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External PT to Increase Capacity of Existing Steel Bridges
External PT to Increase Capacity of Existing Steel Bridges
Clyde Ellis
Washington DC Office
May 7, 2013
•Approximately 600,000 U.S. highway bridges •69,223 deficient bridges•Nearly one-third of the nation’s highway bridges +50 years old•The average age of bridges in the U.S. is 42 years old
Database released in Feb 2011 by FHWA, Transportation for America (T4) analysis published Mar 2011
America’s Aging Infrastructure
~ $10B /YR
The maintenance backlog will only worsen as bridges age and costs rise.
Need to invest in our infrastructure again to enable our economy to grow, diversify and stay competitive
Bridge Repair Funding vs. Need
• Federal law requires bridge’s 20+ span to be inspected bi-annually
• Evaluate: Superstructure, Substructure, Deck
• Rating 0 to 9; 9 is best• If 1 of 3 components scores 4 or lower• “Structurally Deficient” requires
– Significant maintenance, rehab, replacement, restricted use
– Inspected annually– Consider load rating
Structurally Deficient Bridges
• Increased loads– Permanent loads (Restripping, addition of
safety median barrier, addition of deck overlay, increase in roadway width)
– Temporary loads (Overloaded trucks, heavier truck loads)
• Surface Transportation Assistance Act –increased truck sizes and weights as result of economic development
• Permit Design Live Load – allows substantial increase in live loads for special or key routes
Reasons for Low Rating
• Deterioration/Corrosion of primary load carrying members
– Deficient fatigue performance of details
– Lack of maintenance (exposure to de-icing salts or salt water)
– Wear/tear due to increasing truck traffic
• Human Factors– Design, Fabrication, Construction
errors
Reasons for Low Rating
1. Determine desired load rating2. Perform structural analysis to determine
deficient members • If overload in flexure: resulting from service load
stresses, fatigue stresses or ultimate capacity ?3. Identify most cost eff. technique to strengthen4. Develop cost estimate to strengthen vs. replace
• Rule of thumb: replace if strengthening is more than 45% - 54% of replacement cost
Strengthening vs. Replacement
• Considerations– construction cost – annual maintenance– safety aspects / service life
• Most frequent techniques– Replace deficient members– Increase the member
cross-section by adding steel cover plates
Bridge Strengthening
• Other techniques– Lightweight deck replacement– Composite action between deck
and supporting members– Supplemental supports to reduce
span length– Adding new girders– Converting single spans into
continuous span– External PT
Bridge Strengthening
First Prestressed Concrete Bridge (Germany); PT Bars
First Strengthening Steel Highway Bridge (MN)
First Strengthening Steel Truss Bridge (France)
Development of Ext. P-T Technology
1937
1964
1975
Ext PT Strengthening Applications Limited:•Lack of information on how to apply technique•No specific guidelines on this method of strengthening
• Introduction of externally applied load to a structural member with tendons that relieves longitudinal tension overstresses resulting from service load and fatigue stresses
PT Basic Concept
• Compressive force applied to tension flange to resist bending moment from applied loads
• Structurally very effective
– Negligible increase to dead load
– Reduces LL stresses and deflections
– Improved fatigue category details
– Low initial construction cost
• Ease of installation and overall speed of construction
• No disruption to traffic flow
• Ability to adjust the level of strengthening in future
Advantages of External PT
1. Determine moments for applied loads at mid span2. Calculate girder stresses in tension flange3. Calculate allowable stresses based on as-built material4. Assume PT eccentricity and calculate PT force
required to makeup deficiency5. Check member buckling, member yielding and tendon
yielding6. Repeat for other critical areas7. Determine PT anchor location and design anchor
bracket
Simple Span Girder – Design Process
Q
e
• Immediate Losses– Friction Losses– Seating Losses– Elastic Shortening
• Long Term Loss– Steel Relaxation
• Be cognizant of minimize clearances for mounting, tendon path and stressing
• Stage stressing – if PT is not concentric with member longitudinal axis
Add’l Design Considerations
• High Strength 7 wire strand• ASTM A416 • Ultimate Strength 270 ksi• Low Relaxation• Reeless coil• Common sizes
– 0.6”x 7, 12, 19
• Thread high strength bar• ASTM A722• Ultimate Strength 150 ksi• Common Sizes
– 1” to 1-3/4” dia.
• Straight lengths up to 60’
Prestressing Steel
P-T Anchorages
• Built up section of steel plates• Mechanical locking device
– Wedges and wedge plate– Nut and washer
• Trumpet (strands only)
• Primarily used with strand tendons• Applicable if design requires P/A and uplift• Most common type of steel plate and bent pipe
PT Deviators
• HDPE pipe protective sheathing – Double corrosion protection for PT bars
• Fill duct voids with grout (alkaline environment)• Coated strand (Galvanized, G&W, epoxy)• Galvanized anchor components• Watertight connections• Anchorages details
– Weather proof enclosure– Fabricate with weep holes
Corrosion Protection
• Replaceable– Bolted connections– Tendons can be cut and replaced
• Inspectable– Magnetic flux leakage– Bore scope inspection
• Durable• Force verification
– Load cell, lift-off for ungrouted PT– Vibration analysis
• Ability to Increase Prestress Force– Future PT– Stress tendons to a higher force than
originally installed at
External PT Features
Androscoggin River Bridge
• Part of Turnpike Ext. built in 1955; widened in 1995
• Max LL configuration accommodate 3 lanes; rates low
• Issue made worse with ongoing bottom flange corrosion
• 2 lane configuration could rate below 1 if not strengthened
Brunswick, ME
Hialeah ExpresswayMiami, FL
• New loads from a wider bridge
• Retrofit straddle bent to upgrade structural capacity
• Steel plate girders strengthening with external P-T
• External PT strengthening has a successful history 60+ years
• Longitudinal tendons can be used to strengthen steel girders, truss chords/diagonals and floor beams
• Ext PT has been used to relieve stresses, reduces deflections, improve fatigue details and add substantial live load capacity an existing bridge
Summary
• Anchorages and tendons can be prefabricated to reduce time onsite
• Anchorage/deviator details have been developed overtime with no reported issues
• Sufficient knowledge exists to develop a manual to assist engineers in applying PT principles
Summary