© 2012 Al Aboud and Al Aboud, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd. This is an Open Access article which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, provided the original work is properly cited.

Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2012:5 15–21

Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology

Eponyms in dermatology literature linked to Japan

Ahmad Al Aboud1

Khalid Al Aboud2

1Dermatology Department, King Abdullah Medical City, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Correspondence: Khalid Al Aboud Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1072, USA Tel +1 336 713 5933 Fax +1 336 716 7595 Email amoa65@hotmail.com

Abstract: There are many different eponyms in common use in dermatology today, originating

from a variety of countries worldwide. This review discusses a selection of dermatological

eponyms that are linked to Japan.

Keywords: eponymous diseases, skin diseases, Japanese, historical context

IntroductionIn medicine, eponyms are disease processes, anatomical structures, clinical findings,

and so forth that are named after their discoverer or the person in whom the disease

was first described. The dermatology literature is rich with eponyms,1 with the origins

and histories of these eponyms covering many different countries. This article provides

an overview of eponymous medical conditions that present as skin changes and have

names that are in some way linked to Japan (Table 1).2–22

DiscussionThe East Asian island nation of Japan is a major economic power and a leading nation

in scientific research. Japan’s population is estimated at around 127.3 million, and

it has the highest life expectancy rate in the world.23 Japan also has a deep-rooted

history of dermatology. Dr Keizou Dohi, a professor at Tokyo Imperial University,

established the Japanese Dermatological Association in December 1900. The associa-

tion’s first annual meeting was held in April 1901, and in that same year the Journal

of Dermatology and Urology, now known as the Japanese Journal of Dermatology,

was first issued.24

Japan has made many excellent contributions in science, including, in particular,

the first recorded description of several skin diseases.25 However, many of these

diseases have not been named after their discoverer or the person in whom the

disease was first described. For example, erythema nodosum leprosum was first

described by Mosuke Murata,26 erythromelanosis follicularis faciei was first

reported by Kitamura,20 and shiitake dermatitis (a skin condition caused by eating

raw or only slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms) was first reported by Takehiko

Nakamura.27 Although the use of eponyms in medicine has both its advantages and

its disadvantages, in this review the authors wish to draw attention to the fact that

eponyms that originate from a given place do not always reflect the contributions

of its scientists.

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Open Access Full Text Article

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Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2012:5

Tab

le 1

Sel

ecte

d ep

onym

s fr

om t

he d

erm

atol

ogy

liter

atur

e th

at a

re li

nked

to

Japa

n

Epo

nym

Bac

kgro

und

Ché

diak

–Hig

ashi

sy

ndro

me

A r

are

auto

som

al r

eces

sive

dis

orde

r ca

used

by

a qu

alita

tive

defe

ct in

leuk

ocyt

e fu

nctio

n, c

hara

cter

ized

clin

ical

ly b

y pa

rtia

l ocu

locu

tane

ous

albi

nism

, rec

urre

nt b

acte

rial

in

fect

ions

, pho

toph

obia

, and

per

iphe

ral n

euro

path

y.2

Begu

ez C

esar

des

crib

ed t

he d

isor

der

in 1

943;

Ste

inbr

inck

des

crib

ed it

in 1

948;

Ale

xand

er M

oisé

s C

hédi

ak (

born

190

3), i

n 19

52; a

nd O

toka

ta H

igas

hi, i

n 19

54.

Ché

diak

was

a C

uban

phy

sici

an a

nd s

erol

ogis

t. H

igas

hi is

a Ja

pane

se p

edia

tric

ian;

he

grad

uate

d fr

om T

ohok

u U

nive

rsity

, Sen

dai,

Japa

n, a

nd w

as a

pro

fess

or o

f ped

iatr

ics

at A

kita

Uni

vers

ity, A

kita

, Jap

an.

Iso–

Kik

uchi

syn

drom

eT

he o

ther

nam

e fo

r co

ngen

ital o

nych

odys

plas

ia o

f the

inde

x fin

gers

, a r

are

cond

ition

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y va

riou

s fo

rms

of n

ail d

yspl

asia

com

mon

ly in

volv

ing

the

inde

x fin

gers

. Th

e co

nditi

on w

as fi

rst

repo

rted

by

Ryos

uke

Iso

(193

7–20

09; F

igur

e 1)

,3 and

late

r by

Ichi

ro K

ikuc

hi (b

orn

1936

; Fig

ure

2).4

The

dis

ease

was

giv

en t

he n

ame

Iso–

Kik

uchi

syn

drom

e by

Bar

an5 i

n 19

80.

Iso

was

a g

radu

ate

of K

eio

Uni

vers

ity, T

okyo

, Jap

an, s

tudy

ing

in t

he D

epar

tmen

t of

Pla

stic

Sur

gery

. Y

oshi

aki S

akam

oto,

Dep

artm

ent

of P

last

ic a

nd R

econ

stru

ctiv

e Su

rger

y, C

rani

o-m

axill

ofac

ial S

urge

ry, K

eio

Uni

vers

ity S

choo

l of M

edic

ine,

Tok

yo, J

apan

. K

ikuc

hi is

a c

onte

mpo

rary

Japa

nese

der

mat

olog

ist

Ito–R

eens

tiern

a te

stA

n in

trad

erm

al t

est

usin

g in

activ

ated

Hae

mop

hilu

s du

crey

i for

dia

gnos

is o

f cha

ncro

id; a

pos

itive

del

ayed

rea

ctio

n is

indi

cativ

e of

a p

rese

nt o

r pa

st in

fect

ion.

N

amed

afte

r H

ayaz

o Ito

(bo

rn 1

865)

,6 a Ja

pane

se s

urge

on.

Ito p

ublis

hed

num

erou

s w

orks

in t

he fi

elds

of s

urge

ry a

nd o

rtho

pedi

cs, b

oth

in G

erm

an a

nd Ja

pane

se.

Kab

uki s

yndr

ome

Als

o kn

own

as K

abuk

i mak

eup

synd

rom

e, it

was

firs

t de

scri

bed

in 1

981

by t

wo

diffe

rent

gro

ups

of a

utho

rs in

Japa

n; t

hese

inve

stig

ator

s de

scri

bed

a gr

oup

of p

atie

nts

shar

ing

typi

cal f

acia

l fea

ture

s, s

kele

tal a

nom

alie

s, m

enta

l ret

arda

tion,

sho

rt s

tatu

re, a

nd d

erm

atog

lyph

ic a

nom

alie

s.

The

ter

m “

Kab

uki m

akeu

p sy

ndro

me”

was

coi

ned

beca

use

of t

he p

ecul

iar

faci

al fe

atur

es o

f the

pat

ient

s be

ing

rem

inis

cent

of J

apan

ese

Kab

uki t

heat

er m

asks

.7

Kaw

asak

i dis

ease

An

auto

imm

une

dise

ase

in w

hich

the

med

ium

-siz

ed b

lood

ves

sels

thr

ough

out

the

body

bec

ome

infla

med

; it

is la

rgel

y se

en in

chi

ldre

n un

der

5 ye

ars

of a

ge, a

nd it

affe

cts

man

y or

gan

syst

ems

– m

ainl

y th

ose

incl

udin

g th

e bl

ood

vess

els,

ski

n, m

ucou

s m

embr

anes

, and

lym

ph n

odes

. Its

rar

e bu

t m

ost

seri

ous

effe

ct is

on

the

hear

t, w

here

it c

an c

ause

fata

l cor

onar

y ar

tery

ane

urys

ms

in u

ntre

ated

chi

ldre

n.

The

dis

ease

was

firs

t de

scri

bed

by T

omis

aku

Kaw

asak

i (bo

rn 1

925,

Tok

yo; F

igur

e 3)

, a Ja

pane

se p

edia

tric

ian.

8 K

awas

aki p

ublis

hed

a de

scri

ptio

n in

Japa

nese

in 1

967

and

a de

scri

ptio

n in

Eng

lish

in 1

974.

Ker

atos

is fo

llicu

lari

s

squa

mos

a (D

ohi)

A k

ind

of fo

llicu

lar

kera

tosi

s, in

whi

ch s

cale

s ap

pear

ele

vate

d fr

om t

he s

kin

surf

ace,

rem

inis

cent

of l

otus

leav

es fl

oatin

g on

wat

er.9

Kei

zo D

ohi (

1866

–193

1; F

igur

e 4)

was

a Ja

pane

se d

erm

atol

ogis

t an

d ur

olog

ist;

he is

con

side

red

the

foun

der

of Ja

pane

se d

erm

atol

ogy.

9 D

ohi s

tudi

ed d

erm

atol

ogy

in v

ienn

a.

Ret

urni

ng t

o Ja

pan

in 1

898,

Doh

i ass

umed

the

pos

t of

pro

fess

or o

f der

mat

olog

y an

d ur

olog

y at

Tok

yo U

nive

rsity

, Tok

yo, J

apan

; he

rem

aine

d in

thi

s po

st u

ntil

1926

. D

ohi d

ied

in T

okyo

in 1

931.

Kik

uchi

dis

ease

Als

o kn

own

as h

istio

cytic

nec

rotiz

ing

lym

phad

eniti

s an

d K

ikuc

hi–F

ujim

oto

dise

ase,

it is

a r

are,

non

canc

erou

s en

larg

emen

t of

the

lym

ph n

odes

; Kik

uchi

dis

ease

can

be

asso

ciat

ed w

ith c

utan

eous

man

ifest

atio

ns.10

,11

Mas

ahir

o K

ikuc

hi fi

rst

desc

ribe

d th

e di

seas

e in

Japa

n in

197

2, a

nd F

ujim

oto

also

inde

pend

ently

des

crib

ed it

.10

Kim

ura

dise

ase

A c

hron

ic in

flam

mat

ory

diso

rder

of u

nkno

wn

etio

logy

tha

t m

ost

com

mon

ly p

rese

nts

as p

ainl

ess,

uni

late

ral c

ervi

cal l

ymph

aden

opat

hy o

r su

bcut

aneo

us m

asse

s in

the

hea

d or

ne

ck r

egio

n.

Con

trov

ersy

exi

sts

in t

he li

tera

ture

reg

ardi

ng w

heth

er K

imur

a di

seas

e an

d an

giol

ymph

oid

hype

rpla

sia

with

eos

inop

hilia

are

the

sam

e en

tity.

T

he fi

rst

know

n re

port

of K

imur

a di

seas

e w

as fr

om C

hina

in 1

937,

whe

n K

imm

and

Sze

to id

entifi

ed s

even

cas

es o

f the

con

ditio

n.

It w

as n

amed

Kim

ura

dise

ase

in 1

948,

whe

n K

imur

a an

d ot

hers

not

ed a

cha

nge

in t

he s

urro

undi

ng b

lood

ves

sels

and

ref

erre

d to

it a

s “u

nusu

al g

ranu

latio

n co

mbi

ned

with

hy

perp

last

ic c

hang

es in

lym

phoi

d tis

sue”

.12

Mits

uda

reac

tion

Ref

ers

to a

lepr

omin

tes

t w

hen

it is

rea

d at

3–4

wee

ks.

Ken

suke

Mits

uda

(187

6–19

64; F

igur

e 5)

is k

now

n as

the

fath

er o

f Han

sen

dise

ase

cont

rol i

n Ja

pan.

13

Mits

uda’

s fir

st id

ea w

as t

o di

ffere

ntia

te le

pros

y fr

om n

on-le

pros

y, b

ut h

is r

eact

ion

was

foun

d to

diff

eren

tiate

lepr

omat

ous

lepr

osy

from

tub

ercu

loid

lepr

osy;

he

repo

rted

his

fin

ding

s in

192

3.

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Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2012:5

Nev

us o

f Ito

A d

erm

al m

elan

ocyt

ic c

ondi

tion

affe

ctin

g th

e sh

ould

er a

rea.

In

itial

ly d

escr

ibed

by

Min

or It

o in

195

4.14

Nev

us o

f Ota

Orig

inal

ly d

escr

ibed

by

Mas

ao O

ta (1

885–

1945

; Fig

ure

6) a

nd T

anin

o in

193

9, it

is a

ham

arto

ma

of d

erm

al m

elan

ocyt

es th

at p

rese

nts

with

a b

lue

hype

rpig

men

tatio

n on

the

face

. O

ta (

also

spe

lled

Oht

a) w

as a

Japa

nese

aut

hor,

dra

mat

urge

, poe

t, ar

t hi

stor

ian,

and

lite

rary

cri

tic, a

s w

ell a

s a

licen

sed

doct

or s

peci

aliz

ing

in d

erm

atol

ogy

duri

ng t

he T

aish

o an

d ea

rly

Show

a pe

riod

s in

Japa

n.

Ota

’s p

en n

ame

was

Mok

utar

o K

inos

hita

or

Kin

oshi

ta M

okut

aro.

O

ta s

erve

d at

sev

eral

uni

vers

ities

in Ja

pan

as p

rofe

ssor

of d

erm

atol

ogy

and

a no

ted

lepr

osy

rese

arch

er.15

Ofu

ji di

seas

eA

form

of e

osin

ophi

lic fo

llicu

litis

, an

itchy

ras

h w

ith a

n un

know

n ca

use

that

is m

ost

com

mon

am

ong

indi

vidu

als

with

HIv

, tho

ugh

it ca

n oc

cur

in H

Iv-n

egat

ive

indi

vidu

als,

w

here

it is

kno

wn

by t

he e

pony

m O

fuji

dise

ase.

16

Papu

loer

ythr

oder

ma

of

Ofu

jiA

rar

e di

sord

er m

ost

com

mon

ly fo

und

in Ja

pan,

cha

ract

eriz

ed b

y pr

uriti

c pa

pule

s th

at s

pare

the

ski

n fo

lds,

pro

duci

ng b

ands

of u

ninv

olve

d cu

tis, c

reat

ing

the

so-c

alle

d

“dec

k ch

air

sign

.”

Cha

ract

eriz

ed in

198

4 by

Ofu

ji et

al.17

Ret

icul

ate

ac

ropi

gmen

tatio

n

of D

ohi

A r

are,

aut

osom

al d

omin

ant

diso

rder

ori

gina

lly d

escr

ibed

by

Tom

aya

in 1

910.

D

ohi r

epor

ted

the

cond

ition

in t

wel

ve Ja

pane

se p

atie

nts

in 1

920;

the

cas

es w

ere

late

r de

scri

bed

by K

omay

a, in

192

4, a

s sy

mm

etri

cal a

crop

igm

enta

tion

of D

ohi.18

T

he t

erm

“dy

schr

omat

osis

sym

met

rica

her

edita

ry”

is m

ore

wid

ely

used

and

was

des

igna

ted

by T

omay

a in

Japa

n in

192

9.

Ret

icul

ate

acro

pigm

enta

tion

of D

ohi a

nd d

ysch

rom

atos

is s

ymm

etri

ca h

ered

itary

are

con

side

red

iden

tical

. N

amed

afte

r K

eizo

Doh

i (se

e K

erat

osis

folli

cula

ris

squa

mos

a (D

ohi)

sect

ion)

.R

etic

ulat

e

acro

pigm

enta

tion

of

Kita

mur

a

A d

isor

der

of p

igm

enta

tion

that

was

firs

t de

scri

bed

in Ja

pan.

19

Mos

t re

port

ed c

ases

hav

e be

en in

pat

ient

s of

Asi

an e

thni

city

. T

his

cond

ition

is n

amed

afte

r K

aneh

iko

Kita

mur

a (F

igur

e 7)

. Se

e K

itam

ura20

for

a co

mpl

ete

essa

y on

Kita

mur

a.T

akay

asu

arte

ritis

Als

o kn

own

as “

puls

eles

s di

seas

e,”

it is

a fo

rm o

f lar

ge v

esse

l vas

culit

is o

ften

affe

ctin

g yo

ung

or m

iddl

e-ag

ed w

omen

of A

sian

des

cent

. D

escr

ibed

by

Mik

ito T

akay

asu

(186

0–19

38; F

igur

e 8)

, a Ja

pane

se o

phth

alm

olog

ist

who

was

pro

fess

or o

f oph

thal

mol

ogy

at K

anaz

awa

Uni

vers

ity, K

anaz

awa,

Ishi

kaw

a, Ja

pan.

21

vog

t–K

oyan

agi–

Har

ada

synd

rom

eC

hara

cter

ized

by

uvei

tis, p

olio

sis,

viti

ligo,

and

men

ingi

tis.

Nam

ed fo

r A

lfred

vog

t (1

879–

1943

), Y

oshi

zo K

oyan

agi (

1880

–195

4; F

igur

e 9)

, and

Ein

osuk

e H

arad

a (1

892–

1946

; Fig

ure

10).

vog

t w

as a

Sw

iss

opht

halm

olog

ist.

Koy

anag

i was

a Ja

pane

se o

phth

alm

olog

ist.

Koy

anag

i rec

eive

d hi

s m

edic

al e

duca

tion

at th

e Im

peria

l Uni

vers

ity in

Kyo

to, J

apan

; he

grad

uate

d in

190

8 an

d st

udie

d op

htha

lmol

ogy

unde

r pr

ofes

sor

Ikuj

iro A

saya

ma

(186

1–19

15).22

In

rec

ogni

tion

of K

oyan

agi’s

out

stan

ding

con

trib

utio

n an

d pu

blic

atio

ns, t

he g

over

nmen

t co

nfer

red

on h

im t

he p

osth

umou

s D

ecor

atio

n of

the

Sec

ond

Ord

er o

f the

Sa

cred

Tre

asur

e.22

H

arad

a w

as a

Japa

nese

oph

thal

mol

ogis

t. H

arad

a gr

adua

ted

from

Tok

yo U

nive

rsity

, Tok

yo, J

apan

, in

1917

; he

carr

ied

out

rese

arch

in t

he D

epar

tmen

t of

Pha

rmac

olog

y an

d w

as g

rant

ed t

he d

egre

e of

Doc

tor

of

Med

ical

Sci

ence

for

stud

ies

of o

cula

r ph

arm

acol

ogy.

H

arad

a st

arte

d to

pra

ctic

e in

the

city

of N

agas

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Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology 2012:5

Figure 3 Tomisaku Kawasaki.

Figure 4 Keizo Dohi.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from the Japanese Dermatological Association.

Figure 1 Ryosuke Iso.Note: Image courtesy of Yoshiaki Sakamoto, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Figure 2 Ichiro Kikuchi.

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Figure 8 Mikito Takayasu.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from Numano.21

Figure 5 Kensuke Mitsuda.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Figure 6 Masao Ota (Mokutaro Kinoshita).Note: Reproduced with kind permission from the Ito City Board of Education, Shizuoka, Japan.

Figure 7 Kanehiko Kitamura.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from Kitamura.20

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Figure 10 Einosuke Harada.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from Herbort and Mochizuki.22

DisclosureThe authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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Figure 9 Yoshizo Koyanagi.Note: Reproduced with kind permission from Tohoku University Archives, Sendai Miyagi, Japan.

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26. Kikuchi I. Mosuke Murata, the designator of erythema nodosum leprosum. Lepr Rev. 2009;80(1):92–95.

27. Nakamura T, Kobayashi A. Toxicodermia cause by the edible mushroom shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Hautarzt. 1985;36(10):591–593. German.

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