Clinical Perspectives and New Research on the Detoxification Action of Spanish Black Radish

Georgia Nab DC, ACN

Sara Arscott PhD, CCRP

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Standard Process® sponsors these webinars to provide health care information to practitioners and to provide them with the opportunity to hear about the views, recommendations, and experiences of other practitioners. Standard Process has not evaluated the legal status of any products (other than its own or those of MediHerb®), services, or recommendations with respect to state or federal laws, including scope of practice. Standard Process does not and cannot accept responsibility for errors or omissions or for any consequences from applications of the information provided and makes no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the information provided. Dr. Arscott’s and Dr. Nab’s recommendations for Standard Process product dosages are sometimes different than the dosages that appear on the product labels. Please refer to the product labels or to the product descriptions found in the product catalog or online at standardprocess.com for the Standard Process dosage recommendations.

Sara Arscott, PhD, CCRP Manager of Clinical Research

Spanish Black Radish Raphanus sativus L.

“Cruciferae” family

• Broccoli

• Kale

• Brussels sprouts

• Cauliflower

Unique phytochemicals

• Glucosinolates

Advantageous agricultural qualities

Potent

Spanish Black Radish

• Variety of common garden radish

• Member of Brassica family

• History of use for “well-being” including in India where roots are used to support a healthy liver

• In Chinese Traditional Medicine, said to transform phlegm and cause qi to descend

• European history of use to support healthy gallbladder

Georgia Nab, DC, ACN

Spanish Black Radish

Spanish Black Radish Raphanus sativus L.

Myrosinase

Glucosinolates

Nitriles Isothiocyanates Thiocyanates

Phase one and Phase two enzymes

Elimination/Detoxification

Chopping/Chewing

Glucoraphasatin

Raphasatin

Phase one and phase two enzymes

Spanish Black Radish Glucosinolates

• 4 percent glucosinolates by dry weight

• Broccoli is one percent

• > 65 percent is glucoraphasatin

Myrosinase

Chopping/Chewing

Hanlon et al. J Food Sci 2011 Ciska et al. J Agric Food Chem 2000

The Biology Behind Detoxification Elimination of compounds from the body via liver metabolism

• Exogenous (xenobiotics)

• Endogenous (endobiotics)

Phase One Phase Two Phase Three

Oxidation reduction and hydrolysis; makes things more reactive • Cytochrome P450s

(CYPs) • Flavin monooxygenase

(FMOs)

Conjugate compounds to eliminate them rapidly • Glutathione S-transferase

(GST), UDP-GST, quinone reductase (QR), etc.

Metabolite efflux – transport compounds • Multidrug resistant

proteins

Cooperation of Detoxification Enzymes

We want both phase one and two to be active so you get effective clearance of the broadest spectrum of compounds.

Confirm phase two clearance activity

Confirm phase one and two gene

expression

Spanish Black Radish and Detoxification in Mice

Confirm phase one biotransformation

activity

(D M B A)

Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene:

20% SBR diet or control diet

a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found naturally in char-grilled foods

Confirm phase two clearance activity

Confirm phase one and two gene expression

Confirm phase one biotransformation activity

(D M B A)

47% in Plasma

Spanish Black Radish (Raphanus Sativus L. Var. niger) diet enhances clearance of DMBA and diminishes toxic effects on bone marrow progenitor cells

N’jai AU et al. Nutrition and Cancer. (2012) 64:7:1038-1048.

Phase I CYP1A1 CYP1A2

Phase II Gsta2

LIVER

SBR Research Review:

• Glucoraphasatin makes up ~80 percent of a Spanish black radish’s glucosinolate profile

• Unique to SBR

• After exposure to myrosinase enzyme, glucoraphasatin becomes raphasatin

• Glucosinolate metabolites induce detoxification enzymes.

Cells

SBR Research Review:

Mice (20 percent SBR diet)

• Increased phase one and two enzyme expression

• Decreased circulating DMBA

• Decreased DMBA affect on sensitive cells (bone marrow stem cells)

What about HUMANS?

Can measure these to assess effects on phase II enzymes

Assess effects on phase I enzymes by evaluating endogenous compound metabolism, like estrogens

Detoxification Model

Conjugation

Glucuronidation

Detoxification Model

Acetaminophen mercapturates

Acetaminophen sulfate

Acetaminophen glucuronide

Phase II detoxification

pathway

Sulfation

Metabolite

We can measure these in blood and urine.

Acetaminophen

An Open Label Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Spanish Black Radish on the Induction of Phase One and

Phase Two Enzymes in Healthy Male Subjects

• Humans are exposed to toxins, and they accumulate in the body.

• Liver is the primary organ of detoxification.

• The study looked at the effect of Spanish Black Radish on hepatic processing and metabolism of acetaminophen.

Study Design

• Single-center, open-label pilot study

• KGK Synergize, Ontario, Canada

• Approved by Health Canada and a research ethics board

• Single treatment arm

• 20 healthy male subjects

• 25-35 years

• 4 weeks

• 2,220 milligram per day Spanish Black Radish

• 6 capsules/day (2 at each meal)

• Label dose for Spanish Black Radish is 3 capsules/day (1 per meal)

• A larger dose was used in this study in healthy subjects

Study Design

2 week WASHOUT 4 week TREATMENT

: • 1000 mg dose acetaminophen at time 0 • Blood, urine at pre-dose and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours post-dose

2 4 6 8 0 hours

Baseline

2 4 6 8 0 hours

Week 4

Measures

Acetaminophen metabolites (Phase two enzyme products)

• Plasma: glucuronide, sulfate, NAPQI-GSH

• Urine: glucuronide, sulfate, mercapturate

Hormones (Metabolized by Phase one enzymes)

• Serum: total testosterone, free testosterone and estradiol-17

Plasma Results

Glucuronide Sulfate

NAPQI-GSH Unchanged

Baseline

Week 4

*9 percent decrease overall

*40 percent decrease overall

Evans et al. 2014. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 14: 475

* AUC, P<0.05

10 percent decrease overall

* AUC, P=<0.05

Urine Results

Glucuronide Sulfate

Mercapturate

Unchanged

Baseline

Week 4 *11 percent increase

*37 percent increase 18 percent increase * AUC, P<0.05

* AUC, P=<0.05

Urine Results

Glucuronide Sulfate

Mercapturate

Unchanged

Baseline

Week 4 *11 percent increase

*37 percent increase 18 percent increase * AUC, P<0.05

* AUC, P=<0.05

Phase two enzyme metabolites decreased in plasma and increased in urine.

Serum Hormone Results

Baseline

Week 4

Free Testosterone 17β-Estradiol

Total Testosterone

17β-Estradiol can be metabolized by cytochrome p450 in liver.

* AUC, P=0.002

*

Serum Hormone Results

Baseline

Week 4

Free Testosterone 17β-Estradiol

Total Testosterone

17β-Estradiol can be metabolized by cytochrome p450 in liver.

* AUC, P=0.002

*

Lower serum 17β-Estradiol at week 4 suggests phase one enzymes induced by

SBR.

Conclusions • Spanish Black Radish at twice the

labeled dose can induce liver detoxification enzymes as measured by subsequent metabolites in humans

• Support of the body’s normal elimination function

• Many reports on broccoli; first report on these effects of SBR

Georgia Nab, DC, ACN

Phase One

• Uses enzymes (oxidases) to unmask or introduce polar groups onto the toxin

• Uses Cytochrome P450 enzymes

• These are heme containing enzymes therefore binds to oxygen

• Requires oxygen

LIVER

Phase Two

• Metabolism and conjugation

• Uses enzymes (transferases) to attach small endogenous polar molecules to a toxin for elimination

• Oxygen is not a requirement as in Phase one

Enzymes:

• UGT = UDP-glucuronosyltransferase = Glucuronidation

• GST = Glutithione-S-transferase = Glutathione conjugation

LIVER

Clinically What are your patients eating?

What is their exposure on a daily basis?

• Questionnaires

Are they willing to change diet?

• If no, then consider nutritional support

Biofunctional Modulators: foods that support optimal detoxification balance by modulating phase one, inducing several phase two activities, and minimize damage by active reactive molecules.

• Glucosinolates found in brassicas

• Indole-3-carbinol found in brassicas

Foods That May Support Phase One Modulation

Brassicas

Nutritional yeast

Whole grains

Citrus*

Turmeric

Green tea

Berries

*excluding grapefruit

Foods That May Support Phase Two Modulation

Glutathione: Brassicas, asparagus, avocado, walnuts

Amino Acid: Protein-rich foods (high quality meats), glycine

Methylation: Beets (betaine), eggs (choline), meats (B12)

Foods That May Support Phase Two Modulation

Sulfation: Egg yolks, red pepper, garlic, onion, shallots, brassicas

Glucuronidation: Citrus peel, dill, citrus fruits*, egg yolks, red peppers, garlic, onion, shallots, brassicas

Acetylation: Egg yolks, garlic, onion, shallots, brassicas

*excluding grapefruit

Spanish Black Radish

• 370 milligrams Spanish black radish (one tablet)

• Support healthy liver and gallbladder function

• Encourages healthy digestion

• Supports the body’s normal toxin-elimination function

Recommendation: one tablet, three times per day with meals

Spanish Black Radish

Contains 4.6 mg of vitamin C to help protect against free radicals (unstable oxygen molecules that damage cell matter including DNA).

• Why choose Spanish Black Radish over Cruciferous Complete™, or SP Green Food®?

• Are there other products that contain Spanish black radish?

Georgia Nab, DC, ACN

Sara Arscott, PhD, CCRP

Livaplex®

• 78 milligrams of Spanish black radish (one capsule)

• Supports healthy liver and gallbladder function

• Encourages healthy digestion of fats

• Enhances bowel function

• Encourages healthy bile production

• Foundational support for the liver

Recommendation: one a day

Livaplex® contains a combination of key ingredients from:

A-F Betafood® Spanish Black Radish Hepatrophin PMG® Chezyn® Betacol® Antronex®

SP Cleanse®

• 14 milligrams Spanish black radish (one capsule)

• Supports healthy kidney, liver, and gallbladder function

• Encourages healthy digestive function

• Supports the body’s natural toxin-elimination function

• Promotes healthy elimination

Recommendation: Use with 21 Day Purification

SP Cleanse

Juniper berry powder

Flax meal powder

Collinsonia root powder

Apple pectin

Burdock root powder

Barley grass powder

Dandelion leaf

Beet root

Spanish black radish root

Oregon grape root powder

Cayenne pepper powder

Fenugreek seed powder

Globe artichoke leaf

Fennel seed

Milk thistle

Mushroom powder

Broccoli powder

Kale powder

Carrot root

Sweet potato

Combines 20 unique whole food and botanical ingredients like:

Final Thoughts…

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