CM 220 Unit 4 CM 220 Unit 4 SeminarSeminar

Enjoy chatting until we get started.Enjoy chatting until we get started.

Unit 4 ActivitiesUnit 4 Activities

Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article

Quiz: Interactive quiz on plagiarism, citation, paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing

Invention Lab: Find a credible research article related to your big idea, write an APA citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article.

Seminar: Review of APA citation, quoting and paraphrasing

Project: Pre-interview worksheet and comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea

Finding credible sourcesFinding credible sources

Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors, reputable

publishers, cited sources Always verify information Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable

sources

Using SourcesUsing Sources

Remember that sources help YOU to defend YOUR ideas. That means you should first begin with YOUR ideas. Consider

drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.

Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources. Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of

filling up space-use information that is directly relevant to your argument. If it is not relevant, do not use it.

Interact with and analyze source information

Ways to use sourcesWays to use sources

Quote Summarize Paraphrase LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the originality of

your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language.

What is paraphrasing?What is paraphrasing?

Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure

The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed

Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words.

A paraphrase is usually much shorter than the original source.

Paraphrasing is

writing in YOUR OWN WORDS the material from your sourcesAND

Including a citation that indicates where you got the idea or information.

To paraphrase correctly:

Avoid replacing just a few words here and there to change from the original. That is still considered plagiarism.

TIP: Read the material, then close the book or minimize the Web page and write IN YOUR OWN WORDS what the material said.

BE SURE to represent the person’s words accurately. Do not switch the words around to make them support your ideas if they do not. Don’t misrepresent the author.

What is paraphrasing?What is paraphrasing?

When you take notes, DO NOT use the language of the source—write notes in your own words and list sources!

Write the main idea of the passage in your own words without looking at the quote.

The paraphrase should use your own style and language. Do not merely substitute a few synonyms or move phrases around in the sentence.

Include the author’s name in a signal phrase. Example: According to John Lennon, … then cite your source parenthetically.

Paraphrasing TipsParaphrasing Tips

How to paraphraseHow to paraphrase

Decide where you need to include source information in your writing and find material that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas

Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting.

Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open.

Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words.

Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words.

Cite the source.

What Paraphrasing Is NOTOriginal

Polls confirm that these World War II-era children have aged into the most war-and casualty-averse Americans, the most ardent supporters of the UN, and the biggest advocates of committee-scripted process. (Howe & Strauss, 2002, p. 31)

Improperly Paraphrased

Statistics demonstrate that these World War II-era children have matured into the most battle and victim-averse American citizens, the most enthusiastic defenders of the United Nations, and the largest supporters of bureaucratic process (Howe & Strauss, 2002).

Why is this paraphrase better than the one on the previous slide?

What differences do you notice between the two?

The generation now in the their 60s and 70s remember World War II from their childhoods; therefore, they are violently against war and the casualties it inflicts. They believe in the power of the United Nations and other bureaucracies to solve world conflict (Howe & Strauss, 2002).

Appropriate paraphrase

Hint: Your professors quickly learn to recognize your writing style. Unless quoted, sections of text that differs greatly from your normal writing style will be suspect.

When to QuoteWhen to Quote

When language used is distinctive, uniquely or especially well-stated

When it would be difficult to paraphrase in your own words

When the author’s ideas are important as authoritative support for your argument

When the reader needs to see the original statement, because the quote itself is open to interpretation

NOTE: Be sure not to over-quote. The primary voice in the paper should be your own.

• Be accurate - don’t misrepresent the author.

• Check and recheck spelling, grammar, and word placement.

• Don’t let your spellchecker change a peculiar spelling in the quote (i.e. British spellings of colour, flavour, etc.)

• Don’t use quotes as a thesis statement or a topic sentence

• Do use quotes as evidence to support an argument you have constructed

• Integrate your chosen quotes into YOUR writing (signal phrases—don’t leave quotes “hanging”).

• Cite, Cite, Cite!

How to QuoteHow to Quote

Why cite sources?Why cite sources?• Giving credit to sources helps to build credibility. Show

your readers you are honest and that you’ve done your research.

• Give reader necessary information to find sources and do further research

• Giving credit helps avoid issues with plagiarism.

No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited. List sources alphabetically in the References page. Also cite within the paper by using IN TEXT CITATIONS.

American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology.

Most Kaplan courses require it.

Guides the layout of the document

Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay

Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text

Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text

What is APA?What is APA?

New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5th editionThe Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes

Main changes:1.DOI2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1)3.Title page

APA – 6APA – 6thth Edition Edition

Document formatting, title Document formatting, title pagepage

• Title page: include title of project, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date

• Double-space and center information on title page• Include header and page number in upper right-hand corner• Document should be in 12 pt. font, double-spaced,

header/page number on each page, first line of each paragraph indented one tab space. Use left justification. Put title on first line of page 2.

Title page formattingTitle page formatting

•Header: Title and page number in upper right-hand corner of each page•Running head (optional) on the left•Center project, author, and course information in two sections of the page. Double-space.•See guidelines for formatting document in the APA folder of Doc Sharing as well as ch. 12 of the handbook.

Roll the credits 1

Running head: ROLL THE CREDITS

Roll the Credits:

Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism

Maggie Durham

Kaplan University

CM 107-03

Professor Smith

April 8, 2009

In-text (parenthetical) citationsIn-text (parenthetical) citationsRequire three pieces of information: Author’s last name Year Page number (for direct quotes)

(Thompson, 2007, p. 345)

(Thompson, 2007)

According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345).

If no author is listed, use the corporate author or title of the article or web page.

Reference page formattingReference page formatting

• Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters.

• Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner.

• Alphabetize by author’s last name.• Double-space throughout.• Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent

subsequent lines 5-7 spaces).• Match with in-text citations.• Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

APA reference page formattingAPA reference page formatting

•Start on new page.•Use hanging indents.•Double-space throughout.•Alphabetize by author’s last name (use corporation name or article title if no author is available).•End with retrieval date and database or URL for library sources and web sites.

Roll the credits 5

References

About APA style. (2006). Retrieved January 2, 2007, from APA Web site:

http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html.

Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid

plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), 112-115. Retrieved

January 2, 2007, from Academic Search Premier database.

Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), 54-54.

Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Professional Development

Collection database.

What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved December 22,

2006, from Kaplan University:

http://kucampus.kaplan.edu/DocumentStore/kupdocs/pdf/DocsForms

/ku_plagiarism.pdf

.

Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15),

24-30. Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Professional Development

Collection database.

66thth Edition and DOI Edition and DOI

Roll the credits 5

References Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date

and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online

DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3)

Common source typesCommon source types Books Journal articles Magazine articles Newspaper articles Web sites Interviews Speeches

Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

Book with one authorBook with one author

Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being.

Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Journal articleJournal article

Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of

Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Magazine articleMagazine article

McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and

intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.

Newspaper articleNewspaper article

James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and

health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.

Internet source (author known)Internet source (author known)

Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review.

Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's

Science Fiction Club Web site:

http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.

html

.

Database retrieval Database retrieval informationinformation End citation with retrieval information if found on

database (date, database used):

Retrieved July 7, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database.

Please note that APA has changed its rule with RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change, a Retrieval date is required.

Internet source (author Internet source (author unknown)unknown)

The Stratocaster appreciation page. (n.d.). Retrieved July

27, 2002, from http://members.tripod.com/~AFH/

Persuasive thesis statements—Persuasive thesis statements—What should they do?What should they do? Take on a subject upon which reasonable people could

disagree Deal with a subject that can be adequately treated given

the nature of the assignment Express one main idea Assert your conclusion(s) about a subject — take a

position! Use words like “because,” “since,” “therefore,” etc. to show

relationships between ideas.

ExampleExample

Weak: Adoption is a very serious issue, so people who decide to give up a child or adopt a child need to think about it carefully.

Better: The United States needs to create national laws for adoptions because this will ensure that biological and adoptive parents are clear about their rights and those of the adopted child.

Three possible pointsThree possible points Since states currently have different laws, parents may be

confused about what their rights are and whether the law holds for the state where the adoptive or biological parents live.

National laws concerning the rights of adopted children to find biological parents would also be helpful.

International adoptions would have to abide by specific, national American laws as well.

Opposition points and issues to Opposition points and issues to consider. . .consider. . .

Shouldn’t states have the right to set up their own adoption laws, as they currently do?

Who would decide what the national laws should be?

Would the laws favor biological or adoptive parents? For example, states like Florida have very short periods for biological parents to change their minds about the adoption (48 hours), while other states have a period of several months.

Any Questions?