Clinical Lab Equipmentrev 2016-02-25this is now slide 1 do not print it to pdf

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Clinical Laboratory EquipmentAn Introduction for Biomedical

Equipment Technicians

University of Washington Scientific InstrumentsBenjamin K. Roberts, CBET, M.S. February 2015 – North Seattle Community College

rev cewood 2016-02-25

Key PointsClinical Lab Equipment:

Be able to associate lab functions from this list of devices:- centrifuges: chemistry - mixers / shakers: chemistry- incubators: microbiology- slide strainers: pathology- microtomes: pathology- microscopes: hematology, microbiologyKnow the 7 circled parts of a table-top microscope in the attached graphicKnow the two factors determining the RCF of a centrifugeKnow the four points of PM on a centrifuge

Introduction to Scientific Instruments• Scientific Instruments

• University of Washington Health Sciences• Department is over 50 yrs old• Services a total of over 21,000 pieces of equipment• Over 400 device types• 25 employees (and growing)• Provides service to UWMC, HMC, CHMC, UWPN, SCCA, NWH, UW, & others

Agenda

•Clinical Laboratory Organization•Equipment Classification & Examples•In-depth Examples•Centrifuges•Microscopes

Overview

• Clinical Laboratories are a key component of modern medical care.• Along with surgery and imaging, they generate the bulk of an

Institution’s revenue.• Labs are filled with expensive specialized equipment.• Opportunity for Biomed Techs to save $$$

Vocabulary

•Clinical Lab• Lab that performs tests used to aid healthcare

professionals in diagnosing and treating patients•Sample• Body fluids, gases or tissues taken from patients

•Reagent• A substance combined with a sample as part of a test

•Control• A body derived substance used for quality assurance

•Standard• A substance or device used to calibrate an instrument

Clinical Laboratory Organization• Medical Director is usually a Pathologist• CLS generates large revenues for an institution & tends to have a lot

of political clout.• Divided into departments based on types of samples being studied.• Staff are usually well trained and are experts on the use of the

equipment.

Clinical Lab Departments

• Specimen Processing• Receive, document & pre-process all samples

• Chemistry• Measure pH, ion & gas concentrations in blood & urine samples

• Microbiology• Identify infectious microorganisms

More Clinical Lab Departments

•Hematology•Measure blood component concentration and function

•Virology• Identify & quantify viruses

•Genetics• Identify genetic disorders

•Pathology• Collect, prepare and analyze tissue samples

Pathology Specialties

• Autopsy• Collect samples from autopsies for further study

• Gross Anatomy• Select tissue samples from autopsy and surgical specimens for further

processing

• Cytology• Preserve samples & prepare slides for microscopic evaluation

Classification of Lab Equipment

• Difficult due to the number of device types• Some devices are used in all departments• Others are department or test specific• Classification by Department (Pathology)• Classification by Function

• Sample Processing• Sample Separation• Measurement

Sample Processing Equipment

• Centrifuges• Mixers, Shakers & Hot Plates• Pipettes• Incubators

Centrifuges

• Devices that spin samples to separate mixtures by sedimentation• Key OEMs: IEC, Sorvall, Jouan, Savant, Eppendorff

Mixers, Shakers, Hot Plates

• Used to mix samples & reagents• Key OEMs. Gene, Labline, Hoefer, Thermo

Pipettes

•Used to measure samples and reagents•Available in a variety of

sizes, styles and manufacturers.•Require special scale

for calibration

Incubators• Used primarily in Microbiology to

culture samples• Typically have temperature, CO2 and

humidity controls.•Key OEMS: Thermo Forma,

Napco & Shel-Labs

Sample Processing Equipment for Pathology• Tissue Processors• Imbedding Station• Microtomes• Slide Stainers• Cover Slippers

Tissue Processors

• “Fixes” (Preserves) tissue samples for later analysis•Reagents• Ethanol• Formalin• Xylene• Paraffin

•Automated with many moving parts

Imbedding Station

• Imbeds fixed sample into blocks of paraffin in preparation for slicing

Microtome

•Slices tissue for slide preparation•Extremely sharp blades•Mostly mechanical•Called a Cryostat when

installed inside of a freezer

Slide Stainers

Cover Slipper

•Places covers on microscope slides•Highly automated•Many moving parts

Sample Separation Equipment

• Centrifugation• Liquid Chromatography (LC)• High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)• Gas Chromatography (CG & GCMS)• Electrophoresis

Liquid Chromatography (LC)

Gas Chromatography (GC & GCMS)

Electrophoresis

Measurement Methods and Equipment

Method• Volume•Mass• Electrochemical• DNA / RNA Probes• Spectroscopic• Visual Inspection

Equipment• Calipers • Scales• Electrophoresis• PCR• Spectrophotometers• Microscopes

Laboratory Scales

•Measure samples & reagents•Come in a variety of

ranges

• Key OEMs: Mettler, Ohaus, Sartorius

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)•Used to amplify DNA in

samples•Functions like a

programmable heating/ cooling plate. • (Denaturion 94-96ºC)• (Annealing 50-65ºC)• Key OEMs: Applied Biosystems, MJ

Research, Eppindorff

Spectrophotometers

• Based on sample’s interaction with light

Overview Summary

• Clinical Laboratories are complex environments.• The variety and complexity of equipment offers endless possibilities

for professional growth.

Centrifugation

• Uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures• Used in all areas of the lab• Wide variety of sizes and speeds• Basic Components

• Motor• Rotor• Controls

In-depth Look at Centrifuges and Microscopes

RPM vs. RCF

• RPM• Rotational speed of the rotor in revolutions per minute

• RCF• Relative Centrifugal Force in g (force of gravity)

Calculating RCF

RCF = 11.17 x Rmax x (RPM /1000)2

• Rmax sample radius in cm• RPM rotor speed in revolutions per minute

Classes of Centrifuge

Low Speed Superspeed Ultraspeed

Max Speed (RPM) 10k 28k 100k

Max Force (RCF) 7k 100k 800k

Centrifuge Types

Centrifuge Maintenance

• Electrical leakage/safety• Check the brushes• Rotor Inspection• Lid latch issues• Verifying speed

Centrifuge Safety

Microscopes• Bright field• Phase Contrast • Polarized Light• Fluorescent

Proper configuration of the microscope with regard to illumination, which is a critical parameter which must be fulfilled in order to achieve optimal performance.

http://www.microscopyu.com/tutorials/java/kohler/

Microscope Alignment for Köhler Illumination

Phase Contrast