm§Jbr hmoB©b. ñdmܶm¶mZ§Va àH$ën / àm˶{jH$XoʶmV Ambobo Amho. ho nyU© H$aUo Amdí¶H$ Amho.XoʶmV Amboë¶m àH$ën / àm˶{jH$m§À¶m _mܶ_mVyZàH$aUmMr COiUr hmoB©b. OrdemñÌ {df¶mÀ¶mg§X^m©V Agboë¶m àm˶{jH$ H$m¶m©{df¶rMr {dñV¥V_m{hVr nmR>çnwñVH$ _§S>imÀ¶m OrdemñÌ àm˶{jH$H$m¶© Zm|Xdhr_ܶo nmhVm ¶oB©b. àm˶{jH$ H$m¶m©À¶m_mܶ_mVyZ Zo_Ho$nUo H$moU˶m j_Vm {dH${gV hmoUoAmdí¶H$ Amho ¶mMm {dMma H$ê$Z ¶m àm˶{jH$
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dmna H$ê$Z nmR>çnwñVH$ à^mdr H$aʶmV AmboAmho. Ame¶ hm EH$mM Ñ{îQ>jonmV g_Omdm ¶mgmR>rAmoKV³Ë¶m§Mm dmna H$aʶmV Ambm Amho. VgoMH$mhr {R>H$mUr _wX²Xm_M AmoKV³Vo V¶ma H$aUo,gmaʶm V¶ma H$aUo ¶mgmR>r H¥$Vr XoʶmV Amboë¶mAmhoV. ñdmܶm¶m§_ܶo {d{dYVm OnʶmgmR>r Am{U{dXçm϶mªZm {d{dY àíZàH$ma g_OmdoV ¶mgmR>r{dMmaàdV©H$, kmZaMZmdmXr ñdê$nmMo àíZ XoʶmVAmbobo AmhoV. AmH¥$˶m nyU© H$am, n[aÀN>oX dmMZH$ê$Z CËVao {bhm, àg§Jmdê$Z CËVao {bhm,AmH¥$˶m§dê$Z g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am, AmH¥$˶m§_YrbMwH$m emoYm d ˶mdê$Z H$maU‘r_m§gm ñnï> H$am AgoAZoH$ àíZàH$ma XoʶmV Ambo AmhoV, Á¶m§MmCn¶moJ hm nwT>rb {ejUmÀ¶m {d{dY àdoe narjm,ñnYm© narjm ¶m§gmR>r {ZpíMVM hmoUma Amho.
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{dXçm϶mª‘ܶo H$mimÀ¶m AI§{S>ËdmMoAm{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§À¶m gbJ e¥§IboMo^mZ {Z‘m©U hmoUo Amdí¶H$ Amho. ˶m ÑîQ>rZoB¶ËVm nmMdrnmg yZ ~mamdrn¶ªVÀ¶mnmR >çnwñVH$ m §V rb H$mbmZ wH « $‘mZ wgmaB{VhmgmMr ‘m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. ¶mdfu åhUOoOyZ 2019 nmgyZ CÀM ‘mܶ{‘H$ ñVamdaMmAä¶mgH«$‘ ~Xbbm Amho. ˶mZwgma B¶ËVmAH$amdrMo B{VhmgmMo nmR>çnwñVH$ V¶maPmbo Amho.
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_m§S>Ur hr B{VhmgboIZmMr AmYma yV g§H$ënZm
Amho; na§Vw B{VhmgboIZmMr g¡X²YmpÝVH$ ~¡R>H$
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g§X © ¶mg§~§Yr D$hmnmoh hmoV am{hbm Am{U B{VhmgmÀ¶m g§H$ënZmË_H$ _m§S>Urg§~§Yr {d{dY _mZH$m§da
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ñdm^m{dH$ Amho; na§Vw ˶m KQ>Zm§_mJrb H$m¶©H$maU e¥§Ibm, gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$-Am{W©H$-^md{ZH$
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{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (45)
gmH$ma H$aUmè¶m {d{dY {H«$¶m-à{H«$¶m§Mr gmIir
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_ܶ¶wJrZ ^maVmMm B{Vhmg Vo dgmhVdmXr
B{VhmgmMr gwédmV.
¶m Mma KQ>H$m§À¶m Aä¶mgmÀ¶m AmYmao
B{VhmgmMo ~hþ{_VtZr ¶w³V Ago ñdê$n Am{U
Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§_mJrb H$maUna§naoMr gmIir
¶m§Mo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoʶmMr {dXçm϶mªMr j_Vm
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Ho$bobr AmhoV. gmam§emZo Vr nwT>rbà_mUo
AmhoV :
(1) B{VhmgboIZmVrb B{Vhmgnyd© H$mi,àmMrZ
B{Vhmg, _ܶ¶wJrZ B{Vhmg B˶mXr
nm[a^m{fH$ g§km§Mm AW© ^maVr¶ B{VhmgmÀ¶m
g§X^m©V g_OmdyZ KoUo. (¶m AmH$bZà{H«$¶obm
_hmamï´>mVrb B{VhmgmÀ¶m g§X^m©Mr OmoS>
{Xbobr Amho.)
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AdñWonmgyZ Vo OJ^amVrb ZmJar g§ñH¥$VtMm
CX¶ hmoB©n¶ªVÀ¶m dmQ>MmbrVrb g§H«$_UmMo
à_wI Q>ßno Am{U ˶m dmQ>MmbrÀ¶m
nmíd© y_rdarb {H«$¶m-à{H«$¶m§Mr gmIir
g_OmdyZ KoUo.
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Agboë¶m KQ>H$m§Mo AmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoUo.
(4) ZmVog§~§Ym§À¶m AmYmamZo g§K{Q>V Pmboë¶m
gwédmVrÀ¶m J«m_-dgmhVr {dñVmaV
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N>moQ>r amÁ¶o) ê$nm§Va hmoUo, OZnX Vo
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hmoUo, ¶m Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§_mJrb à{H«$¶mË_H$
gmIir g_OmdyZ KoUo.
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K{Q>Vo nañnamdb§~r AgVmV ho g_OmdyZ
KoUo.
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The textbook of Political Science(Std.XI) introduces political concepts likedemocracy, justice, constitution,representation, public administration andglobal political scenerio.
What is Political Science? Politicalscience is a social science that focuses on thetheory and practice of government, politics andadministration at the local, regional, national, andinternational levels. Why do you study PoliticalScience? This is the only subject that gives youa window to the world. It helps you to understandnot only your own country but it introduces youto the world out there. It will explain to you howthe Indian government works, what role you asa citizen would play in the working of thegovernment. It would make you a moreempowered citizen who can aspire to dosomething good for the country.
The purpose of this book is to introduce thesubject 'political science' to the students. Thebook introduces the different areas of politicalscience. The different sub-fields of political scienceinclude Political Theory and Concepts,Comparative Government and Politics, PublicAdministration and International Relations. Whileeach is an independent sub-field, they are allinterlinked.
The approach of the syllabus for Std. XIand XII is holistic and integrated. Std. XI introducesthe students to the different sub-fields of politicalscience. The Std. XII would follow through withsome of the contemporary concerns in politicalscience.
This book has four sections: Political Conceptsand Theories; Comparative Government; PublicAdministration; and International Relations. Eachsection begins with an introduction about the areaof study. This is followed by three chapters ineach section that deal with the central themes ineach of the areas. In each of these sections thereis a continuous focus on the Indian context.
In the first section we have three chapters:The first deals with the concept of Nation,Nationalism, State and Government. It discussesthe differences between a Nation and a Stateand also between the State and the Government.In a democracy, citizens have certain rights andduties. When those rights and duties are upheldby the State we can say the people have liberty.Right as a common privilege is given to itscitizens by government. Liberty is an essentialfeature of democracy. This is the focus of ChapterII in this section. In Chapter III we study themeaning of equality in the context of 'equalitybefore law', 'political equality' and principle of'equality of opportunity'. We also study the typesof equality. Similarly, we will try to understandconcepts of legal justice, natural justice andsocial justice.
The second section deals with ComparativeGovernment. Comparative government isconcerned with the study of formal politicalinstitutions like legislature, executive, judiciaryand bureaucracy. Chapter IV deals withConstitutional Government. A constitution is a setof political principles, according with which acountry is governed. The rights and duties aregiven to the people and the government by the
Political Science Text Book - (Std XI)Dr. Shrikant Paranjape
9372079063
{ejU g§H«$‘U - gßQ>|~a 2019 (49)
The fourth section on International Relationsprovides a survey of major events since the endof the Second World War. The purpose is tounderstand the policies of countries since theSecond World War. It discusses such conceptslike cold war and nonalignment. It introduces therole of the United Nations. This survey is in twoparts, Chapter IX deals with the events from theend of the Second World War until 1959 andChapter X deals with the period from 1959 until1991. The chapter ends with the disintegration ofthe Soviet Union in 1991. The changes that tookplace after 1991 are to be studied in the Std. XIItext book.
The book tries to provide basic knowledgeto the student about the Indian and global politicalsituation. It would motivate students to ask questionsand seek answers about the Indian and the globalpolitical issues. To achieve this the book hasincluded some specific activities that the studentcan perform. It also provides scope for discussionon various issues. It is expected that the studentsmake presentations, prepare comparative chartsand read maps on various topics of current interest.Field Visits to government offices would enablethem to familiarise them with the working of thegovernment.
It is expected that in these two years wego beyond just the introduction and understandingof the various dimensions of the subject. It isexpected that the students would be able to applysome of these concepts and implement some ofideas in their life. It will help them to decide theareas in which they want to go for furtherstudies. In case someone decides to go in forvoluntary work or social activity or appear forvarious competitive examinations the knowledgeof political science would definitely be of help.The student should look at this as a small stepthat helps one to step in the world of tomorrow,with better understanding.
constitution. It sets the structure of the state, themajor state institutions, and the principles governingtheir relations with each other and with thestate’s citizens.
Chapter V focuses on the Concept ofRepresentation. Since the government is formedby political parties, it is the parties that becomeimportant in channelling the representation.Sometimes it is necessary to bring to the attentionof the government problems faced by somespecific groups. Such groups may form pressuregroups or interest groups to articulate theirproblems and then put pressure on thegovernment. All these are means of representationthat we would study in this chapter. Judiciary isthe branch of the government that has the powerto interpret the constitution. One of the importantcharacteristics of the Judiciary in a democraticsociety is that it is an independent and non-political organ of the state. This is dealt with inChapter VI.
The third section is on Public Administration.Political Science and Public Administration sharethe same goal. Both seek to learn the political,social and economic dynamics of the society andapply that knowledge to benefit the good of all.Political science creates a policy, Publicadministration implements it. Chapter VIIintroduces the subject of public administration.The chapter discusses the scope of the subject ofpublic administration and introduces the conceptof public policy. The traditional approach publicadministration has been bound by rules andhierarchy. While this approach is not wrong,sometimes it creates delays and obstacles thatare called ‘red tape’. It is necessary to haveinnovation in planning and try to create a bettersociety. This approach is called DevelopmentAdministration. The Chapter VIII on DevelopmentAdministration deals with this aspect of publicadministration.
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