Clinical Molecular Diagnostics

Shiyang Pan • Jinhai TangEditors

Clinical Molecular Diagnostics

EditorsShiyang PanDepartment of Laboratory MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina

Jinhai TangDepartment of General SurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingChina

ISBN 978-981-16-1036-3 ISBN 978-981-16-1037-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1037-0

© People’s Medical Publishing House Co. Ltd. 2021This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publishers, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publishers remain neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore

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With the rapid development of research on genomics and proteomics, many disease-associated biomacromolecules have been identified and put into clinical practice. In recent years, with the rise of the concept of precision medicine and wide application of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and digital PCR in clinical laboratories, molecular diagnostics has gained further atten-tion. So far, it has been widely used in disease diagnosis, guidance for individual therapy, and evaluation of treatment efficiency and prognosis. Therefore, in this era of increasing attention on molecular diagnostics, it is urgent to help clinical chemists, doctors, and medical students worldwide to acquire the information regarding the emerging molecular diagnostic items in short order. Thus, Clinical Molecular Diagnostics emerges at the right moment.

For more than 20 years, Prof. Pan, the editor-in-chief of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, has committed to the identification of novel molecular biomarkers, and has established several outstanding techniques in molecular diagnostics including quantitative detection of plasma DNA and methylation of tumor suppressor genes. Specially, he identified a novel tumor marker named tumor specific protein 70 (SP70) and established the corresponding detection methods which have been applied in the clinical laboratory measurement. Prof. Tang is an accomplished breast surgeon, having not only done much pioneering work in breast cancer diagnosis, surgi-cal treatment, and molecular marker screening, but also made great achievements in the research on the drug resistance mechanisms of breast cancer. In addition, this book is also the brainchild of many experts active in molecular diagnosis, molecular medicine research, and clinical medicine from different universities or hospitals. I believe that under the elaborate organization by Prof. Pan, this book will manifest the latest advances in molecular diagnostics from the perspective of clinical practice.

The first distinguishing feature of this reference book is its clinical application. In addition to traditional molecular biological techniques, the book includes brand-new perspectives requiring greater recognition and understanding from clinical practice in the hope of serving as a source of inspiration for readers who run into clinical problems. Besides, the book has a wide coverage, including basic introduction, molecular markers, and methodological tech-niques of molecular diagnostics for infectious, genetic, or autoimmune diseases, cancers, and other rare diseases. Many novel concepts, such as companion diagnostics and precision medi-cine, can be found in this reference book. Thus, Clinical Molecular Diagnostics is not only a tool for clinical chemists but also a guideline for clinical diagnosis and therapy. Since the end of 2019 and still not resolved at this moment, the outbreak of COVID-19 has posed a serious threat to human health. Considering the requirement and necessity of insight into the basic characteristics of 2019-nCoV as well as nucleic acid detection, authors of this book specially added corresponding contents to supply theoretical and practical support to health workers all over the world.

It is both a privilege and an honor to have been invited to take part in the edition of such an exceptional book. To observe and comment on its birth and growth is both rewarding and stimulating. I will be truly proud to know that clinical chemists, doctors, and medical students

Foreword

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use this text as a primary source. Maintaining the highest standards of quality while providing crucial contemporary information that is both concise and readable, this volume will be a suit-able tool for medical professionals.

Chinese Academy of Engineering Hongbing ShenNanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

Foreword

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Xuan Cao Huanyu Liang Li Wang Shuxian YangYing Chen Jingping Liu Lin Wang Mengyao YuHongmei Ding Liang Ma Ming Wang Litao ZhangMing Gu Shuxian Miao Yaman Wang Nannan ZhangWenjing Guo Wenwen Shang Rongrong Wang Wei ZhangBin Hu Meiyan Shu Xiaohong Xia Xiang ZhangJiahong Jiang Kankan Su Erfu Xie Yiting ZhangHuanyu Ju Mengya Shan Mengxiao Xie Yuanda ZhangKara Pan Dan Wang Li Xue Zheng ZhangJie Li

Coordinators

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With the advancement of research in human genomics and proteomics, a large number of bio-logical macromolecules related to diseases have been discovered and applied to the clinic. Molecular diagnosis has been widely used in the field of diseases diagnosis, individualized treatment, efficacy monitoring, and predicting prognosis, becoming an indispensable assistant of doctors. With the rapid development of molecular diagnosis, the broad masses of medical workers need to know a growing number of molecular diagnostic techniques; at the same time, the growing molecular inspection team also needs to keep up with the development of technol-ogy. This book of clinical molecular diagnostics is aimed at solving the presenting problems during application of the emerging molecular medicine research results to the clinic.

The committee of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics is composed of more than 30 active experts in molecular diagnosis, molecular medicine research, and clinical medicine. This book includes four parts. The basic principles and techniques are mainly introduced in the first part. It lays a good foundation of theoretical knowledge for medical workers and also provides guid-ance for researchers engaged in molecular diagnosis transformation research. The second part focuses on the research and application achievements of molecular diagnostic markers in recent years and reevaluation of markers which have been used in clinic for many years. In addition, prospect and value assessment of more new markers are introduced. We hope that it can bridge the gap between basic research and clinical application of molecular markers. The third part, Molecular Detection Technology, introduces a series of emerging technologies such as next-generation sequencing, digital PCR, and liquid biopsy, opening the door for medical workers to understand the rapid developing molecular diagnostic technology. The fourth part mainly focuses on molecular diagnosis of common clinical diseases; this part systematically expounds the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and routine basis of diagnosis and treat-ment based on the clue of diagnosis and treatment path.

Laboratory diagnosis plays an important role in clinical precision medicine. There are mil-lions of active biological molecules that are related to the occurrence and development of dis-eases. However, less than one percent of the molecular markers have been identified and applied in the clinic. With the rapid development of molecular detection and diagnostic tech-nology, liquid biopsy technologies such as CTC and ctDNA detection have emerged. Although these novel technologies have been gradually applied in clinical practice, they are still in the initial stage, and the scope of technology application should be established to avoid overuse. This book is a collection of the latest research results in clinical molecular diagnostics, which can help strengthen the mutual understanding between laboratory research and clinical prac-tice. It hopes to serve as a trigger and to lay a foundation for further research in the field of clinical molecular diagnosis. Thanks for your efforts.

Nanjing, China Shiyang Pan Jinhai Tang

Preface

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During the compilation of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, we aim to produce a handbook for molecular diagnosis used by clinic. It is also of great value for scholars who are devoted to clinical molecular diagnostics. To facilitate reading and using in everyday work, we have included numerous illustrations as well as concise summary tables.

This book has received great support from many units and experts. We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Clinical Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province of China, Nanjing Medical University, and First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. We appreciate the help of Prof. Hong Shang, the Chairman of Chinese Medical Doctor Association Laboratory Physicians Branch, and Prof. Chengbin Wang, the Chairman of the Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine. The book contains illustrations provided by many scholars who have offered good advice and valuable points of view. We thank them for their contributions.

Acknowledgments

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Part I Principles of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics

1 Molecules of Disease and Their Detection Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Lutao Du and Chuanxin Wang

2 Assay Performance Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Lixin Wang and Zhiyun Shi

3 Establishment of Biological Reference Interval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Lixin Wang and Zhiyun Shi

4 Ethics: Informed Consent, Patient Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Qinghe Meng and Xu Qian

5 Bioinformatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Chenglu He and Yong Duan

6 Report and Consultation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Yongqing Tong

7 Factors Associated with Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Xue Qin

8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97Gaowei Fan and Qingtao Wang

9 Precision Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Yingping Cao and Xianjin Zhu

Part II Molecular Biomarkers and Signals from Diseased Functional Organ

10 Molecules in Body Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Shiyang Pan and Xincen Duan

11 Molecules in Signal Pathways . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Shiyang Pan and Wei Zhang

12 Endocrine and Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Shichang Zhang and Xiaoting Chen

13 Immune System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Xiuru Guan

14 Lipoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179Changmin Wang and Zhiwei Li

15 Transport and Carrier Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Changmin Wang and Zhiwei Li

Contents

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16 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207Hong Wang and Yun Ling

17 Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Haitao Ding and Juan He

18 Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229Xianzhang Huang and Enyu Liang

19 Urine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Bingfeng Zhang and Qing Li

20 Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253Lieying Fan

21 Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Wenling Zhang, Yumei Huang, and Jian Xu

22 Translation Research of Novel Biomarker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Shiyang Pan and Yuexinzi Jin

Part III Advanced Molecular Diagnostic Techniques

23 Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Min Wang

24 Digital PCR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329Min Wang and Xianping Li

25 Biosensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Lei Zheng and Ye Zhang

26 Microfluidic Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Xueen Fang

27 Liquid Biopsy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377Jianyu Rao, Weibo Yu, Teresa Kim, and Thomas Lee

28 Molecular-Targeted Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Fang Wang, Jian Xu, and Wenying Xia

29 Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Min Hu and Weimin Wu

30 Circulating DNA Quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Min Hu and Zeyou Wang

31 DNA Methylation Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427Shiyang Pan and Jiexin Zhang

Part IV Disease Presentation and Clinical Laboratory Procedures

32 Immunological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Hong Mu, Chunlei Zhou, Ling Fang, Feng Xie, Yan Zhang, and Huanhuan Chen

33 Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463Qishui Ou, Hong Mu, Chunlei Zhou, Zhaojing Zheng, and Juan Geng

34 Pancreatic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Lu Yang, Huanyu Ju, Yuan Mu, and Chunrong Gu

Contents

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35 Digestive Tract Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511Genyan Liu, Yuqiao Xu, Shiyang Pan, Weijuan Song, Jia Wang, Fei Jin, Zhenzhen Cai, Yi Zhang, and Xiang Qian

36 Kidney Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553Zhaojing Zheng, Juan Geng, Ye Jiang, Meijuan Zhang, Ruixia Yang, Gaoxia Ge, Huaguo Xu, and Xiaojie Zhang

37 Cardiovascular Disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Zhou Zhou and Yahui Lin

38 Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Liang Ming, Ting Sun, Haitao Ding, Juan He, Wenjuan Wu, Min Zhang, Simin Yang, Huaguo Xu, Fang Ni, Shiyang Pan, Qun Zhang, and Yongping Lin

39 Blood Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Zhuang Zuo, Cheng Cameron Yin, Lixia Zhang, Lin Wang, and Zhen Ren

40 Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665Hong Yuan, Jingyuan Zhao, Erfu Xie, Lujiang Yi, Zhaojing Zheng, and Juan Geng

41 Neurological Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717Jie Wu, Yutong Zou, Yingchun Xu, Mengxiao Xie, Zhaojing Zheng, and Juan Geng

42 Reproductive Organ Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751Jinhai Tang, Xiangjun Cheng, Jieshi Xie, Zheng Cao, Yanhong Zhai, and Boyan Song

43 Prenatal Diagnosis and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769Chengcheng Liu, Xiaoting Lou, Jianxin Lyu, Jian Wang, and Yufei Xu

44 Transplant Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801Binwu Ying and Lijuan Wu

45 Paternity Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813Binwu Ying and Juan Zhou

Appendixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Contents

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About the Editors

Shiyang  Pan Prof. Shiyang Pan has studied lung cancer over 20  years, during which time he has found novel biomarkers for NSCLC and authored more than 100 peer-reviewed reports. Dr. Pan is the editor-in-chief of Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, which was published in the end of 2013 by People’s Medical Publishing House (PMPH), and has served on the editorial board of the Chinese Journal of Laboratory Medicine. Dr. Pan is the director of the Laboratory Medicine Department of Nanjing Medical University and the National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine. He is the chairman of the Jiangsu Society of Laboratory Medicine, vice chairman of the Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine and IFCC committee member of Molecular Diagnostics, and he has served on review committees for the NSFC and Health Administration of China.

Jinhai Tang Prof. Tang is Full Professor of General Surgery, the director of Jiangsu Province Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University), and the vice principal of Nanjing Medical University. Prof. Tang is vice president of China Hospital Association (CHA) and vice chairman of the Breast Disease Training Committee, Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA). Prof. Tang is proficient in the diagnosis and treatment of breast can-cer especially in breast conserving surgery. He is one of the active advocates and promoters of the standardized comprehensive diag-nosis and treatment of breast cancer in China. He has achieved a series of innovative achievements in breast cancer diagnosis, surgi-cal treatment, and molecular marker screening and mechanism research related to breast cancer prognosis. In recent years, Prof. Tang has focused on the research on drug resistance mechanism of breast cancer. In the past five years, he is the author of over 100 articles. Several articles have been published in top journals, such as Chemical Society Review, Journal of Controlled Release, and Blood Reviews. Moreover, Prof. Tang has been engaged in hospital man-agement for many years and is the initiator of hospital manage-ment—airport two-way service platform theory.

About the Editors and Contributors

xviii

Hongbing  Shen Prof. Shen is an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is the principal of Nanjing Medical University, director of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Biomarkers and Prevention of Malignant Tumors, director of the Collaborative Innovation Center for Personalized Medicine in Tumors, and director of the International Joint Research Center of “Environment and Human Health.” He is mainly committed to the molecular and epidemiological studies of the environment and tumors, and has made outstanding achievements in the early diagno-sis of tumors, genetic susceptibility and recurrence, and molecular markers of prognosis. He has received the National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation, the National “863” Project, the National “973” Project, the National Natural Science Foundation’s Key Projects, and the Innovation Research Group of the Fund Committee. Currently, he has published more than 400 SCI papers. He has received a series of awards including Outstanding Youth Fund, Changjiang Scholars Special Professor of the Ministry of Education, Special Government Allowance Specialist of the State Council, National Leading Talent of 10 Million Projects, and Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation Science and Technology Progress Award.

Editorial Board

Yongtong Cao Department of Clinical Laboratory, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Liang  Chen Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Ming Chen Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Wei Chen Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China

Yu  Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Wei  Cui Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Erhei Dai Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Medical University, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China

Shengmiao  Fu Central Laboratory, Hainan Provincial People’s Hospital, Haikou, Hainan, People’s Republic of China

Weiling  Fu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Southwest Hospital,The First Affiliated Hospital of the Third MilitaryUniversity, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Chunfang Gao Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Yuhua Gong Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third People′s Hospitel of Zhengjiang, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Ming  Guan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Wei  Guo Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Xiaolin  Guo Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Xiaoke Hao Clinical Laboratory Medicine Center of PLA, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China

Yingyong  Hou Department of Pathology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Zhibin Hu Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Shan Huang Guizhou Nursing Vocational College, Guiyang, People’s Republic of China

Yong  Ji Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Mei  Jia Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Xuemei Jia Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Li  Jiang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

Hui  Kang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Xiaopeng Lan Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Fuzhou General Hospital, PLA, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

Jinming  Li National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Li Li Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Shijun Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Yan Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

Yongzhe  Li Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Pu Liao Chongqing Center for Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Alex J. Liu Mayo Clinic(MayoBlvd.Phoenix), Rochester, USA

Shuye  Liu Clinical Laboratory Department of Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Wenen  Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China

Yong  Liu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengyang, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Zhijuan  Liu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tibet Autonomous Region People’s Hospital, Tibet, People’s Republic of China

Hui  Lu Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xinxin  Lu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Wanshan  Ma Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

Xiaoling Ma Department of Laboratory Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

Hua  Niu Department of Clinical Laboratories, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

Baishen Pan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Lin Peng Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

Jianping Ren Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China

A. Xiangren Department of Laboratory Medicine, People′s Hospitel of Qinghai Province, Xining, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China

Baoen Shan Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People’s Republic of China

Han  Shen Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Lisong Shen Departments of Clinical Laboratory and Urology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Zuojun Shen Department of Clinical Laboratory, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People’s Republic of China

Hongbin  Shen Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Haixiang  Su Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, People’s Republic of China

Guirong  Sun Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

Jianrong Su Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Ziyong Sun Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Aiguo  Tang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Zhihua Tao Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Yaping  Tian Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart-Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Chengbin  Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Clinical Laboratory Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

Hualiang Wang Department of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Centre for Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Hui Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Jianzhong  Wang Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Lanlan Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

Lin  Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

Peichang  Wang Clinical Laboratory of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Qingtao  Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Xiaozhong  Wang Department of Clinical Laborotory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China

Yuming Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

Guoqiu Wu Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Yong  Wu Department of Medicine Clinical Laboratory, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Xinyou Xie Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiasha Campus, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Bin Xu Center of Clinical Laboratory Science, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Guobin  Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Wei  Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Wenrong Xu Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhengjiang, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiaohong Xu Department of Clinical Lab, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Yuanhong  Xu Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People’s Republic of China

Zekuan Xu Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Di  Yang Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Jun Yu Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA

Bingchang  Zhang Department of Microbiology, Clinical Laboratory, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

Guoxin  Zhang Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Hua  Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou University, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China

Man  Zhang Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Xin  Zhang Clinical Laboratory, Hospital of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

Yunli Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Zhan Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

Zhihong Zhang Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xin Zhao Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Qin  Zhou The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

Yiwen  Zhou Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Contributors

Zhenzhen Cai Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Yingping Cao Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

Zheng Cao Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Huanhuan  Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiaoting Chen Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiangjun  Cheng Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Haitao  Ding Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China

Lutao Du The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

Xincen Duan Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Yong  Duan Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

Gaowei Fan Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Lieying Fan Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Ling Fang Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

Xueen  Fang Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Gaoxia  Ge Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Juan Geng Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Chunrong Gu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiuru Guan The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People’s Republic of China

Chenglu He Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China

Juan He Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China

Min Hu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Xianzhang Huang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Yumei Huang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hunan Cancer Hospital and Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Ye  Jiang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Fei Jin Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Yuexinzi Jin Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Huanyu  Ju Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Teresa Kim Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Thomas Lee Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Qing Li Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xianping Li Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Zhiwei  Li Clinical Laboratory Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

Enyu  Liang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Yahui Lin Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Yongping Lin Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China

Yun  Ling Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Chengcheng  Liu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Genyan Liu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiaoting  Lou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education of China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Jianxin Lyu Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Qinghe Meng Department of Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Liang Ming Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

Hong Mu Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Yuan  Mu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Fang  Ni Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Qishui  Ou The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

Shiyang Pan Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xiang Qian Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Xu Qian Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China

Xue Qin Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China

Jianyu Rao Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Zhen  Ren Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Zhiyun  Shi Department of Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China

Boyan  Song Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Weijuan Song Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Ting  Sun Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China

Jinhai Tang Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Yongqing Tong Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China

Changmin  Wang Clinical Laboratory Center, People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

Chuanxin Wang The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, People’s Republic of China

Fang Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Hong Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

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Jia  Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Jian  Wang Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Lin  Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Lixin  Wang Department of Medical Experimental Center, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China

Min Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Qingtao  Wang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Zeyou Wang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Jie  Wu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Lijuan Wu Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

Weimin Wu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Wenjuan Wu Shanghai East Hospital South Branch Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Wenying Xia Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Erfu  Xie Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Feng Xie Department of Laboratory Medicine Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People’s Republic of China

Jieshi Xie Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Mengxiao Xie Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Huaguo Xu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Jian  Xu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Yingchun Xu Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Yufei  Xu Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

xxvii

Yuqiao  Xu Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Lu  Yang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Ruixia Yang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Simin Yang Shanghai East Hospital South Branch Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Lujiang  Yi Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Cheng  Cameron  Yin Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

Binwu Ying Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

Weibo Yu Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Hong Yuan Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, People’s Republic of China

Yanhong  Zhai Department of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Bingfeng  Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Jiexin Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Lixia Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Meijuan Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Min Zhang Shanghai East Hospital South Branch Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Qun Zhang The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China

Shichang  Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Wei  Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Wenling Zhang Department of Medical Laboratory Science, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China

Xiaojie Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

About the Editors and Contributors

xxviii

Yan  Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China

Ye  Zhang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Yi Zhang Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People’s Republic of China

Yutong Zou Department of Laboratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Jingyuan Zhao The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, People’s Republic of China

Lei  Zheng Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

Zhaojing Zheng Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China

Chunlei Zhou Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China

Juan Zhou Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China

Zhou  Zhou Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases & Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

Xianjin Zhu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

Zhuang Zuo Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA

About the Editors and Contributors