i

Fourth Annual Report

The Climate, Water, and Carbon Program

A Targeted Investment in Excellence

funded by The Ohio State University Office of Academic Affairs

and the Office of Research June 30, 2010

Note: Please do not print this document; it is 200 pages in length.

ii

Preface

The Climate, Water, and Carbon Program (CWC) is pleased to provide this Fourth Annual Report for review by OAA and OR. This report is prepared and submitted by the CWC

Advisory Board and the Administrative Deans who oversee the CWC. These groups include: CWC Advisory Board:

Doug Alsdorf, School of Earth Sciences, NMS, alsdorf.1@osu.edu

Carolyn Chapman1, Office of Development, chapman.345@osu.edu

Andy Keeler2, John Glenn School of Public Affairs, keeler.29@osu.edu

Linda Labao, Human and Community Resource Development, FAES, lobao.1@osu.edu

Clark Larsen, Department of Anthropology, SBS, larsen.53@osu.edu

Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Department of Geography, SBS, thompson.4@osu.edu

Amanda Rodewald, School of Environ. & Natural Resources, FAES, rodewald.1@osu.edu

Brent Sohngen, Agricultural, Environmental, & Development Economics, sohngen.1@osu.edu

Jan Weisenberger, Office of Research, weisenberger.21@osu.edu

CWC Deans:

Bobby Moser, Dean of Food, Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, moser.2@osu.edu

Matt Platz, Dean of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, platz.1@osu.edu

Gifford Weary, Dean of Social & Behavioral Sciences, weary.1@osu.edu

Notes: 1Carolyn Chapman has accepted a new position and has stepped-down from the Advisory Board. 2Andy Keeler has accepted a new position in North Carolina and will leave OSU in June.

iii

Table of Contents

I. Executive Summary Narrative ……………………………………………...….. 1

II. Accomplishments to Date Narrative …………...…………………………….. 2

III. Efforts to Address PPAC and OAA/OR Concerns …….....……………….. 3

IV. Integration Across College Boundaries ………………………………….. 4

V. Details of Accomplishments to Date ……………………………………..…. 4

VI. Implementation Issues ……………………………………………………....... 5

VII. Metrics for Gauging Success ………………………………………………… 5

VIII. Future of the CWC …………………………………………………………….. 5

IX. Names and Contacts for Potential CWC Reviewers ……………………… 6

Appendices

A. Annual Reports of Core Projects …………………………………………. 9 - 79

B. Reports of the Seed Grants .....……………………………………………. 81 - 114 C. CWC Publications ………………………………………………………… 115 - 128 D. CWC Proposals ……...........……………………………………………… 129 - 133

E. Budgets for Individual Core Projects and Seed Grants .......................... 134 - 141

1

Fourth Annual Report

The Climate, Water, and Carbon Program June 30, 2010

I. Executive Summary Narrative

Are we causing an abrupt change in climate, today? What is the variability in our surface water? How can disruptions in the carbon cycle be changed through land use practices? What

policies should government use to deal with these questions and their answers? OSU’s Climate, Water, and Carbon Program (CWC) is designed to address these important “foundational

questions”. Because these questions cover a number of disciplines, the CWC brings together faculty from five colleges and multiple departments to work together, forming interdisciplinary teams. Through the actions of the CWC advisory board, director, and oversight deans, six core

projects have been built with faculty leadership of each. The core projects are funded at $700K to $2M. The six core projects are each individually focused on one or two of the CWC’s

foundational questions. The projects include, (1) “Satellite Hydrology with Emphasis on the Amazon and Congo River Basins”, (2) “Carbon Management In Terrestrial Ecosystems”, (3) “Low-latitude glacier retreat: Evidence of accelerating climate change and impacts on local to

regional water resources”, (4) “Designing Incentives for Ecosystem Services”, (5) “Designing effective land management policies for the 21st century Ohio River Basin”, and (6) “Quantifying

the geophysical causes of present-day global sea level rises”. In addition to these core projects, the CWC has funded 21 one-year seed grants that also address the foundational questions. These smaller projects range from $15K to $250K in funding. Two $100K projects are in a partnership

with the PHPID TIE. Faculty are one of the most important aspects of the University. The CWC has already

partnered with FAES and Arts & Sciences (Divisions of NMS and SBS) to hire five new faculty. These five are working on environmental risk analysis (Robyn Wilson of FAES), glacier dynamics (Ian Howat of A&S), climate models (Jialin Lin of A&S), microbiology (Zhongtang

Yu, FAES), and hydrology (Mike Durand, A&S). The CWC Revised Governance plan that was approved in December 2008 (see CWC Third Annual Report) indicates that one more faculty

member will be hired by A&S (Division of SBS). These six faculty form the initial commitments made by the CWC partnered colleges. The Revised Governance plan also approved a campus-wide open-call for more faculty positions. An RFP was issued in September

2009, which resulted in 3 new faculty positions. The CWC was instrumental in developing these positions as a cluster hire in hydrology with each allied department contributing at least 50% of

the funds with the remainder from the CWC. It is anticipated that one more faculty hire will be made after the completion of these three, bringing the total to 10 new faculty as a result of CWC actions.

The following results exemplify the success of CWC actions. (1) New grants won, as a direct outcome of CWC actions, total nearly $16M. This exceeds the $11.35M cash investment

in the CWC made by OSU and is a doubling over last year’s tally, suggesting the potential for continued success in the year ahead. (2) CWC researchers have published more than 250 peer-reviewed papers, again as a direct result of OSU’s investment. Some of these papers have been

highly regarded in national and international press as well as providing the basis for testimonies on Capitol Hill. This number of papers exceeds last year’s total by over a 100, thus suggesting

that research has quickly ramped-up from initial group interactions to fully interactive and

2

productive scholarship. (3) The CWC is funding 152 OSU people. This is a phenomenal number of students, faculty, and staff actively engaged in CWC funded research.

The successes noted above are a foundation upon which to build a sustainable, stand-alone CWC or to transition the program into an existing center or institute. The CWC Advisory

Board and the administrative oversight (deans, OR, OAA) have all approved the concept of hiring a new staff member who will lead funding initiatives targeted for development, foundations, and industry. CWC researchers are already successful at winning Federal grants,

but, because the CWC is now fully functioning and established cross-campus integration, there is an opportunity to expand the funding pool to non-Federal sources.

II. Accomplishments to Date Narrative

Accomplishments include easily measurable results as well as actions that are more difficult to quantify, but still important especially for shaping the culture of research toward

solving interdisciplinary questions. (1) New faculty and researcher hires. As noted in the Executive Summary, the CWC has made

five new faculty hires and anticipates making five more hires. These five hires are quickly integrating with existing OSU faculty, via the CWC core projects, and have thus partnered with OSU faculty to generate $7.6M in winning grants and another $7.1M in grants that are presently

under review. This demonstrates both the integrative nature of the CWC and the excellence in our new hires. The CWC anticipates more success with five more hires. As noted below, in

Section III, the CWC has implemented a cross-campus approach to making new faculty hires. This approach has already started three new faculty searches. Two more hires are also anticipated.

(2) An interdisciplinary research structure. The OSU funds have allowed cross-campus integration to be developed and sustained long enough to establish research teams that are now

raising grant moneys toward becoming self-supporting (see quantitative measures noted below). This integration includes 44 faculty from five colleges and the John Glenn School. This structure is used during recruiting of new faculty, noted above. The OSU funds demonstrate to our new

hires that OSU fully supports the CWC. The combination of the large cash award and annual rate is essentially unprecedented amongst all universities. This is a significant attractor to new hires,

especially as they are interviewed in many departments, rather than only within the home TIU. (3) Further enhancing the University reputation. CWC researchers have published over 250 peer-reviewed papers in just three years. Several of these papers have attracted national and

international press including web, newspapers, and television outlets. Some papers are the basis for testimonies on Capitol Hill. Still others are the foundations for large international groups

such as those that underpin the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission (SWOT). OSU is the only university involved in SWOT, a $450M joint NASA-CNES Earth observation mission planned for launch in this decade (an National Academy review has named SWOT a

“Decadal Survey” mission).

In terms of quantitative measures:

The CWC has funded 44 faculty including their students, travel, and equipment.

The CWC has integrated faculty from 5 colleges, i.e., Arts and Sciences (Divisions of

SBS and NMS), Engineering, FAES, CPH, and CVM, and from the John Glenn School, Byrd Polar Research Center, and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC in Wooster).

CWC sponsored researchers have published or submitted over 250 publications.

3

They have already won grants valued at $15.8M, and submitted proposals for nearly

$18M. This only counts those publications and proposals that are a direct outgrowth of OSU’s funding to the CWC.

The CWC is funding in full or in part 58 graduate students, 21 undergraduates, and

19 post-graduate researchers, 26 visiting scientists, and 10 staff. The total number

of OSU people receiving full or partial support from the CWC is 152.

The CWC is jointly funding with the Public Health Preparedness for Infectious

Diseases TIE two projects addressing public health and climate change.

The CWC has a fully operational home on the web that is providing communication to scientific and policy colleagues as well as content directed toward public outreach – take

a look! http://cwc.osu.edu/

The CWC has hosted many seminars, including the visits of President Grímsson of

Iceland and President Ahmed of Bangladesh, leading to joint research commitments. The CWC also hosted a meeting of the Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission attended by 70 researchers from around the world. This Summer, CWC

researchers will host at the new Ohio Union, an international workshop on “Earth’s Disappearing Ice” with over a hundred participants from around the world.

III. Efforts to Address PPAC and OAA/OR Concerns

The third annual review included 10 recommended actions. Combined, these actions focus on (A) continued integration of faculty from multiple colleges, (B) reinvigorating the

process of hiring new faculty, and (C) implementing a strategy for the longevity of the CWC. A memo written by CWC Director Doug Alsdorf and lead Dean Matt Platz was distributed to Vice

Provost Mike Sherman and Vice President Carol Whitacre on July 29, 2009 that described in 9 pages the response to the 10 recommended actions. The following summarizes the CWC efforts that address these recommendations. We have addressed integration concerns by publishing

hundreds of papers that bring together co-authors on new manuscripts and on new proposals and in new teams, i.e., the six core projects. Essentially, the integration issue is resolved. Similarly,

the CWC has solved the issue of making new hires. A memo was circulated on September 24, 2009 with the more than 100 University TIUs. This memo described the process of partnering with the CWC to make new faculty hires. Three new searches have now started. The main issue

to yet be resolved is to determine the long-term future of the CWC. This is discussed below, in the Section VIII.

IV. Integration Across College Boundaries

The integration of researchers from multiple colleges, the John Glenn School, and the Byrd Polar Research Center is a hallmark of CWC success. The core project approach designed

by the CWC, is the critical instrument in building integration. CWC researchers recognize the great value in working together, e.g., policy researchers from the John Glenn School and FAES are now working closely with scientists from Arts & Sciences toward establishing the societal

impact of scientific findings. The success of this integration is demonstrated in the peer reviewed publications and new proposals submitted or grants won (Appendices C and D). Many of these

most recent papers, proposals, and grants are co-authored by teams of OSU researchers who have not previously collaborated.

Additional indicators of integrated activities include the several national and international

meetings hosted by the CWC. These include the McCormick Climate Change conference (see:

4

http://mccormickc3.com/home.html), the International Symposium on Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia which was held at the University of Dhaka, the SWOT Hydrology

workshop (http://swot.jpl.nasa.gov/meetings/), and this Summer’s Symposium on Earth’s Disappearing Ice: Drivers, Responses and Impacts. Collectively, these meetings have involved

nearly 1000 researchers, journalists, and agency administrators.

V. Details of Accomplishments to Date

The overarching organizational accomplishment of the CWC is that faculty from multiple

colleges and research centers are now regularly meeting and continuously working together to solve difficult and deeply important problems facing society at global to local scales. The six

core projects are the cornerstone of this organization. These are typically funded at $0.7M to $2M and include faculty from at least two colleges and encompass $8.3M in CWC funds. Annual reports from the six core projects are included in Appendix A. Seed grants have also

been useful to motivate faculty toward new research. A total of 21 seed grants have been funded at $15K to $120K each (see Appendix B) using $1.1M in CWC funds.

The CWC is funding fully or in-part 152 researchers, all located at OSU. The core projects are funding 37 graduate students, usually with full support; 13 undergraduates on hourly wages; 15 post-doctoral researchers between partial and full support; and 4 staff members,

mostly part time. The core projects are providing small amounts of funds to support 26 visiting scientists. The seed grants are funding 21 graduate students, usually with full support; 6

undergraduates on hourly wages; 4 post-doctoral researchers; and 4 staff members on partial support. In total, 44 faculty are being supported by the CWC either via release-time, support for researchers within the faculty members' team, travel support, or other research related support

(e.g., equipment). As discussed throughout this report, the CWC has been the key to hiring five new faculty

and will continue to be deeply involved in hiring five more faculty. The hired faculty include Prof. Ian Howat and Prof. Mike Durand (Arts & Sciences, School of Earth Sciences), Prof. Robyn Wilson and Prof. Zhongtang Yu (FAES, School of Environment and Natural Resources

and Department of Animal Sciences, respectively) and Prof. Jialin Lin (Arts & Sciences, Department of Geography). Three new searches are underway for a cluster hire in hydrologic

science and water resources policy and economics. Another search will soon commence in the Department of Geography.

CWC funded researchers have published or submitted for review over 250 papers based

on work funded in-full or in-part by the CWC. All publications by faculty newly hired using CWC funds and since arriving to OSU are included in this list. An additional 29 papers

published or in review are related to the CWC, but were not a direct result of CWC funding. The complete list of publications is included in Appendix C.

CWC funded researchers have won proposals valued at $15.8M and submitted proposals

valued at nearly $17.8M for review based on work funded in-full or in-part by the CWC. All submitted proposals are presently under review. All proposals by faculty newly hired using CWC

funds and since arriving to OSU are included in this list. Grants valued at $7.5M have been won based on work related to the CWC but not directly funded by the CWC. The complete list of proposals is included in Appendix D.

CWC funded researchers have made countless professional presentations based on work funded in-full or in-part by the CWC. These presentations are discussed throughout the

individual core project and seed grant reports found in Appendices A and B. Similarly, awards

5

to faculty and students are highlighted in these reports.

VI. Implementation Issues

All implementation issues have been resolved. The most important implementation is the establishment of the six core projects. They produce the bulk of the CWC science and policy

research. They yield the greatest opportunity for growth from external investments. Of the $11.35M OSU cash award, $8.3M is now invested in core projects. The significance of this investment is to ensure that the CWC meets its goals. The main goal of the CWC is to address

the three founding questions on climate, water, and carbon and to make a significant impact on society through policy (as noted in Section I). Each core project is designed to directly address at

least one of the questions. As noted in Section III, all implementation issues raised by the PPAC, OR, and OAA have been addressed.

VII. Metrics for Gauging Success

Metrics used to gauge the success of the CWC remain the same as those in the original proposal (pages 5 and 6 of the proposal). Early in the CWC timeline, success is measured by the

quality of new faculty and researcher hires. The five new faculty discussed throughout this report have demonstrated excellence as evidenced by their numerous publications and grants won (Appendices C and D). CWC post-doctoral researchers and graduate students are similarly

productive with several peer-reviewed publications and the winning of grants and fellowships. Likewise, these same metrics are applied to our existing faculty and their core project leadership.

Clearly, the lists of publications, proposals, and professional presentations are numerous and excellent. For example, the publication list includes papers in Science, exemplary write-ups in Nature, and many detailed papers in the highest ranked discipline journals. With $15.8M in

funded grants, the CWC has already surpassed its goal of winning large awards by the third year (i.e., 2009). The CWC will continue to work toward the long term metrics of attracting the best

graduate students, as exemplified by their post-graduate placement, helping our allied departments and colleges improve their rankings, and establishing an external funding base that includes philanthropy, foundations, and industry.

VIII. The Future of the CWC

The CWC and the administrative oversight need to make a decision on the long term

future of the CWC. This decision will include the faculty who are funded by the CWC. There are essentially three options:

(1) The CWC finishes the allocated funding and the core projects each move in directions of

their own choosing. This approach would dissolve the CWC. It is not considered a viable option given the multi-million dollar investment made by the University. The CWC has already created

$15.8M in grant dollars, a gain of $4.5M above the original $11.35M investment, and thus can be considered a financial success. Yet, stopping now would fail to build on the integration achieved from the original investment and thus not meet the full potential of the investment.

(2) The CWC becomes an independent center with PA005 authority and thus a grant-based income stream. This option is also considered not viable. The University already has two world-

class centers of environmental research: Byrd Polar Research Center and the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. Adding a third would result in competition with these existing centers.

6

(3) The CWC transitions into the Institute for Energy and the Environment (IEE). This scenario is perhaps the most viable. It was the original intent of the TIE moneys to bring together within

the IEE, the CWC and the Center for Energy, Sustainability, and the Environment (CESE, located in the College of Engineering). The environmental issues we face today, such as

atmospheric carbon dioxide build-up, availability of clean and abundant water, and the management of ecosystems that provide for our food and goods, are intimately tied with our energy future. Examples of the intertwined environmental and energy issues include biofuel

development and the management of the producing ecosystems; water resource engineering for power generation and the availability of drinking and irrigation water; wind power under a

changing climate; etc. The only entities capable of addressing the entire spectrum of these issues are universities. OSU, in particular, has globally recognized faculty excellence in all of these arenas, and thus an opportunity to bring together these faculty to work in unison toward

solutions.

The CWC Advisory Board has already approved the hiring of a staff member who will

lead new funding initiatives. These new approaches will be directed at industry, foundations, and philanthropy. This new person, with support from CWC researchers, will write proposals that will be in response to calls from foundations. The person will work with OSU’s Office of

Development to create and present a viable development case for the CWC. The person will also engage industry and develop research-to-commercialization plans. The CWC has sufficient

funding to support this new staff member for up to three years. While this new hire will occur during 2010, the person will ideally be connected to a CWC that has a plan for the long term, such as introduced in point 3, above.

IX. Names and Contacts for Potential CWC Reviewers

The memo from OR and OAA requesting this fourth annual report indicates that the

CWC, like all TIEs, will undergo an external evaluation. The memo requests, “a. month/year preference for the external review; and b. names and contact information of five individuals who you suggest be considered for the external review team: provide a brief rationale for their

membership on the external review team.” The CWC would prefer the review to occur after the hiring of the staff member who will lead new funding initiatives in development, foundations,

and industry (see above section on the future of the CWC). The Summer of 2011 is a good target date for the external review. CWC Director Alsdorf will supply names and contact information via email to Vice President Whitacre and to Vice Provost Boehm.

7

Appendices

A. Annual Reports of the Core Projects:

The CWC is providing $8.3M in funding to six core projects that directly address the founding three questions. The descriptions of these core projects in the following appendix provide

documentation of key actions, expected deliverables, costs, and timelines. Core project budgets are included in Appendix E.

Pages 8-21: Satellite Hydrology with Emphasis on the Amazon and Congo River Basins

Pages 22-41: Carbon Management In Terrestrial Ecosystems (C-MITE)

Pages 42-65: Low-latitude glacier retreat: Evidence of accelerating climate change and impacts

on local to regional water resources (LLGR-ACC & WR)

Pages 66-73: Designing Incentives for Ecosystem Services

Pages 74-88: Designing effective land management policies for the 21st century Ohio River

Basin

Pages 89-106: Quantifying the Geophysical Causes of Present-Day Global Sea Level Rise

B. CWC Seed-Grant Reports: (pages 107-157)

The CWC has providing funding $1.1M for 21 seed grants and an additional $100,000 for joint projects with the PHPID TIE. Recipients of seed-grants have supplied reports on their activities.

These are attached, verbatim, in the appendix pages. Budgets for the seed grants are also included in Appendix E.

C. CWC Publications:

Pages 158-177: Publications resulting directly from CWC funds Pages 177-179: Publications related to the CWC

D. CWC Proposals:

Pages 180-186: Proposals resulting directly from CWC funds

Pages 186-187: Proposals related to the CWC

E. Budgets for Individual Core Projects and Seed Grants: (pages 188-198)

Each core project and seed grant has a budget noted in the OSU General Ledger. Budgeting

numbers are pulled from this OSU Financial Reporting system and are dated February 28, 2009. Commitments, however, are not thoroughly recorded in the OSU system, thus the available

balance for each project is likely less than noted here.

8

Satellite Hydrology with Emphasis on Surface Waters Led by Doug Alsdorf, School of Earth Sciences, BMPS

in collaboration with Song Liang, Environmental Health Sciences, CPH

Desheng Liu, Geography, SBS

Carolyn Merry, Civil & Environmental Engineering, CoE Frank Schwartz, School of Earth Sciences, BMPS

C.K. Shum, School of Earth Sciences, BMPS

Brent Sohngen, Agricultural, Environmental, & Development Economics, FAES

1. Project Description

Our core project is designed to address the CWC question, “Do we have enough surface water to maintain society; i.e., what is the spatial and temporal variability in terrestrial surface water storage and how can we predict these variations more accurately?” To answer this

question requires three objectives:

(1) Measure surface water flows and changes in storage, globally. (2) Build hydrologic and hydrodynamic models that use the measurements both as

calibration and validation.

(3) Demonstrate the utility of such hydrologic knowledge through the impacts of deforestation, water related infectious diseases, dangers of potential floods, and

knowledge of the seasonal surface water balance for key locations. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography satellite mission (SWOT) will be used as a

tool for achieving these objectives. SWOT brings national and international attention to us and an expected growth in funding opportunities. It provides an opportunity to hire new post-docs and help them grow their career path. SWOT’s hydrologic data products will require terabytes of

computational throughput on a weekly basis, hence a need for continuous supercomputing power as well as algorithms capable of efficiently ingesting such massive amounts of data. Essentially,

the needs of the mission are significant, which combined with its costs ($450M), allows us ample opportunity to grow our hydrologic research here at OSU.

A great opportunity for our core project is to build an OSU hydrologic center. The

following three goals for our CWC core project build upon each other:

(1) To bring together OSU’s water researchers so that we may easily collaborate and solve important hydrologic science and water resource problems.

(2) To build large scale processing of the upcoming terabytes of satellite hydrologic data and,

thus yielding valuable scientific advances and enabling water users in their decision making.

(3) To make our effort permanent through the establishing of an OSU Hydrologic Center. While each team will continue to win Federal grants related to their core project work,

important additional funding targets are development, industry, and foundations. Each task forms one aspect of this potential center while SWOT provides an immediate global identity. The

center should be an ideal development opportunity. For example, imagine that we get together with a major donor and representatives from three important developing nations to sign an agreement where the water center would supply the countries with information on water

availability, on the potential for outbreaks of water related infectious diseases, and on flooding

9

impacts. This information will come from satellites and models. Starting about four years from now, NASA will begin a period of intensive sampling of the global water cycle through several

satellite missions. Starting now on the work necessary to understand the terabytes of water data coming from these missions is a critical first step. As described below, the teams and their tasks

fit nicely with this initiating work.

2. Accomplishments Related to Products and Deliverables

The Satellite Hydrology core project is now organized into teams with assigned tasks. These teams and their tasks are described below, including their budgets and personnel. The

tasks are designed to create the core project products and deliverables. Before describing the team tasks and timeline, it is important to get a sense of our overall skills and interests. We have a world-class team with impressive credentials. This table helps to categorize our expertise:

Measurement Capabilities:

Satellite radar altimetry Satellite gravimetry (GRACE) Synthetic Aperture Radar

Interferometric SAR Visible and NIR Band

(Landsat, ASTER, MODIS)

Modeling and Analysis:

Hydrodynamic modeling Hydrologic modeling Finite element and finite difference methods

Data assimilation Bayesian methods and spatial statistics

Economic incentive modeling of ecosystems

Geographic Locations:

Ohio, Prairie Pothole Amazon, Congo

Bangladesh China

Knowledge and Science Expertise

Water resources, pollution and nutrients Flooding dynamics

Water related infectious diseases Forest ecosystems & carbon sequestration LULC on local water balance

2.1 Details for Task 1: Surface Water from Existing Satellites and SWOT Algorithm

Development The primary goal of this task is to ensure that OSU remains the hydrologic home for

SWOT. To accomplish this goal requires algorithms capable of converting satellite based

measurements into estimates of storage changes (S) and discharge (Q). The measurements come from both existing satellites and the future SWOT mission. They include the elevation of

the water surface (h), changes with time (dh/dt), the slope (dh/dx) and water surface area. NASA has already funded us to begin algorithm development that will allow us to determine the h

accuracies required by SWOT needed to estimate S and Q. As anticipated, NASA has continued to fund us for this work. What is missing in the NASA funding, is a methodology that

will routinely convert S and Q into basin wide calibrations and validations of hydrologic and hydraulic models. This forward thinking is designed to anticipate not only NASA’s needs but

also those of industry, foundations, and philanthropy. In just the past few months, NASA has begun to understand the immediacy of this problem and is working with SWOT leadership, and hence with the CWC Satellite Hydrology core project, to determine funding mechanisms.

The Task 1 team is building basin-wide hydrologic models and coupling them with hydrodynamics models. These models are calibrated and validated by satellite measurements

and any available in-situ measurements. Such models are now underway for the Ohio River,

10

Amazon River, and Congo River. Other basins will follow. The Congo is a natural extension of our Amazon expertise, and we’ve already made important progress with interferometric SAR

and radar altimetry over the central portions of the Congo. A goal of this modeling effort is to develop a scalable method for ingesting terabytes of satellite-based hydrologic measurements

into models. These models need to be capable of handling the massive amounts of data expected from the Global Precipitation Mission, the Soil Moisture Active Passive mission, and the Surface Water Ocean and Topography mission. Hydrologic mass and energy balance models as well as

hydrodynamic models will rely on data from these missions. One of the vexing problems for estimating discharge from spaceborne measurements is

how to describe the river channel depth. Fluvial bathymetry is not possible to measure from space because sensors cannot penetrate the murky waters of rivers. Instead, we can estimate depth based on fluvial geomorphology such as channel widths, reach lengths, stream order, and

local topographic slopes. Assuming mass continuity, a narrow portion of a river channel will probably be deeper than a wider portion further downstream. However, slope also plays a role

causing faster or slower flows. We have initiated this work using an algorithm developed by UCLA colleagues that measures channel widths in classifications of remotely sensed imagery. This is a brand-new data set that should be valuable for defining channel widths throughout any

stream network. Based on this work, Task 1 research is developing width-to-depth conversions for various basins under differing hydro-climatologies. These are being used in the Congo and

Ohio modeling efforts. Additional work for Task 1 ties into the goals of the CWC and with the hydrologic-

hydraulic modeling: we will define the relationship between precipitation proxies found in ice

cores with that of discharge measured from stream gauges. This work has already started but is incomplete. Ice cores from Peru, Kilimanjaro, and the Himalaya provide at least a 1000 years of

climate history. Ice thickness is a local proxy of precipitation whereas delta-O18 isotope is perhaps a regional proxy. Measured stream discharge is directly related to precipitation. Correlation between the ice core and stream gauge records should prove useful for understanding

past climatic change and related forcings (precipitation and drought) across a basin. Our models will be operated to test the relationships and, if validated by this, then will be used to predict

future impacts of climate change. This collection of satellite based measurements of h, dh/dt, dh/dx, and area; estimates of

depths; and coupled modeling are key aspects of SWOT. Task 1 is designed to keep ahead of

others by anticipating NASA’s needs as related to SWOT. The calibrated and validated models have already proven fundable by insurance companies for improving their understanding of flood

hazards. The Task 1 team will also be responsible for overall management of our CWC Satellite

Hydrology core project, including development of the OSU Hydrologic Center. As noted in the

three goals for the core project (above), a step-by-step approach will be taken to build the center. First, we are already accomplishing goal 1 by all of us meeting, receiving CWC funding,

working on the tasks described in this document, and producing results such as new papers and proposals. Second, for goal 2, we will construct a plan of how to grow our modeling software so that it works on the OSC platforms and that it is scalable with increasing sizes of satellite-based

input data streams. This is well underway via our partnership with OSC programmers who have ported key parts of the software. Third, establishing an effective water center with permanent

funding is difficult (i.e., goal 3). This will require sharing of our ideas with OSU’s offices of Research and Development and making certain we are a priority for the upcoming campaign.

11

CWC Funding: 2007 – 2011, $545,000 Led by Prof. Alsdorf

Team Members: Dr. Andreadis, Post-Doc who started September 2009 Dr. Durand, Research Scientist who recently accepted an OSU faculty position

Dr. Lee, Post-Doc shared with C.K. Shum and related tasks Mr. Jung, PhD student will finish in 2011 – 2012 Mr. Lant, MS student who started March 2009

Ms. Shlaes, BS student who will finish in 2012 – 2013 Mr. Martin, BS student who will finish in 2012 – 2013

Mr. Cotner, BS completed in 2010 Ms. Schaller, BS completed in 2010 Mr. Stenftenagel, BS completed in 2010

Mr. Hamski, BS completed in 2008 Mr. Kiel, BS completed in 2007

Publications to date based on CWC funding of this task:

Han S-C, I-Y Yeo, D. Alsdorf, P. Bates, J-P Boy, H. Kim, T. Oki, M. Rodell, Movement of Amazon surface water from time-variable satellite gravity measurements and implications

for water cycle parameters in land surface models, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, in review, 2010.

Beighley, R.E, R.L. Ray, Y. He, H. Lee, L. Schaller, M. Durand, K.M. Andreadis, D.E. Alsdorf,

C.K. Shum, Comparing satellite derived precipitation datasets using the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model in the Congo River Basin, Hydrological Processes, in review, 2010.

Alsdorf, D., S.-C. Han, P. Bates, and J. Melack, Seasonal water storage on the Amazon floodplain measured from satellites, Remote Sensing of Environment, accepted and in press, 2010.

Lee, H., M. Durand, H-C Jung, D. Alsdorf, C.K. Shum, and Y. Sheng, Characterization of surface water storage changes in Arctic lakes using simulated SWOT measurements, Intl. J.

Remote Sensing, accepted and in press, 2010.

Schumann, G., G. Di Baldassarre, D. Alsdorf, and P.D. Bates, Near real-time flood wave approximation on large rivers from space: application to the River Po, Northern Italy,

Water Resources Research, 46, W05601, doi:10.1029/2008WR007672, 2010.

Durand, M., L. L. Fu, D. P. Lettenmaier, D. Alsdorf, E. Rodriguez and D. Esteban-Fernandez,

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission: Observing terrestrial surface water and oceanic submesoscale eddies, Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 98, n. 5, 766-779, 2010.

Durand, M., E. Rodriguez, D. E. Alsdorf, and M. Trigg, Estimating river depth from remote

sensing swath interferometry measurements of river height, slope, and width, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 3, n. 1, 20-31,

DOI 10.1109/ JSTARS.2009.2033453, 2010. Biancamaria, S., K. M. Andreadis, M. Durand, E. A. Clark, E. Rodriguez, N. M. Mognard, D. E.

Alsdorf, D. P. Lettenmaier, and Y. Oudin, Preliminary characterization of SWOT

hydrology error budget and global capabilities, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, DOI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2034614, 2010.

Jung, H. C., J. Hamski, M. Durand, D. Alsdorf, F. Hossain, H. Lee, A. K. M. A. Hossain, A. S. Khan, A. K. M. Z. Hoque, Characterization of complex fluvial systems via remote sensing

12

of spatial and temporal water level variations, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, DOI: 10.1002/esp.1914, 2010.

Jung, H-C. and D. Alsdorf, Repeat-pass multi-temporal interferometric SAR coherence variations with Amazon floodplain and lake habitats, Intl. J. Remote Sensing, v.34, no. 4,

pp. 881-901, 2010. Trigg, M.A., M.D. Wilson, P.D. Bates, M.S. Horritt, D. Alsdorf, B.R. Forsberg, and M. C. Vega,

Amazon flood wave hydraulics, J. Hydrology, v. 374, pp. 92-105, doi:10.1016/

j.jhydrol.2009.06.004, 2009.

Han, S-C., H. Kim, I-Y Yeo, P. Yeh, K-W Seo, D. Alsdorf, S. Luthke, and F. Lemoine

Dynamics of surface water storage in the Amazon inferred from measurements of inter-satellite distance change, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 36, L09403, doi:10.1029/2009GL037910, 2009.

Durand, M. N. P. Molotch, and S. A. Margulis 2008: A Bayesian approach to snow water equivalent reconstruction, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 113, D20117,

doi:10.1029/2008JD009894. Durand, M., E. J. Kim, and S. A. Margulis 2008: Radiance assimilation shows promise for

snowpack characterization, Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L02503,

doi:10.1029/2008GL035214. Durand, M., K. Andreadis, D. Alsdorf, D. Lettenmaier, and D. Moller, Estimation of bathymetric

depth and slope from data assimilation of swath altimetry into a hydrodynamic model, Geophysical Research Ltrs., v. 35, L20401, doi:10.1029/2008GL034150, 2008.

Wilson, M., P. Bates, D. Alsdorf, B. Forsberg, M. Horritt, J. Melack, F. Frappart, and J.

Famiglietti, Modeling large-scale inundation of Amazonian seasonally flooded wetlands, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L15404, doi:10.1029/2007GL030156, 2007.

Alsdorf, D., L-L Fu, N. Mognard, A. Cazenave, E. Rodriguez, D. Chelton, and D. Lettenamier, Measuring the global oceans and terrestrial fresh water from space, EOS Transactions AGU, v88, n24, p253, 2007.

Andreadis, K.A., E.A. Clark, D.P. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Alsdorf, Prospects for river discharge and depth estimation through assimilation of swath-altimetry into a raster-based

hydrodynamics model, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L10403, doi:10.1029/2007GL029721, 2007.

Alsdorf, D., P. Bates, J. Melack, M. Wilson and T. Dunne, The spatial and temporal complexity

of the Amazon flood measured from space, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L08402, doi:10.1029/2007GL029447, 2007.

Alsdorf, D.E., E. Rodriguez, and D. Lettenmaier, Measuring surface water from space, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 45, no. 2, RG2002 doi:10.1029/2006RG000197, 2007.

Farr, T.G., E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren, S. Hensley, M. Kobrick, M. Paller, E. Rodriguez, P.

Rosen, L. Roth, D. Seal, S. Shaffer, J. Shimada, J. Umland, M. Werner, D. burbank, M. Oskin, and D. alsdorf, The shuttle radar topography mission, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 45,

no. 2, RG2004 doi: 10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007.

2.2 Details for Task 2: Measuring Deforestation and Related Economics The goal of this task is to connect economic modeling of forests and land-use with

satellite based observations of deforestation, particularly the spaceborne elevation measurements. The SWOT instrument should provide a brand-new view of global earth elevations, both those of

13

the land surface and of differing vegetation types (e.g., crops, forests, etc.). OSU has a unique opportunity to further develop the SWOT vegetation monitoring capabilities.

A key outcome of Task 2 is the development of a “bare earth” digital elevation model (DEM). The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) operated for 11 days in February 2000

and provided a global DEM. However, because the measurements were collected with a short radar wavelength emitted off-nadir, much of the elevations indicate the vegetation canopy height, rather than the ground elevation. Task 2 will need to build upon previous methods of removing

vegetation heights from the SRTM DEM and develop new approaches where existing methods fail. Such an assessment provides two valuable products: (1) ground topography necessary for

understanding hydraulic flows, particularly in large, low-relief basins like the Amazon and Congo, and (2) an assessment of the amount of carbon represented by the vegetation. There are complications with this approach, e.g., the radar wavelength has varying degrees of canopy

penetration making it difficult to assign one height to a given vegetation class. This suggests a need for a spatially robust method that includes both the canopy elevations and surrounding bare

land surfaces in a combined classification and interpolation scheme. The resulting carbon estimates will have errors related to poor knowledge of stand densities whereas the resulting bare earth DEM might need corrections ensuring downslope directions for water flow.

Because SWOT will collect measurements similar to those of SRTM, the methods developed by the team in Task 2 should prove valuable for monitoring deforestation and re-

growth during the SWOT mission. SWOT will operate with a shorter radar wavelength and a near-nadir look angle. Thus, canopy penetration is expected to differ compared to SRTM because volume scattering will change. However, SWOT will provide global elevation

measurements every 10 days at a spatial resolution of about ~30 m with an accuracy of ~50 cm. Because the noise is normally distributed, simple spatial averaging improves the accuracy by

1/√n, where n is the number of pixels averaged. This is an incredible opportunity for monitoring changes in vegetation such as deforestation. Thus a goal of Task 2 is to develop a methodology of readily assessing the canopy heights measured by SWOT and producing regularly updated,

global maps of vegetation changes. In addition to forests, other targets could include crop growth in agricultural fields.

No one on the SWOT team is presently studying these ideas, thus OSU is taking a leading role. A main limit on the knowledge is the signal penetration of the SWOT radar into differing types of vegetation. The SWOT mission is now planning several airborne campaigns in

the next several years that will test the SWOT technology. Data from these campaigns will be useful for understanding the radar canopy penetration.

CWC Funding 2008 – 2011: $210,000 Led by Prof. Liu and Prof. Sohngen

Team Members: Dr. Chandana Gangodagamage, Post-Doc who started September 2009

Publications to date based on CWC funding of this task: Gangodagamage, C., D. Liu, and D. Alsdorf, Estimating Vegetation Height from SRTM Data

using Fourier Spectral Decomposition, to be submitted to J. Geophysical Research, Summer 2010.

14

2.3 Details for Task 3: Applications of Spaceborne Surface Water Measurements This team is addressing three important problems in satellite hydrology, emphasizing

applications that develop an improved understanding of (i) climate-water interactions, (ii) time/space behavior in the transport of nutrients and sediments from agricultural lands, and (iii)

the coupling between the occurrence of water and the development and spread of infectious diseases. Addressing these key problems requires the development of new tools to take advantage of the tremendous potential of space-based measurements for applications in

hydrology and water-borne infectious diseases. The goal of this task is to develop a methodology and software to apply anywhere for

predicting the occurrence and transport of pollutants, nutrients, and water related infectious diseases, particularly under a changing climate. Like the other tasks, the core of this effort will focus on satellite based measurements that either constrain models or provide validation. While

the target of model operations is existing satellite measurements, the Task 3 team is also working toward methods that can use the upcoming SWOT measurements.

Observational data from the historical Landsat archive has been helpful in developing statistical models describing the relationships between a large complex of closed-basin lakes in North and South Dakota and the extreme climatic variability occurring there. One important

question is to what extent such statistical relationships are generalizable to other lake clusters in the Prairie Pothole region and elsewhere. Establishing this broader framework is important in

coupling observational measurements with powerful hydrologic models. Team 3 is testing these ideas through applications to other closed-basin lake settings along the Prairie Coteau of North Dakota and Saskatchewan, and the Manitoba Escarpment. The basic approach is developing size

(lake area) frequency relationships as a function of climate through well know periods of drought and deluge from 1988 to the present. The broad temporal and spatial variability in snow and

rainfall is testing this hypothesis over an area of one million square kilometers. Several studies have shown how satellite observations can be used to evaluate the trophic

status of lakes and rivers and to infer nutrient concentrations. Moreover, processing also can

yield estimates of sediment loads. The continued improvement of such tools would substantially enhance the ability to monitor large watershed/lake systems. We are developing space-based

monitoring approaches for monitoring lakes and reservoirs with a specific emphasis on the Scioto watershed in Ohio. A combination of existing nutrient measurements from reservoirs used as sources for drinking water, periodic surveys of government agencies together with satellite

data provide a rich information base with which to work. The team has achieved preliminary results towards semi-automated retrieval of surface

water height and its changes over relatively small (>30 km2) inland bodies of water underneath a radar altimeter ground-tracks. This technique is developed to use the altimetric height and backscatter coefficient measurements from a radar altimeter system (TOPEX and ENVISAT), to

classify the land-cover and conduct waveform-retracking to recover 10-Hz to 18-Hz (corresponding to ~330 m to 650 m spatial sampling along-track) surface water height

measurements. This technique was validated with gage measurements over northern Canada (prairie pothole region), Amazon basin, southwestern Taiwan, Iowa, and used in demonstration studies including floods (1997 Red River and 2008 Iowa floods).

The team studied the use of GRACE gravimetry for basin-scale hydrologic studies, including Amazon, Bangladesh, Indian subcontinent, East Asian regions. The research team also

collaborates with University of Washington (Dennis Lettenmaier) to compare GRACE with outputs from the VIC fine-resolution hydrologic model. In particular, we have developed

15

filtering/destripping/smoothing and land signal leakage correction techniques to apply to the nominal GRACE data products expressed in the form of monthly Stokes coefficients. We have

preliminary results indicating that the technique creates different and probably more accurate hydrologic measurements, especially near land-ocean-ice boundaries. Our goal is to create a

data product of fine-resolution (i.e., spatial resolutions of up to 250 km or longer, half-wavelength) for all the hydrologic basins in the world. The current GRACE data products (in Stokes coefficients) have resolutions on the order of 400 km to 600 km (half-wavelength).

Additional, ongoing work includes the refinement of the so-called regional solutions using disturbance potential and along-track gravity computed from Level-1 data (L1-B) product from

GRACE. The results have demonstrated improved spatial resolutions and mathematical representations (4D wavelets) to eventually produce a global GRACE data set of hydrologic studies.

When considering water related infectious diseases, to what extents do wetlands, floodplains, lakes, and reservoirs influence outbreak? Is this a simple relationship where a

growing body of water coupled with a pathogen yields an incremental number of infected people? Many additional complicating factors, such as the biology of pathogens, sudden ecological changes (floods), and status of economic development, are involved. Through an

interdisciplinary approach of epidemiology and hydrology, the Task 3 team is testing the hypothesis that changes in the space and time patterns and in the availability of global terrestrial

surface waters are a driver of the distribution, emergence, and re-emergence of water-related infectious diseases. Specifically, the team is (1) generating a global database containing known water-related pathogens, (2) constructing global data sets of surface water area and related

seasonal variations, (3) examining spatial and temporal relationships of 1 and 2 in a GIS, while adjusting for potential biases such as economic development, and (4) testing our hypothesis.

CWC Funding 2009 – 2011: $90,000

Led by Prof. Schwartz Team Members: Mr. Allen, Ph.D. student

Prof. Liang Prof. Shum Dr. Lee, Post-doctoral researcher

Publications to date based on CWC funding of this task:

Bhang, K. and F.W. Schwartz, 2010. Estimating historic lake stages from one-time, the Shuttle

Radar Topography Mission of 2000, Hydrological Processes, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7619.

Liu, G. and F.W. Schwartz, 2010. An integrated observational and model-based analysis of the hydrologic response of prairie pothole systems to variability in climate. Water Resources

Research, in revision. Liu, G., F.W. Schwartz, B. Zhang, and Z. Yu, 2010. Modeling the prairie lakes and wetlands

response to the climate variability. IAHS Red Book Series Publication: Managing

Groundwater and the Environment, in press. Zhang, M., H. Lee, C. Shum, D. Alsdorf, F. Schwartz, S. Tseng, Y. Yi, C-Y Kuo, H-Z Tseng, A.

Braun, S. Calmant, F. Naziano, and F. Seyler, Application of retracked satellite altimetry for inland hydrologic studies, Intl. J. of Remote Sensing, in press, 2010.

16

Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and D. Tong, 2009. Landsat sub-pixel analysis in mapping impact of climatic variability on Prairie Pothole changes, Transactions in GIS, 13(2), 179-195.

Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and G. Liu, 2009. Systematics in the Size Structure of Prairie Pothole Lakes through Drought and Deluge, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04421,

doi:10.1029/2008WR006878. Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and D. Tong, 2009, Application of Artificial Neural Computation in

Topex Waveform Data: A Case Study in Water Ratio Regression, The International Journal

of Software Science and Computational Intelligence, 1(3), 81-91. Lu, Z., J.W. Kim, H. Lee, C. Shum, J. Duan, M. Ibaraki, O. Akyilmaz, C. Read, Helmand River

hydrologic studies using ALOS PALSAR InSAR and ENVISAT altimetry, Marine Geodesy, 32:3, 320–333, 2009.

Kim, J., Z. Lu, H. Lee, C. Shum, C. Swarzenski, T. Doyle, S. Baek, Integrated Analysis of

PALSAR/Radarsat-1 InSAR and ENVISAT altimeter for mapping of absolute water level changes in Louisiana wetland, Remote Sens. & Environment,

doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.014., 2009. Lee, H., C. Shum, Y. Yi, M. Ibaraki, J. Kim, A. Braun, C. Kuo, Z. Lu, Louisiana wetland water

level monitoring using retracked TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, Marine Geodesy, 32:3,

284–302, 2009. Duan, X., J. Guo, C. Shum, W. van der Wal, On the removal of correlated errors in GRACE

temporal gravity field solutions, Jl of Geodesy, in press, 2009. Guo, J., C. Shum, Application of the cosine-Fourier series expansion in the translation of data

between latitude- longitude grids, Computers & Geosciences, in press, 2009.

Guo, J., X. Duan, and C. Shum, Non-isotropic filtering and leakage reduction for determining mass changes over land and ocean using GRACE data, Geophys. J. Int., in press, 2009.

Cheng, K., S. Calmant, C. Shum, C. Kuo, F. Seyler, and J.S. Silva, Accurate data collection of river stage gradient and hydrological geospatial information in the Branco River, the Amazon-A Pilot Mission, Marine Geodesy, 32:3, 267–283, 2008.

Chen, Y., B. Schaffrin and C. Shum, Continental water storage changes from GRACE line-of sight range acceleration measurement, Hotine-Marussi Symposium of Theoretical and

Computational Geodesy: Challenge and Role of Modern Geodesy, International Association of Geodesy Springer Series, 132, F. Sano, Editor, 62–66, Springer 2008.

Cheng, K., C. Kuo, C. Shum, X. Niu, R. Li, and K. Bedford, Accurate Linking of Lake Erie Water Level with

Shoreline Datum Using GPS Buoy and Satellite Altimetry, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal Zones: Challenges and Applications, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19(1-2), doi:

10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2 (SA), 2008. Seitz, F, M. Schmidt, C. Shum, Signals of extreme weather conditions in Central Europe in

GRACE 4D hydrological mass variations, Earth & Planetary Science Lett., 268 (1-2), 165-

170, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.001, 2008.

2.4 Details for Task 4: Hydrologic and Hydrodynamic Modeling This task is focused on Ohio hydrology. The team will develop a hydrodynamic model

capable of predicting flooding in urban and rural environments, particularly those impacted by

land-use land-cover change (LULC, which essentially means all of the non-forested Ohio). Ohio will be a test bed for ideas. Existing satellite measurements can be validated over Ohio while the

hydrodynamic model can calibrated by the abundant in-situ measurements (abundant compared to the Congo). Ideally, the model development and implementation on computation platforms

17

will be quite similar for the Amazon, Congo, and Ohio. Certainly, the forcings and parameterizations will be different but the model software and operation will be the same.

Clearly, this task is tied to the other 3 via modeling. Ohio floods of the past five years will be modeled and used to predict future flooding

scenarios. For example, the 2007 floods around Mansfield and Bucyrus should have been measured by visible band and SAR satellites. In-situ flood stage observations should also be available, at the very least via “guestimation” from various online photos. Likewise the 2004

flood of Wheeling Island is an opportunity for modeling. This coupled hydrologic-hydraulic model will allow us to ask questions such as, “what happens under climate change scenarios,

how would a future flood move through an urban corridor, what is the potential for increased flooding from changes in farming practices, etc.”. While Ohio could be a test bed, other locations could also be modeled.

To facilitate these actions, Prof. Alsdorf, Prof. Merry, and Dr. Durand have met several times with personnel from the Ohio branches of the USGS and NOAA's National Weather

Service, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, and from the State of Ohio. We discussed the following partnership opportunities:

2.4.1 Connecting Ohio with Global Climate Modeling (GCM)

We need to have a better understanding of the future impact of climate change on Ohio's

hydrology. GCMs operate at rather coarse scales, generally with only one hydrologic value produced or inputted for a region the size of Ohio. Thus, the problem is understanding how GCM predicted droughts or floods will be manifest at sub-grid scales. Land-use and land-cover

change (LULC) can also alter hydrology whereas monitoring of small ponds as early indicators of drought should be included in our thinking. Water managers and State government will have

a keen interest in this knowledge. Agencies have already assessed some of these issues, whereas a partnership could work on specific topics needing further research.

2.4.2 Ohio's Hydrology and Hydraulics

We focused on the task to retrieve river depths from the future Surface Water and Ocean

Topography (SWOT) satellite observations for estimating river discharge. SWOT will provide measurements of water surface elevation (h), temporal variability (dh/dt), spatial variability (dh/dx), and an intensity image. The SWOT data will provide measurements of the changing

elevations of the water surface, not the true depth to river bottom. The “true” river discharge cannot be estimated without additional data. We will have measurements of surface water

elevation and need to estimate water depths and discharge (or bathymetry). This is the exact inverse of normal hydraulic modeling, where we use discharge and river bathymetry to calculate water elevation. The SWOT water surface elevation data will need to be processed using

additional techniques (i.e., solve an inverse problem) to retrieve river depths. Data assimilation schemes, which are essentially solutions to inverse problems, can be used to estimate variables

that are not directly observed from spaceborne measurements. We used the Ohio River Basin for the project. The methods that were focused on over the

past year included: (1) simulate the main stream of the Ohio River using the hydrodynamic

model, LISFLOOD-FP, to produce hydraulic parameters, which are used as input to the river depth estimation method; (2) estimate river depths by solving the inverse problem; and (3)

demonstrate the potential accuracy of water depth estimates.

18

For the hydrodynamic model of the Ohio River Basin, we chose 11 major tributaries and 7 minor tributaries, which represents a total of 474,211km2 (89.8%) of the Ohio River Basin drainage

area. For the model, we simulated a six-month period (January 1, 2005 to June 30, 2005). A series of river cross-sections were obtained from Mr. Trent Schade (U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers) and were used in the model. The USGS stream gage network data were also used. The gages represent between 50% and 99% of the drainage area of each tributary. To adjust the drainage area, we applied an up-scaling method based on a power law fit between the discharge

(30 years average flow) and drainage area. We compared the discharge at the downstream model outlet with the discharge observed at the USGS gages to verify that the LISFLOOD-FP model

was producing reasonable results. The model discharge matched the observed discharge with an absolute relative mean error of 6.05% (correlation coefficient of 0.93). Discharge measurements for both the model and gage ranged from 2,000 m3/sec to 30,000 m3/sec. We concluded that the

model is adequate to investigate the proposed method to estimate river depths and discharge. To estimate the river depths from SWOT, the combined parameter and state estimation

problem using the Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was applied. For this approach, the river water height was treated as the model state variable, and the channel bathymetry was treated as an uncertain model parameter. The data assimilation scheme involved three steps: 1) characterize

the “open-loop” or “prior” state, which is a first-guess of the true state from the perturbed inputs, using the LISFLOOD-FP model; 2) generate synthetic SWOT water surface elevation

measurements using conservative errors; and 3) calculate the posterior estimates of river depths using the EnKF and evaluate the estimates of river depths against the “truth” data set derived from the LISFLOOD-FP model. Overall, the experiments showed that the proposed method was

able to recover the water depths from the simulated SWOT water surface elevation measurements with a 0.7 m mean accuracy.

2.4.3 The Great Lakes

NASA has indicated that they would like to support Great Lakes research. This interest

has developed to the point that a workshop, co-funded by NASA HQ and the CWC Hydrology Core project was held April 12-13, 2010 in Cleveland at NASA’s Glenn Research Center. The

workshop was attended by 35 Great Lakes researchers from various universities, research centers, and Federal agencies. Outcomes include a forthcoming white paper which will shortened for peer-review publication, and include an expectation by NASA HQ that future

workshops will be held to more explicitly define the fundable research opportunities.

CWC Funding 2009 – 2011: $90,000 Led by Prof. Merry Team Members: Dr. Durand, Research Scientist, soon to become OSU faculty

Mr. Yoon, PhD student in Civil & Environmental Engineering

Publications to date based on CWC funding of this task: This project task has just been initiated with expectations of publications in the year ahead.

19

3. Accomplishments Toward Self-Sustaining

Eleven proposals to sustain this hydrologic effort are now funded by NASA, NSF, USGS,

and NGA. Their combined value is $7,322,082 with $2,905,294 for OSU. Additional proposals are in review with a total value of $7,704,092. We expect to continue this success with additional

proposal submissions in every year. Federal grants are only one method of sustaining the project. The key step will be to add

industry, foundation, and philanthropy support. For example, our work is well-suited for

partnerships with the insurance industry who seek advice on flooding potential in development zones. We will work with the CWC to enhance the development potential and eventual funding

of the products and deliverables associated with our core project.

3.1. Funded Grants and Proposals in Review

Funded: Rodriguez, E., L-L Fu, P. Vaze, and D. Alsdorf, SWOT Task Plan for FY 2010, NASA HQ,

Total grant is $2,200,000 with $112,500 for OSU. 2010. Schwartz, F., and 4 others, Acquisition of a Liquid Isotope Analyzer for Hydrological,

Glaciological and Geochemical Research, $57,800, NSF, 2009-2010.

Shum, C.K., Integrated analysis of interferometric SAR and altimetry to monitor Louisiana wetland dynamics, NASA-NESSP Fellowship (Jin-woo Kim), 09/01/10-08/31/13,

$90,000. Alsdorf, D.E., C.K. Shum, Estimates of Water Storage Changes and Related Determination of

the Height Accuracies and Spatial Resolutions for the SWOT Instrument, NASA Physical

Oceanography, Total grant is: $100,000 for one year. 2009. Rodriguez, E., L-L Fu, P. Vaze, and D. Alsdorf, SWOT Task Plan for FY 2009, NASA HQ,

Total grant is $2,062,500 with $110,361 for OSU. 2009. Alsdorf, D., D. Lettenmaier, and D. Moller, A Virtual Mission to Determine the Feasibility of A

Future Surface Water Satellite Mission: Stage-II, NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program,

, $694,978 with $317,828 funded to OSU. 2007-2010 Durand, M., S. Margulis, N. Molotch, and E.J. Kim, Relating in situ snow cover properties to

multi-scale multi-frequency remote sensing data utilizing the CLPX dataset, NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program, $449,504. 2009-2012

Durand, M., S. Margulis, Reducing Uncertainty of Climatic Trends in the Sierra Nevada: An

Ensemble-Based Reanalysis via the Merger of Disparate Measurements, NSF Hydrology, $399,349, 2010-2012.

Durand, M., K. Andreadis, L.C. Smith, Assessing and retiring risk in SWOT discharge products: Two methods for characterizing river depth, NASA Physical Oceanography, $402,951. 2010-2013.

Shum, C., M. Ibaraki, Y. Yi, and Z. Lu, Towards high-resolution rapid monitoring and prediction of hydrologic change, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency University Research

Initiative (NGA/NURI), $750,000 (with 3 option years). 9/26/07–9/25/2012 Durand, M., J. Lant, K. Andreadis, A Hydraulic Modeling Framework for Producing Urban

Flooding Maps in Zanesville, Ohio, USGS NIWR, $25,000, 2010-2011.

Jung, H-C., D. Alsdorf, Hydraulic Modeling in the Congo Wetland Using Spaceborne Data, NASA Fellowship, $90,000, 2009-2012.

20

In Review: Andreadis, K., E. Beighley, and J. Bales, Data assimilation of the Mississippi River Basin: A

demonstration of SWOT measurements and capabilities. $600,000, NASA THP, in review

Rodriguez, R., D. Alsdorf, Y. Chao, D. Esteban-Fernandez, L-L. Fu, S. Hensley, A. Mousessian, D. Moller, T. Pavelsky, L. Smith, A Calibration/Validation Platform for the SWOT Mission, $4,500,000, NASA IIP, in review.

Schwartz, F., C.K Shum, M. Durand, H. Lee.Space-based revierine depth estimation in remote regions, NGA-NURI, 10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,997, in review.

Schwartz, F., Impacts of Climate Variability on Prairie Potholes, $377,437, NSF, 12/30/10 to 12/29/13, in review.

Ibaraki, M., J. Danies, C.K Shum, H. Lee. Multidisciplinary fusion approach for prediction of

infectious disease, NGA-NURI, 10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,992, in review. Hossain, F., with subaward to C.K. Shum and H.K. Lee, Advancing the hydrologic predictability

of riverine deltas: Using Bangladesh as a salable test-bed for the world’s humid deltas, 01/01/11-12/31/13. $136,776. in review

Liang, S., C.K. Shum, M. Ibaraki, H.K Lee. Tracking environmental factors governing the

transmission of Opisthorchis Viverrini (Liver Fluke) in Southeast Asia using Terra/Aqua: An integrated modeling analysis, NASA, 11/1/10-10/31/13, $499,621, in review.

Lee, H.K., C.K Shum. Satellite data fusion to measure absolute water level changes (2003-present) in the Everglades for restoration monitoring and sea level rise impact assessment: A Pilot Project, USGS, 07/01/10–06/30/13, $90,269, in review.

4. Timeline of Expected Accomplishments and Related Costs

Total Funds = $1,040,000

End of First Year of Funding, Fall 2008: Total first year funds, $105,000

1. Completed: Hire and partially fund first post-doctoral researcher. Dr. Durand $55,000 2. Completed: Fund a graduate student for Congo research. Mr. Jung $35,000

3. Completed: Fund undergraduate researchers. Mr Hamski, Mr. Stenftenagel $15,000 4. Completed: Install and operate floodplain and river channel hydrodynamic model 5. Completed: Full data assimilation of small Amazon reach

6. Completed: First surface water data assimilation publication 7. Completed: Initiate data collection and interferometric SAR analyses for Congo Basin

8. Completed: Submit proposals to Federal agencies for water cycle research

End of Second Year of Funding, Fall 2009: Total second year funds, $445,000

1. Completed: Continue to partially fund post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Durand $55,000 2. Completed: Continue funding a graduate student for Congo research. Mr. Jung $45,000

3. Completed: Continue funding undergraduate researchers. Mr. Cotner, Ms. Schaller, $15,000

4. Completed: Hire post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Andreadis, $100,000

5. Completed: Hire post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Chandana Gangodagamage, $90,000 6. Completed: Personnel for GRACE and altimetry analyses, Dr. Lee $40,000

7. Completed: OSC personnel, Dr. Gardiner. $10,000

21

8. Completed: Hire personnel for Applications, Mr. Allen, $90,000 9. Completed: Second data assimilation publication

10. Completed: Won NASA and NSF proposals, fully funding Dr. Durand 11. Completed: Submit proposals for space-based water cycle research

12. Completed: Establish Congo Basin model and constrain with satellite measurements 13. Completed: Expand Amazon reach and related data assimilation

End of Third Year of Funding, Fall 2010:

Total third year funds, $390,000 1. Completed: Dr. Durand has accepted an OSU faculty position, he has raised over $1.25M

in grants since arriving at OSU as a post-doctoral researcher. 2. Completed: Mr. Jung has won a NASA fellowship and is fully supporting his graduate

research.

3. Completed: Ms. Schaller, Mr. Cotner graduate in June 2010. 4. In Progress: Added two new undergraduates, Ms. Shlaes, Mr. Martin. $20,000

5. In Progress: Continue funding post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Andreadis. $100,000 6. In Progress: Hire deforestation policy researcher. $60,000 7. In Progress: Added Masters degree student, Mr. Lant. $35,000

8. In Progress: Added post-doctoral researcher for GRACE and altimetry research, Dr. Lee. $55,000

9. In Progress: OSC personnel for various programming efforts. $10,000 10. In Progress: Added Ph.D. student for hydrodynamic modeling Mr. Yoon, $90,000 11. Completed: Many publications on this research, see publications noted throughout report

12. Completed: First publication on Congo Basin research, more are in progress. 13. Completed: Have won many proposals to sustain effort, see proposals section in report

14. Completed: Workshop(s) with potential supporters of the CWC hydrologic center and on the U.S. Great Lakes, $20,000

End of Fourth Year of Funding, Fall 2011:

Total fourth year funds, $100,000 1. Continue Ph.D., Masters, and Undergraduate students. $40,000

2. All post-doctoral researchers will be fully funded by their own proposals. 3. Deforestation policy researcher. $60,000 4. Many more publications on Congo Basin research including GRACE and altimetry

5. More publications on algorithms for large volumes of hydrologic data. 6. Capacity demonstrations on OSC platforms for throughput of large volumes of

hydrologic data. 7. Major funding for CWC hydrologic center expected.

End of Fifth Year: No funds requested and all projects fully operational

22

CARBON MANAGEMENT IN TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS (C-MITE)

R. Lal, K. Lorenz

I. Project Description:

How Is The Carbon Cycle Disturbed by Human Activities?

Urbanization (i.e., the expansion of urban land uses, including commercial,

industrial, and residential uses) is one of the most dramatic and dynamic global

human activity with drastic alterations of ecosystems. Since 2008 more than 50%

of the global population lives in cities, and this percentage is projected to increase

strongly producing growing demands on nearby and distinct ecosystems. In the

United States, for example, the urban area increased by 13% from 1990 to 2000.

Furthermore, for the lower 48 states in the Unites States the urban land area is

projected to increase from 2.5% in 1990 to 8.1% by 2050. Little is, however,

known about the effects of increasing urban land use on the carbon (C) cycle.

Urban land use may affect the regional and global atmospheric climate. For

example, urban sprawl (i.e., the reductions in developmental density, segregation

of residential and commercial districts, and expansion of the transportation

network) has been linked qualitatively to increase in per capita fossil fuel

emissions in North America. Daily average atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2)

concentrations in city centers can exceed 500 ppm whereas global mean

23

concentrations are 385 ppm. Thus, urban regions are major sources of

atmospheric CO2, and 78% of global C emissions are attributed to cities.

Furthermore, built-up urban areas exert significant influences on their local

climates. Specifically, in many cities an urban heat island is observed and this is

partly due to the influence of the urbanized landscape on the surface energy

budget and local meteorology. Because of the high density of pollutants in the

urban heat island plume the regional and global atmospheric climate may be

altered. The consequences of increases in urban areas for the atmospheric climate

by the combined urban heat and pollution island effect are, however, under

discussion. In particular, urban effects on the global climate change are often

neglected in climate models.

Human activity in urban development is associated with alterations of urban soils,

i.e., the construction of artificial soils, sealing of natural soils, and extraction of

material normally not affected by surface processes (Fig. 1). Until recently,

however, urban soils and their biogeochemical cycles have not been studied

extensively. A greater understanding of urban soils properties is, however,

urgently needed to assess their role in the global C cycle and their ecosystem

services for the urban population. For example, an increasing number of rural

farmers in Africa and Asia move to urban areas, and this increases the demand for

food production on urban soils by urban agriculture. The interactions between

24

urban development patterns and ecosystem dynamics are, however, still poorly

understood.

Figure 1. Urban soil organic carbon dynamics and main effects of urbanization in

bold.

In view of the increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations from fossil fuel

combustion, and the conversion of rural to urban soils associated with drastic

increases in urbanization, strategies are needed to strengthen C sinks in urban soils

and vegetation. The majority of the few studies on C sequestration in urban areas,

however, focused on net primary production by the urban vegetation despite the

25

potential of urban soils to store large amounts of C. Urban soils have the potential

to store large amounts of soil organic carbon (SOC) and, thus, contribute to

mitigating increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the amount of

SOC stored in urban soils is highly variable in space and time, and depends among

others on soil parent material and land-use. The SOC pool in 0.3-m depth may

range between 16 and 232 Mg ha-1, and between 15 and 285 Mg ha-1 in 1-m depth.

Thus, depending on the soil replaced or disturbed, urban soils may have higher or

lower SOC pools, but very little is known.

About 10% of the land C storage in the United States is located in human

settlements – 64% in soils, 20% in vegetation, 11% in landfills, 5% in buildings.

Urban trees in the United States, in particular, store 25.1 Mg C ha-1, and urban

forest soils store 71 to 87 Mg SOC ha-1 to 1-m depth. Urban trees in Ohio store

higher amounts of C (35.4 Mg C ha-1), and sequester 1.1 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. However,

the SOC pool in urban forests of Ohio is not known. The only studies on urban

forest soils in the Midwest and Northeast region were done in New York City,

N.Y. and Baltimore, M.D., and reported SOC pools to 1-m depth of 97 to 145 Mg

SOC ha-1 and 116 Mg SOC ha-1, respectively. Thus, one focus of the activities of

C-MITE in 2009 was to: (i) access the magnitude of SOC pool in urban forests in

Columbus as an indicator of the potential C sink capacity, (ii) determine the

stabilization of the SOC pool as an indicator for the strength of C sequestration in

26

urban forest soils, and (iii) compare the SOC sequestration in urban forests with

those in relatively undisturbed natural forests in Columbus.

II. Staff funding under the CWC-TIE During 2009

The following staff, students and visiting scholars were funded under the CWC-TIE

during 2009. Contributions of Visiting Scholars from cooperating institutions are critical to

the C-MITE core activities.

(i) Rattan Lal - PI (CWC), Director (C-MASC) (ii) Klaus Lorenz - Research Scientist (Germany)

(iii) M. Rahman - Visiting Scholar (Bangladesh)) (iv) B. R. Singh - Visiting Scholar (Norway)

(v) A. Datta - Visiting Scholar (India)* (vi) A. Bau - Visiting Scholar (Iceland)* (vii) G. Gisladottir - Visiting Scholar (Iceland)*

(viii) K. Ono - Visiting Scholar (Japan) (ix) M. V. Galdos - Visiting Scholar (Brazil)

(x) P. Chacon Montes de Oca - Graduate Student (Costa Rica) (xi) M. Herman - Graduate Student (USA) (xii) N. Stanich - Graduate Student (USA)

(xiii) J. Beniston - Graduate Student (USA) (xiv) A. Wele - Graduate Scientist (Ethiopia)

(xv) A. Gelaw - Graduate Student (Ethiopia) (xvi) T. Colson - Program Manager (USA) * Received research support for soil analysis only. They had their

own funds for salary and international transport.

27

III. Project Deliverables:

Research and teaching programs conducted under the auspices of C-MITE, were

implemented in cooperation with colleagues from within OSU (Table 1) and other

institutions (Table 2).

Table 1 Cooperators with C-MITE Within OSU

Department Name

1. Byrd Polar B. Lyons, S. Fortner, H. Rashid 2. Earth Sciences A. Grottoli, D. Alsdorf, A. Carey, J. Daniels

3. Geodetic Sciences C.K. Shum 4. Astronomy S. Nahar 5. FABE H. Keener

6. SENR R. Dick, R. Islam, D. Ferris 7. Public Health S. Liang, C. Rea

Table 2 Cooperators with C-MITE at Other Institutions.

Country Institution Scientist

1. Iceland Univ. of Iceland G. Gisladottir Soil Conservation Service A. Bau, S. Runolfsson, G. Haldersson

2. Costa Rica Escuela deAgricultura del Tropico Humedo, (EARTH) R. LeBlanc 3. Bangladesh Univ. Of Dhaka A.H.M. Rahman, S.M. Faiz 4. India M.S.S.R.F. S. Mitra. M. Velayutham

Punjab Agricultural University B. Brar, M. Kang, S. Sharma, K.L. Khera 5. Midwest Region Battelle D. Ball

6. Japan National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences K. Ono 7. Brazil Univ. of Estadual de Ponta Grossa J. Sa, C. Cerri, M.V. Galdos

Some principal deliverables include the following:

1. International Symposium:

Among major outcomes of the International Symposium on Climate Change and Food

Security in South Asia symposium is the Dhaka Symposium Declaration:

28

The International Symposium on Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia was held at the University of Dhaka from 25 to 30 August, 2008. It was jointly sponsored by the

Ohio State University, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, the UN Economic and Social

Commission for Asia and Pacific (UNESCAP), and University of Dhaka and the Government of Bangladesh. The symposium was attended by around 250 participants from 17 countries.

Climate change has multi-dimensional impacts on agro-ecosystems in South Asia, including

increases in temperature, declines in fresh water availability, sea level rise, glacial melting in the Himalayas, increased frequency and intensity of extreme events, and shifting of cropping zones. They all impact agriculture and the related food sector as well as the

general economies, societies and the environment in South Asia.

Agriculture is a bearer, a contributor, as well as a mitigator of climate change. Small landholders (< 2 ha) and resources poor, subsistence farmers predominate in the region and contribute to CO2 emissions. The per capita land area is < 0.1 ha in many countries in South

Asia and is rapidly decreasing because of conversion of land to non-agricultural uses, soil degradation and continued population growth. The serious problems of soil degradation and

desertification are likely to be exacerbated by climate change through accelerated erosion, fertility depletion, salinization and acidification. Subsistence agriculture, characterized by low productivity and extractive farming, is extremely vulnerable to climate change. The

latter may constrain attainment of food production targets in the South Asian countries.

The symposium identified several key recommendations, knowledge gaps, and opportunities for policy makers. Researchers and extension systems, international organizations, and NGOs to implement programs designed to minimize short- and long-

term vulnerability of the South Asian region to climate change. Principal recommendations are to:

Create a Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia Network (CCFSSANet) and establish a South Asia Climate Outlook Forum (SACOF).

Stimulate multi-disciplinary research on climate change and food security in South Asia and identify effective mitigation and adaptation options, including carbon sequestration in

different ecosystems. Initiate and strengthen cooperation among academic and research institutions, international organizations, and NGOs to provide opportunities for strengthening

institutions, human resource development and capacity building. Develop innovative financial mechanisms to scale up technical and financial support for

the adaptation efforts of the South Asian countries. Promote adoption of mitigation and adaptation options through payments for ecosystem services such as carbon trading.

Strengthen regional institutional and policy mechanisms to promote and facilitate implementation of location-specific adaptation and mitigation practices.

The symposium urges the development partners and the private sector to fund the

29

implementation of programs that reflect the recommendations outlined about that deal with the mitigation and adaptation to climate change while advancing food security in South

Asia. The participants thank the University of Dhaka and the Bangladesh Government for hosting the symposium and providing all the necessary facilities.

Further major outcome is the publication of the conference proceedings at the end of 2010

by Springer Verlag (The Netherlands), edited by R. Lal. M. Sivakumar, A. Rahman, M.

Faiz, and R. Islam.

2. Teaching:

a. Soils and Climate Change (ENR 871, ES 821):

Rattan Lal and Berry Lyons taught the course “Soils and Climate Change” during

winter 2010. Three-credit hour graduate course are offered every winter, and

jointly listed in the School of Environment and Natural Resources, and School of

Earth Sciences. There were 12 registered and 8 unregistered students who

attended the course in winter 2010.

b. Dual Degree Program:

The University of Iceland (Geography Department) and OSU (SENR) have

signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to provide dual degrees with

focus on soil C. The program will commence with 3 graduate students from OSU

and 1 graduate student from University of Iceland beginning their program in

summer of 2010. Three OSU students visiting Iceland in summer 2010 are Josh

Beniston, Nick Stanich, and Melissa Herman.

30

3. Examples of Research Data:

Examples of the kind of research data from different biomes are listed below, with a focus

for this report on Costa Rica. A field study was established in 3 ecoregions of Costa Rica:

the Atlantic Moist, the Pacific Dry and the Montane ecoregions. Within each ecoregion, 3

agricultural land uses were sampled for SOC at a depth of 1-m. In addition, a mature forest

was also sampled within each ecoregion to estimate the SOC sink capacity of the crops. The

SOC pool at 1-m depth was estimated at 114 – 150 Mg C ha-1 in the Atlantic Moist

ecoregion, 76 – 165 Mg C ha-1 in the Pacific Dry ecoregion and 166 – 246 Mg C ha-1 in the

Montane ecoregion of Costa Rica (Table 3). The C sink capacity was of 18.1 - 36.7 Mg C

ha-1, 14.1 – 88.6 Mg C ha-1 and 9.4 – 80.7 Mg C ha-1 in the Atlantic, Pacific and Montane

ecoregions, respectively. The effect of land use on SOC pool was specific to the ecoregion:

there were more significant differences on SOC in the Pacific ecoregion than in the Atlantic

or Montane ecoregions. Within ecoregions, the main mechanism by which land use directly

influenced the SOC pool was by changes in bulk density; however, SOC was also strongly

affected by texture. Climate also had a significant effect on SOC concentration and SOC

pool, as well as its vertical distribution. In agricultural soils, the effect of climate was not as

significant as it was in soils under natural vegetation, because the effect of management was

predominant. The SOC estimated for Costa Rica is of 823 - 872 Tg of C, with a potential for

SOC sequestration of around 826 – 2,251 Gg C yr-1. Under these estimations, around 26 –

71% of the country’s total emissions may be offset by agricultural and forest soils.

31

Table 3. Total Organic Carbon Pool (1-m depth) of three ecoregions in Costa Rica. Land uses with different letters are statistically different (α=0.05)

The mineral phase properties and chemically separated C fractions to 50-cm depth were

studied at three sites in the Sector Santa Rosa of Área de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG),

Costa Rica: (i) >400 yr. old-growth forest (Of), (ii) >90 yr. old secondary deciduous forest

(Df); and (iii) >60 yr. old Quercus oleoides forest (Qu). The pool of chemically separated C

fractions and their depth distribution varied depending on the separation technique. The

amounts of C preferentially bound to soil minerals in 0-50 cm depth were higher in Of and

Df compared to Qu (71.3 and 63.4 vs. 48.1 Mg ha-1, respectively; Fig. 2), as indicated by

treatment with HF to release mineral-associated SOC. In Of, however, the magnitude of

functionally passive SOC pool was larger than in Df and Qu, (10.7 vs. 5.8 and 3.5 Mg ha -1,

respectively), as indicated by the H2O2 treatment. The amounts of stable SOC were not

different among the sites, as was indicated by treatment with disodium peroxodisulfate

32

(Na2S2O8). The regressions among selective dissolution data, mineral phase indicators and

stabilized SOC indicated that poorly crystalline Fe oxides were most important mineral

phase components for SOC stabilization in DTF sub-soils. Larger sub-soil inputs of black C

(BC) as charcoal through bioturbation over a long period at the oldest DTF site, in

combination with high amounts of poorly crystalline Fe oxides which were evenly

distributed in the soil profile through bioturbation contributed to the larger stabilized SOC

pool and its depth distribution compared to the youngest forest site.

At Qu and Of, SOM was characterized and BC contents estimated selectively as soot (soot-

BC) in 0-10 cm depth. We expected that SOM chemistry at Qu is more closely related to the

previous pastoral land use than at Of, and that a higher frequency of fire at Qu contributes to

higher soot-BC concentrations than at Of. SOM was characterized by solid-state 13C nuclear

magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and soot-BC estimated by both NMR after

chemical oxidation with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and by C analysis and mass balance

after thermal oxidation in air at 375 ºC. SOM at Qu was more aliphatic but less aromatic

than at Of as the duration in which woody litter input was dominant was shorter in the

younger compared to the older forest. Alkyl C at Of was relatively enriched after chemical

oxidation, and aryl C and lignin relatively depleted. In contrast, only small changes in these

spectral regions were observed at Qu after oxidation may be due to stabilization by Fe

oxides. Thus, higher inputs along with higher proportions of stabilized soot-BC fractions in

the mineral phase may have contributed to higher soot-BC concentrations at Qu compared

to Of determined by NMR after chemical oxidation (31.3 vs. 14.8% of SOC in the form of

soot-BC, Table 4). However, soot-BC values after thermal oxidation were lower (3.9 and

3.7% for Of and Qu, respectively), and not related to values obtained by NMR which

highlights the need for the development of a standardized quantification method for soil BC.

This method must applied to study BC in the entire soil profile on a larger number of plots,

especially in landscape depressions that receive run-on during the rainy season, to elucidate

the fate of BC in the DTF which may be prone to frequent wildfires in the future.

33

Fig 2. OC pools resistant to Na2S2O8 or H2O2, and HF-soluble C pools (Mg ha-1). (N=4; ±SD; means for each site not sharing a common capital letter are

statistically different among depths; means for each depth not sharing a common lowercase letter are statistically different among sites, ANOVA, Student-Newmans-Keuls test, P<0.05; notice the different scale for HF-soluble OC)

34

Table 3. Black carbon (soot-BC) contents (%SOC) based on CP MAS 13C NMR integration after chemical oxidation and based on C contents after thermal oxidation.

Site Profile Oxidation

Chemical Thermal

Of 1 4.7 2.5

2 17.7 4.1

3 6.8 2.8

4 30.1 6.1

mean 14.8 3.9

Qu 1 25.9 4.4

2 36.2 3.4

3 32.3 2.7

4 30.7 4.2

mean 31.3 3.7

Examples of cooperative Studies in Iceland were done at Kjarardalur valley, in West Iceland

were the impact of land use on the terrestrial ecosystem was examined. Land use in form of

grazing, deforestation and charcoal production started already soon after the area became settled

in the 9th century. The soil core in Fig. 3 is a Histosol core taken close to a shieling (summer

dairy farm) that was in practice during early settlement. Analysis of pollen data show that the

native birch woodland forest declined soon after settlement and was more or less depleted by late

12th century, before the onset of the Little Ice Age. Microscopic charcoal found in the core from

about AD 900 - 1300 indicate charcoal production during this period. The deforestation induced

soil erosion, indicated by the increase in soil accumulation rate, caused by increased aeolian

activity. The impact of the erosion was dramatic for the terrestrial environment. Soil degradation

is indicated by increased soil bulk density, decrease in soil moisture content, decreased carbon

content and increased pH. During the 16th and 17th century, when climate deterioration of the

35

Little Ice Age had started, the combined impact of anthropogenic induced soil erosion and

climate deterioration, resulted in slope instability and a collapse of the ecosystem. Slope deposit

is preserved in soil profiles dated to the 16th and 17th century.

Figure 3. Soil properties from a Histosol core from the Kjarardalur valley in West Iceland. The

core show some soil properties over the past 2000 years. The tephra from AD 871±2, mark the start of settlement in Iceland. Soils below the tephra AD871 is prehistoric and soil above the

tephra layer is historic.

OSU (SENR) graduate students Melissa Herman, Joshua Beniston, and Nicholas Stanich will be

traveling to Iceland in July as part of the CWC funded student exchange program between The

University of Iceland and The Ohio State University. The exchange program has been developed

to allow students to experience both international education and research within Iceland, and the

two month experience will be divided into an educational tour of the country, and soil research

that will help describe C dynamics of a retreating glacier and of land uses in Iceland. The first

36

half of the trip will be a hands-on educational experience and will include traveling to a receding

glacier to experience soil processes of extremely young soils, and working with the Icelandic

Soil Conservation Service as they are engaged in soil restoration projects in desertified areas.

The second half of the trip will involve traveling to areas under different land uses and

management practices (i.e. wetlands, pastures, forest, etc.) to determine how soil nutrient cycling

varies between them. During the last three weeks of the program the group will travel to the

Skaftafell outlet glacier in Skaftafell National Park, where they will describe properties of soils

that have been uncovered as the glacier has receded over the last 120 years. Upon completion of

the field work, a predictive SOC map will be created in attempt to thoroughly quantify the

amount of C with the soils surrounding the Skaftafell outlet glacier.

During his stay at ESNR, OSU, Prof. Singh developed and strengthened the cooperation on

research and supervision of PhD students, to prepare a joint research project in third country, for

example, India or Tanzania, and to work out publications from the work done by common

students. In addition to this, he was also be working in the laboratory along with the staff of C-

MASC OSU to analyze the samples brought from Norway for isotopic carbon (13 C) as well for

carbon and nitrogen concentration in order to assess the impact of long-term mangement

practices on the chemical structure of soil organic carbon and its residence time in the soil. Prof.

Singh was invited by Prof. Lal to contribute a chapter on “Soil Resources and Food Security and

Safety in South Asia” for a forthcoming book. This work is in progress in collaboration with

scientists from India. During his stay at OSU, he also contributed to three concepts notes on

recently announced Norwegian-Tanzanian program on climate change adaptability and

mitigation. Along with the above mentioned activities Prof. Singh delivered two seminars to the

faculty of ESNR, OSU. The one was on “Soil organic carbon sequestration and fluxes of green

house gases under different land uses in a watershed of Nepal” on March 2 and the second on

“Mineral Improved Crop Production for Healthy Food and Feed” on April 1 2010.

37

The focus of A. Datta’s research is the effect of agricultural land use and soil management on the

flux of CO2, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). During his visit at C-MASC, he studied

trace gas fluxes for 6 months under no-till and plow till continuous corn (Zea mays L.) at

OARDC Waterman Farm. Major observations where that tillage enhanced soil C losses by

promoting soil respiration whereas the effects of tillage treatments on N2O fluxes were variable.

Most importantly, CH4 fluxes were characterized by a high temporal and spatial variability

which impaired comparison among tillage treatments. Thus, long-term continuous measurements

of trace gas fluxes which recognize also the spatial variability of soil properties are needed to

fully address the global warming potential and climate mitigation potential of agricultural land

uses.

Publications (For 2009) (a) Books

1. Lal, R. and R.F. Follett (Eds) 2009. Soil carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Special Publ. 57, Second Edition,

Madison WI, 410 pp (b) Journal Articles

2. Lorenz, K., R. Lal and J.J. Jimenez. 2009. Soil organic carbon stabilization in

dry tropical forests of Costa Rica. Geoderma 152:95-103. 3. Lorenz, K. and R. Lal. 2009. Biogeochemical C and N cycles in urban soils.

Environ. Int. 35:1-8. 4. Lorenz, K. and R. Lal. 2010. Stabilized soil organic carbon pools in sub-soils

under forest are potential sinks for atmospheric CO2. For. Sci. (in press).

5. GisladóttirG., E. Erlendsson, R. Lal and J.M. Bigham. 2010. Erosional Effects on Terrestrial Resources over the Last Millennium in Reykjanes, Southwest

Iceland. Quaternary Research, 73, 20–32. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.09.007. 6. Palaniappan, S.P., R. Balasubramanian, T. Ramesh, A. Chandrasekaran, K.G.

Mani, M. Velayutham and R. Lal. 2009. Sustainable management of dryland

Alfisols (red soils) in south India. J. Crop Imp. 23:275-259. 7. Kang, D.S., Kuldeep Singh, Dhanwinder Singh, B.R. Garg, R. Lal and M.

Velayutham. 2009. Viable alternatives to the rice-wheat cropping system in Punjab. J. Crop Imp. 23:300-318.

8. Rajput, R.P., D.L. Kauraw, R.K. Bhatnagar, Manish Bhavsar, M. Velayutham

and R. Lal. 2009. Sustainable management of Vertisols (black soils) in central India. J Crop Imp. 23:119-135.

38

9. Lal, R. 2009. Sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 28:1-7.

10. Sa, J., C.C. Cerri, R. Lal, W. A. Dick, M. Piccolo, and B.E. Feigl. 2009. Soil organic carbon and fertility interactions affected by a tillage chronosequence in

a Brazilian oxisol. Soil Tillage & Res. 104 (1): 56-64. 11. Lal, R. and D. Pimentel. 2009. Beware crop residues. Science. 326: 1345-1346. 12. Galdos, M.V., C.C. Cerri, R. Lal, M. Bernoux, B. Feigl and C.E. Cerri. 2010.

Net greenhouse gas fluxes in Brazilian ethanol production systems. Global Change Biol. and Bioenergy 2: 37-44.

(c) Book Chapters

13. Post ,W., J.E. Amonette, R. Bindsey, C.T. Garten, Jr., R.C. Izaurralde, P.M.

Jardine, J. Jastrow, R. Lal, G. Marland, B.A. McCarl, A.M. Thomson, T.O. West, S.D. Wullschleger and F.B. Metting. 2009. Terrestrial biological

sequestration: science for enhancement and implementation. In B. McPherson and E.T. Sundquist (Eds) “Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon Cycle:. AGU Books: Geophysical Monograph Servier Volume 183, Ch

5, Section 2. 14. Lorenz, K., R. Lal, C.M. Preston, K.G.J. Nierop. 2009. Soil organic carbon

sequestration by biochemically recalcitrant biomacromolecules. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett (Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57. Madison, WI: 207-222.

15. Lorenz, K., R. Lal. 2009. Carbon dynamics in urban soils. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett (Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”.

SSSA Spec. Publ. 57. Madison, WI: 393-400. (d) Conference Presentations

16. Lorenz, K., Lal, R., 2009. Carbon sequestration in urban forest soils. Joint Annual Meeting SSSA-ASA-CSSA, Pitssburgh, PA, November 1-5.

17. Lorenz, K., Lal, R., 2009. Carbon sequestration in forest soils disturbed by coal mining and urban land use in Ohio. 5th International Conference on Soils of Urban, Industrial, Traffic, Military, and Mining Areas (SUITMA), New York

City, NY, September 21-25, 2009 18. Gudrun Gisladottir, Egill Erlendsson, Rattan Lal, Marin I. Kardjilov, Sigurdur

R. Gislason, Andrew J. Dugmore, Ian A. Simpson, and Anthony Newton, 2009. The effect of land use and climate change on ecosystem health and terrestrial and riverine carbon fluxes. International conference on Land degradation in dry

environments. The International Geographical Union (IGU ), Commission of Land Degradation and Desertification (COMLAND) conference, Kuwait,

March 8th- 14th, 2009 19. Gudrun Gisladottir, Egill Erlendsson, and Rattan Lal, 2009. The significance of

climate change and land use on ecosystem health and terrestrial carbon in

Western Iceland. International Conference on Land and Water Degradation. Processes and Management. The International Geographical Union (IGU )

Commission of Land Degradation and Desertification (COMLAND). Magdeburg, Germany, September 6th -9th, 2009.

39

IV. How the Project is Becoming Self-Sustaining

The C-MITE team has written successful proposals. During 2008 three external grants received are the following:

1. Ohio Coal Development Office: $630,278 (From 11/2008 to 10/2011) 2. USDA-NRI (In collaboration with Indiana and Purdue Universities): $399,986

(From 04/2009 to 03/2011) 3. MRCSP (In collaboration with Battelle): $420,000 per year (From 09/2007 to

09/2010)

Grant proposals submitted in 2009 are as follows:

1. USDOE : R. Lal. K. Lorenz, B.H. Lower, T.R. Filley

2. ENI Award : R. Lal, K. Lorenz, M.J. Shipitalo, L.R. Owens 3. USDOE/NICCR : R. Lal, K. Lorenz, T.R. Filley

4. NSF : R. Lal, K. Lorenz, T.R. Filley V. Time Line of Expected Accomplishments and Budget

Tentative timeline of expected accomplishments are outlines for each region in Table

4. The budget estimates for staff and other activities fro 2009, 2010, 2011 are shown in

Table 5.

40

41

42

Low-latitude glacier retreat: Evidence of accelerating climate change and impacts on local

to regional water resources

(LLGR-ACC & WR)

Lonnie Thompson, School of Earth Sciences, MPS Ellen Mosley-Thompson and Bryan Mark, Department of Geography, SBS

Andy Keeler, John Glenn School of Public Affairs and

David Kraybill, Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics

Project Description:

1. Description and Scientific Motivation for LLGR-ACC & WR

Low-latitude glacier retreat: evidence of accelerating climate change and impacts on local to regional water resources (LLGR-ACC & WR) is a core project designed to directly address two

CWC core questions, “(1) Does human intervention have the potential to push the climate system such that abrupt changes become more frequent, intense and rapid? And (2) Do we have enough surface water to maintain society; i.e., what is the spatial and temporal variability in terrestrial

surface water storage and how can we predict these variations more accurately? ” In addition the core project addresses the following more specific questions: (a) How rapidly are Earth’s water

towers retreating? These are the ice fields that provide critical water supplies during the annual dry season. (b) How will the loss of these water resources affect the natural ecosystems and human activities in the affected regions?

The LLGR-ACC & WR core project is motivated by ever mounting scientific evidence that Earth’s globally averaged surface temperature is increasing, human activities are a key driver

(IPCC, 2007) and Earth’s its ice cover, is responding dramatically and rapidly (Thompson et al., 2006). Globally, glaciers are in recession and we need to better understand both the nature of

this global climatic and environmental change, and the impact it has on local water resources. A recent NRC (2009) report entitled “Restructuring Federal Climate Research to Meet the

Challenges of Climate Change” highlights the importance for the nation to prepare itself for the possibility of warming in excess of 3°C by the end of the current century. Over this period most

alpine glaciers are expected to disappear and ice discharge, first from Greenland then later from West Antarctica, is anticipated to raise sea level substantially. The key overarching scientific goals for this CWC Core project remain advancing our capability to extract new and unique

paleoclimate information that extends our knowledge of Earth’s past and present climate and environment, including its natural variability, and to improve our understanding of the causes of

the observed variability. Developing this understanding requires a perspective from the past, and proxy records in and near glacier ice reveal many examples of past abrupt climate changes that can yield crucial insights into the environmental conditions before, during and after such events,

as well as their chronology and magnitude. This focus on abrupt climate change is consistent with the NRC’s (2009, p. 55) recommended emphasis on climate changes that are abrupt and

large enough to push climate and human systems past tipping points from which recovery may be impossible.

43

This core project consists of three subprojects that share both similarities and differences, particularly in the rapidity of ongoing changes and the magnitude of the anticipated human

impacts. For simplicity the three subprojects are called: Kilimanjaro, South American Andes and the Himalayas. Although the focus here is on low latitude, high elevation ice fields, many ice

other masses (e.g., Greenland) are expected to decline and we expect significant interaction with other CWC projects and seed grant activities including the new core project led by C.K. Shum and others focusing on ice sheet mass loss and sea level rise.

References:

IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), 2007. Summary for Policy Makers, available at

http://www.ipcc.ch/.

National Research Council, 2009. Restructuring Federal Climate Research to Meet the Challenges of Climate Change, Washington, D.C., 202 pp.167.

Thompson, L.G. and eight others, 2006. Abrupt tropical climate change: Past and present. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 10536-10543, doi:10.1073.

2. Products and Deliverables:

2A. Subproject Kilimanjaro

Description: The Kilimanjaro subproject focuses on human adaptation to changing availability of water on Mount Kilimanjaro in East Africa. The Kilimanjaro region is characterized by sharp climatic contrasts that occur contemporaneously at various altitudes on and around the mountain.

Various human adaptive responses are evident across the micro-climates of the mountain region, providing insights into the range of options available for coping with climate change. Water,

especially for irrigation, is an important factor in the livelihoods of households and vitality of the economy. Many households use stream water to irrigate their crops because rainfall in the region is erratic. In recent years, the pattern of rainfall has changed and farmers without access

to irrigation water now harvest little or nothing during the second growing season of the year.

A central part of this project will be the development of an economic model that links household livelihoods to water availability. Economic accounts will be prepared using primary data to be gathered in a survey of Kilimanjaro households. A linear economic-hydrologic model will be

developed for analyzing first-order impacts of changes in water. In a second phase, the linear relationships in the model will be replaced with nonlinear ones based on microeconomic theory.

The resulting computable general equilibrium (CGE) model will allow substitutions as humans adapt to climatic change. This includes substitutions between labor and purchased inputs, between food crops and cash crops, and between using resources for managing effects of climate

change versus for enhancing general economic development. Stochastic economic models will also be developed to explore various policy responses, including water-conserving irrigation

infrastructure and crop insurance. Parameters of the economic models will be based on auxiliary studies, including a statistical analysis of the role of water in crop production and a survey-based statistical study of willingness-to-pay for irrigation investments and crop insurance.

Three principles guide our research. First, adaptive responses are not based on simple point

estimates of expected climatic events but on higher moments of the distribution and with particular weight on low-probability extreme events; therefore, purposive adaptation should be

44

based on the most detailed and accurate predictive information about these outcomes. Second, investigation of adaptation to climate change should be based on a rich representation of

institutional and individual behavior rather than on simplistic assumptions that planned or prescribed adaptive responses are automatically carried out. Third, policies that promote general

economic development may reduce the economic vulnerability of households as much or even more than policies aimed at directly cushioning the shock of climate change.

Since 1912 ~86% of the Kilimanjaro’s summit ice cover has disappeared. Our most recent results, including the first assessment of the volume from 2000 to 2007 shows that the ice loss on

the Northern Ice Field and the Furtwänger Glacier is just as much as result of thinning (down wasting) as of lateral shrinking (Thompson et al., 2009 2010). Kilimanjaro’s ice loss is contemporaneous with the widespread glacier retreat in mid- to low-latitudes. Ice cores collected

in 2000 indicate that Kilimanjaro’s Northern Ice Field (NIF) has persisted for at least 11,700 years, and that a widespread drought 4,200 years ago and lasting ~300 years (confirmed by a 30

mm thick dust layer), was insufficient to remove the NIF. Also the upper 65 cm of the NIF Core 3 contains clear evidence of surface melting that does not appear elsewhere in the 49-meter core containing the 11,700 year history. Hence, the climatological conditions currently driving the

loss of Kilimanjaro’s ice fields are clearly unique within an 11,700 year perspective. And the ice fields atop Kilimanjaro will not endure if current conditions are sustained.

2009 Activities and Accomplishments (Deliverables)

Two additional rounds of the Kilimanjaro Livelihoods and Climate Survey were conducted in 225 households in 15 villages. David Kraybill, Co-PI, traveled to Tanzania in February to

supervise the first round of the 2009 interviews. CWC-funded PhD student, Francis Muamba, spent September and October in Tanzania supervising the second round of interviews. In addition to the household survey, rainfall data was gathered daily and reported in the 15 study

villages on Mount Kilimanjaro throughout 2009. Soil samples were also collected and analyzed from each of the villages to provide a baseline for a study we intend to conduct on soil carbon

sequestration. Development of the social accounting matrix of the Kilimanjaro region continued. Abstracts for

three papers based on the Kilimanjaro Livelihoods and Climate Survey were submitted for conference presentation. PhD student, Francis Muamba, submitted and successfully defended his

written Candidacy Exam, which consisted of a prospectus for research using data from the Kilimanjaro Livelihoods and Climate Survey. His research focuses on the role of water in crop output on the mountain, willingness to pay for improved irrigation on the mountain, and

payments for agricultural practices that sequester carbon on the mountain. A Masters thesis based on our survey data is also being written by Adeline Ajuaye, a student at Sokoine

University in Tanzania. Our CWC-funded research has led to increased international collaboration and advising by the

research team on climate change issues. First, Andrew Keeler and David Kraybill are founding members of the Global Change Research Network on African Mountains, a network of

researchers in Africa, Europe, and North America. Second, David Kraybill was invited to Nairobi, Kenya in September 2009 to contribute to a planning workshop created to advise the

45

Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) on climate impacts on agricultural production, agricultural research, and programs to improve agriculture in Africa. AGRA is a

$150 million, five-year program, funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. Third, David Kraybill was invited to participate in an international

workshop on food security in mountain regions throughout the world. The workshop was sponsored by the Mountain Research Institute, a multidisciplinary scientific organization funded by the Swiss government and based at the University of Berne. Fourth, an international

conference on climate change in Africa was co-hosted on the OSU campus in May by CWC project PIs, David Kraybill and Andrew Keeler. Funding was provided by the U.S. Department

of Education, though our interest in planning the conference arose directly from our CWC-funded research in the Kilimanjaro region. Researchers attending the conference came from Germany, Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, and the United States. A key theme of the workshop was

concepts and methods for integrative modeling of climate change. The conference provided an opportunity to deepen out working relationship with our primary Tanzanian collaborator on the

Kilimanjaro project, Dr. Reuben Kadigi, a water economist at Sokoine University, Morogoro, Tanzania. Dr. Kadigi was one of the presenters at the workshop.

Publications stemming from the Kilimanjaro Subproject (published, in press and submitted) are included with the publications for the entire LLGR-ACC & WR project at the end.

2B: Subproject South American Andes

2009 Activities and Accomplishments

Capitalizing on the receipt of a $1,094,433 grant from NSF’s Program for Paleo Perspectives on Climate Change in the summer of 2009 ice cores were drilled in the northern Andes of Peru on the Hualcán-Copa col. These cores are currently being analyzed at Ohio State in high temporal

resolution for dust content, major and minor element chemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios. At this time the OSU ice core team is in New Guinea recovering cores from the 2

remaining ice fields on Puncak Jaya. Two cores from the first site, the Northwall Firn, were drilled to bedrock and the team is currently moving to the second ice field. Thus, the drilling in New Guinea continues at this time. CWC funds are supporting Donaldi Permana, a PhD student

in the School of Earth Sciences, from our Indonesian collaborator, BMKG. The CWC funds were allocated as part of OSU’s contribution to the proposal mentioned above.

CWC funds ($89,000) were used to leverage funds from the BPRC Postdoctoral Fellowship to sponsor 2 postdoctoral scholars from the University of Pittsburgh. Drs. Nathan Stansell and

Broxton Bird joined BPRC in 2009. Their expertise is in paleoclimatology via the analysis of lake cores. Their research is focusing on high resolution climate/sediment records from Andean

(Stansell) and Chinese (Bird) lakes to help refine our understanding of late-glacial to Holocene climate events, including the nature, scale, chronology, and rates of change. Nathan has written a successful NSF proposal (with B. Mark) to support his Andean research and Broxton has a

proposal pending with NSF (with L. Thompson) to support his initial Chinese lake studies. In addition he is being considered for a Visiting Scientist position at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau

Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ITP-CAS). This will further cement OSU’s relationship with ITP-CAS.

46

Bryan Mark (BGM) and his team conducted field expeditions to Peru conducted in Jan-Feb and

July 2009 to advance the objectives of quantifying the extent of climate change impacts to glaciers and water resources. Twice annual hydrological and hydrochemical sampling has

provided important insights into the water quality and quantity in glacier- fed watersheds. We also completed additional maintenance of the stream gauge and automatic weather station instrumentation installed in 2007 and 2008. During the field operations, we have calibrated and

secured 11 new discharge measuring stations in the Cordillera Blanca. This work has been carried out by Ph.D. candidate and BGM co-advisee Michel Baraer (McGill). Under the NSF-

Geography grant (PI Mark), these physical observations have been complemented with social geographic data gathered in key interviews of households in the case-study watersheds. In the expansive nature of our TIE, we also received a supplemental grant through NSF Research

Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program in collaboration with UC Santa Cruz (co-PI Bury) to enable us to take six undergraduate students to Peru in July 2009 as part of an

interdisciplinary climate change/water resources research experience. Three OSU students with diverse majors were accepted: Michael Shoenfelt (History), Alyssa Singer (International Studies/Spanish), and Shawn Stone (Env Policy & Mngmt/International Studies). A fourth

student, Patrick Burns (SES), was also funded under CWC to participate and collect data for his senior honors thesis research. We were also joined by M.S. student Adam Clark from University

of Montana, who conducted ground penetrating radar (GPR) data acquisition over glaciers. Finally, we shared logistical operations with an undergraduate field camp run jointly by Union College and College of St. Rose. In all, this field operation involved six institutions, 16

undergraduates, 7 graduate students, and a postdoctoral research fellow, Nathan Stansell. Stansell led the recovery of four lake sediment cores yielding paleoenvironmental records

spanning Late Pleistocene - Holocene. These have been undergoing subsequent analyses with assistance by three undergraduate researchers funded by NSF and CWC. Two NSF proposals were submitted by PI Mark and co-PI Stansell, one of which has been recommended for funding

through the P2C2 program and the other is still pending. This affirms the synergistic BPRC/CWC professional mentoring capacity.

The importance of our low-latitude Andean glacier water resource research was affirmed by invited participation in 2 international workshops in Peru (NSF and USAID funded “Adapting to

a World without Glaciers” July 2009) and Chile (“Ice & Climate Change: A View from the South” February 2010). Bryan Mark was also invited in July 2009 to tour three Chilean research

institutes to talk about the CWC project, sponsored by the US Embassy in Chile. We have further capitalized on our expanded collaborative network by submitting 2 new proposals to interdisciplinary programs in NSF, both the Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human System

(CNH) and Water Sustainability and Climate (WSC).

CWC funds have also helped support the reconnaissance of a new study area in Ecuador that will provide an important comparative site close to the equator to evaluate glacier landscape changes, climatic forcing, and water resource impacts. In January 2010 Bryan Mark and Geography Ph.D.

student (OSU Fellowship winner) Jeff La Frenierre undertook 4 days of field work surveying the glaciated landscape, sampling erratics for cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) dating, taking water

samples, and establishing contacts at the government institute for hydrology and meteorology (INAMHI). This work was instigated by an outstanding need to clarify glacial history (elucidated

47

upon reviewing and submitting an invited paper as part of the “Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, Part IV: A closer look” Elsevier publication. The water resource issue is also

critical in this equatorial region, and we have broadened collaborative links and included this as part of new modeling and measurement proposal to NSF-WSC submitted in April 2010. Jeff is

currently undertaking 4 weeks of field work before joining us in Peru; this will form the basis for his dissertation. One example of the types of synergies and capacity building emerging from CWC investments is the appointment of Daniel Ortega-Pacheco by the foreign ministry of

Ecuador to be their chief climate change negotiator. Daniel, a PhD student, was funded for three years by CWC Core Project “Designing Incentives for Ecosystem Services” and will complete

his dissertation in the next three months. Undergraduate research involvement:

Patrick Burns (SES, advised by BGM) undertook research work related to CWC seed-grant (to BGM) to compile satellite imagery and terrestrial photogrammetry on the

Quelccaya Ice Cap and Qori Kalis outlet glacier and compute surface area and volume changes. This work achieved notable success when Pat was awarded first place in the

Denman Undergraduate Research Forum in 2009. On the basis of this work, he has also been included as co-author in a paper to be presented at the upcoming International Glaciological Society meeting in August 2010 at BPRC. Using the data collected during

his CWC-funded field work in Peru, Pat completed geochemical analyses as part of his undergraduate honors thesis entitled, “Geochemical Analysis of Waters in a Tropical

Glacial Valley.” He presented this research work in both the 2010 Biological Math and Physical Science and 2010 Denman forum, in which he was awarded 3rd place. His superlative academic career has featured many other student awards and funding.

Jacob Hindin (Geography, advised by BGM) also completed independent research related to our project. He used satellite remote sensing data to evaluate land-use and land cover

changes, work he presented in the 2010 Denman Undergraduate Research Forum on a poster sponsored by CWC entitled “Tracking Land Cover Change in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru,” and is currently completing his honors undergraduate thesis on the same.

Based on his excellent academic achievement and significant CWC research experience, Jacob was awarded one of two Huntington Awards, the most prestigious awards offered

by the Geography department to undergraduate students.

Michael Shoenfelt (History, honors) completed analyses with Sarah Fortner (postdoc) on

water samples and presented a poster at the 2009 Denman Undergraduate Research Forum entitled, “Silicate Weathering in Glacier Meltwater from the Cordillera Blanca.”

Shawn Stone (Env Policy & Mngmt/International Studies) was hired on CWC funds after

completing summer field work (see REU description above) to analyze sediment cores with postdoc Nathan Stansell. He also was awarded a 2010 Undergraduate Research

Grant ($1000) from the College of Social and Behavioral Science which will be used to fund field work in July 2010.

We were also able to extend our international inter-institutional collaboration with researchers in Peru (Peruvian Geophysical Research Institute, IGP) and France (French Institute for Research

and Development, IRD). We wrote a collaborative proposal ($54,000) involving OSU-CWC, McGill University, IRD and IGP to provide important scientific guidance for a glacier-climate

change evaluation and water resource monitoring project in the Cordillera Central, Peru. This

48

project will combine LiDAR data, climate measurements, stream gauging, and application of our hydrochemical mixing model. This work is in final stages of being funded, and though a modest

expense represents an excellent example of the synergistic in-country capacity building impact of our CWC project.

The CWC LLGR-ACC & WR team members continue to actively participate in education outreach efforts through BPRC, with the collaboration and guidance of Dr. Carol Landis. This

includes research talks, as well as more presentations to different audiences (see cross cutting activities later in the report for the complete listing). Some events include: Premier Latin

American Research night, open to all OSU community, but with a special invitation to students/faculty from Latin America, Upper Arlington High School Honors presentations, Capital University tour/lecture and the Wexner Center middle school tour. To enhance OSU’s

impact on global climate change science education in Ohio, and eventually more broadly, we have submitted a proposal to NSF ($913,824, PI: Mosley-Thompson) to develop a program

called ACCESS (Alliance for Climate Change Education, SyStemwide). CWC generated knowledge and materials will be prominent in the units produced for distribution.

Future developments:

Broxton Bird will continue to work with Thompson and Mosley-Thompson to investigate interannual to multi-decadal-scale variability in the South Asian summer monsoon (SAM) over the last 2000 years using high-resolution mountain lake sediment records from the Himalaya and

the Tibetan Plateau. A proposal has been submitted to NSF and Broxton has applied for a Visiting Scientist position at ITP-CAS (mentioned above). This research will employ a multi-

proxy approach to reconstruct past hydrologic conditions that incorporates physical sedimentology, geochemistry, and stable isotope analyses. New lake-based climate records from this region will complement existing ice core records from Asia and allow a more detailed spatial

and temporal reconstruction of climate change from this climatically sensitive and important region. Specifically, his research will address how changes in radiative forcing (i.e., solar

variability and volcanism) during the Medieval Climate Anomaly and the Little Ice Age affected Southern Annual Mode dynamics.

The broader exposure of our glacier environmental change research in Chile, including the CWC-funded attendance at the Feb 2010 conference in Valdivia, has resulted in a new Chilean

Ph.D. student who has applied, been accepted and will attend OSU Geography in AU10 under the advising of Bryan Mark. Alfonso Fernandez from Concepcion was awarded a prestigious Chilean government scholarship to pursue his graduate work, and will be working on Holocene-

recent glacier changes, climate forcing and impacts of change throughout the Chilean Andes. This work will complement our objectives in the tropical Andes of Peru-Ecuador, and also

extend inter-institutional educational links. Publications stemming from the South American Andes Subproject (published, in press and

submitted) are included with the publications for the entire LLGR-ACC & WR project at the end.

49

2C: Subproject Himalayan Glaciers

New research effort entitled “Research Program on Glacial Changes in the Himalaya and the Consequences for the Economic and Social Development in India” was formulated in 2009 at the

urging and with the support of the President of Iceland, Olafur Ragnar Grimsson. This research program on glaciers in India is motivated by the profound consequences the retreat of glaciers will have on the economic and social prospects of India through impact on big rivers, food

production, energy, and water resources. A proposal sent to the Carnegie Foundation has been funded to initiate this research. The first step was a three day visit (Feb. 23 - 25th, 2009) and

lecture series by Prof. Syed Iqbal Hasnain from The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) in New Delhi, India. As a result of our teleconference with Prof. Dagfinnur Sveinvjornsson and his colleagues in Iceland on Jan. 20th, 2009 and the meeting in late February it was decided that a

major focus of this joint effort among India, Iceland and OSU’s Byrd Polar Research Center will be the acquisition of ice core records from the Indian Himalayas. This was a stated CWC goal for

Year 5 of our CWC core project (see page 18). At this time the financial difficulties in Iceland have resulted in a temporary hold on further planning (the Carnegie funds were granted to Iceland). Thus the workshop and field glacier mass balance program we had planned for June

2009 was suspended too. If it is revived it will be conducted jointly by researchers from OSU, TERI in New Delhi, and the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Campus. The proposed venue

is the ITPR campus in Lhasa. The objective is to foster and coordinate joint research programs on both sides of the Himalayas through a cooperative U.S., China, India and Iceland research program to build human capacity for glacier mass balance research through education, training

and field research programs.

A Visiting Scholar from the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (ITPR-CAS) will be joining the ice core paleoclimate research group for the next 18 months. His will be supported by CWC to develop a new ice core drilling project in the

Himalayas in collaboration with ITPR-CAS. The main objective for the Himalayan subproject was to initiate a project to collect an ice core from the region of the Himalayas that serves as a

main water source for the Indus, Brahmaputra and Ganges Rivers. Publications stemming from the Himalayan Subproject (published, in press and submitted) are

included with the publications for the entire LLGR-ACC & WR project below.

2D. Activities and deliverables from all subprojects

Publications stemming from the three LLGR-ACC & WR subprojects (published, in press

and submitted): *student author

2010

Bury, J., B.G. Mark, J. McKenzie, A. French*, M. Baraer*, K.I. Huh*, M. Zapata and J. Gomez.

Glacier recession and human vulnerability in the Yanamarey watershed of the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Climatic Change, forthcoming.

Mark, B.G., J. Bury, J.M. McKenzie, A. French* and M. Baraer*. Climate Change and Tropical Andean Glacier Recession: Evaluating Hydrologic Changes and Livelihood Vulnerability in

50

the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Special Edition on Climate Change, forthcoming.

Kraybill, David S. Climate Change and Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. In Human Dimensions of Soil and Water Conservation: A Global Perspective. Edited by Ted

Napier. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society, in press. Keeler, Andrew G. and Laura German. Hybrid Institutions: Applications of Common Property

Theory Beyond Discrete Property Regimes. The International Journal of the Commons, in

press. McKenzie, J.M., B.G. Mark, L.G. Thompson, U. Schotterer and P.-N. Lin. A hydrogeochemical

survey of Kilimanjaro (Tanzania): Implications for water and ages, Hydrogeology Journal, 05 January 2010, DOI: 10.1007/s10040-009-0558-4, 2010.

Thompson, L.G., H. H. Brecher, E. Mosley-Thompson, D. R. Hardy, and B. G. Mark. Response

to Mölg et al.: Glacier loss on Kilimanjaro is consistent with widespread ice loss in low latitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 2010 107 (17) E69-E70;

doi:10.1073/pnas.1001999107 . Thompson, L.G. Understanding Global Climate Change and the Human Response: A

Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. The Behavior Analyst, in

press.

2009

Baraer, M. *, J.M. McKenzie, B.G. Mark and S. Knox*. Characterizing contributions of glacier

melt and ground water during the dry season in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Advances in Geosciences 22, 41-49, 2009.

Buffen*, A.M., L.G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, and K.-I. Huh*, 2009. Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru, Quaternary Research, accepted and in press. Mountain Research and Development, 28(3/4):

332-333. Hall, S.R., D.L. Farber, J.M. Ramage, D.T. Rodbell, R.C. Finkel, J.A. Smith, B.G. Mark and C.

Kassel*. Geochronology of Quaternary glaciations from the tropical Cordillera Huayhuash, Peru. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2991–3009, 2009. Keeler, Andrew G. 2009. "Industrialized-Country Mitigation Policy and Resource Transfers to

Developing Countries: Improving and Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets", in Post-Kyoto International Climate Policy: Implementing Architectures for Agreement , Joseph Aldy and

Robert Stavins, editors, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA. Joint with Alex Thompson.

Rodbell, D.T., J.A. Smith and B.G. Mark. Glaciation in the Andes during the Late Glacial and

Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2165–2212, 2009. Thompson, L.G., H.H. Brecher, E.Mosley-Thompson, D. Hardy and B. G. Mark. 2009. Glacier

Loss on Kilimanjaro continues unabated. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.0906029106.

**200+ newspaper articles / wire stories in the first 24 hours after publication of this paper.

Vimeux, F., P. Ginot, M. Schwikowski, M. Vuille, G. Hoffmann, L.G. Thompson and U. Schotterer. 2009. Climate Variability during the last 1000 years inferred from Andean Ice

Cores: A review of recent results. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, (in press), 2009.

51

2008

Bury, J., A. French*, J. McKenzie, B. Mark. 2008. Adapting to Uncertain Futures: A Report on New Glacier Recession and Livelihood Vulnerability Research in the Peruvian Andes.

Hyuha, T.S., B. Bashaasha, E. Nkonya, and D. Kraybill. 2008. “Analysis of Profit Inefficiency in Rice Production in Eastern and Northern Uganda.” African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 243-253.

Kehrwald*, N. M., L. G. Thompson, Y. Tandong, E. Mosley-Thompson, U. Schotterer, V. Alfimov, J. Beer, J. Eikenberg, and M. E. Davis (2008), Mass loss on Himalayan glacier

endangers water resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2008GL035556, in press. (Kehrwald: graduate student): Paper was highlighted in Nature under Research Highlights in Dec. 11, 2008 issue, p. 679).

Mark, B.G. 2008. Tracing Andean glaciers over space and time: some lessons and transdisciplinary implications. 2008. Global and Planetary Change 60, 101–114.

Mark, B.G. and H.A. Osmaston. 2008. Quaternary glaciation in Africa: key chronologies and climatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 23(6-7), 589-608.

Rodbell, D.T., G.O. Seltzer, B.G. Mark, J.A. Smith and M.B. Abbott. 2008. Clastic sediment flux to tropical Andean lakes: Records of glaciation and soil erosion. Quaternary Science

Reviews 27, 1612-1626. Smith, J.A., B.G. Mark and D.T. Rodbell. 2008. The timing and magnitude of mountain

glaciation in the tropical Andes. Journal of Quaternary Science 23(6-7), 609-634.

Vuille, M., B. Francou, P. Wagnon, I. Juen, G. Kaser, B.G. Mark, and R.S. Bradley. 2008. Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers – Past, present and future. Earth Science

Reviews 89, 79-96. Papers in Review:

Hellström, R.A., B.G. Mark and D. Levia. Observations of Seasonal and Diurnal Hydrometeorological Variability Within a Tropical Alpine Valley: Implications for Evapotranspiration. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Accepted with major revisions.

Papers in process:

Fairman, J.*, B.G. Mark and M.A. Plummer. Temperature sensitivity and hypsometric

vulnerability of tropical Andean glaciers using a model of glacial mass balance and ice flow.

Target journal: Journal of Geophysical Research. Fortner, S., B.G. Mark, J.M. McKenzie, J. Bury, A. Trierweiler†, M. Baraer†, and L. Munk.

Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in a tropical proglacial stream. Applied Geochemistry, accepted; revisions due February 2010.

La Frenierre, J.D. *, K.I. Huh* and B.G. Mark. Quaternary glaciations – Extent and chronology:

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Invited contribution to: Ehlers, J. & Gibbard, P.L. (eds), ‘Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, Part IV: A closer look.’ Elsevier,

Amsterdam. Submitted January 2010. Mark, B.G. Glaciation and Ice Ages. Invited chapter for: J. Agnew and D. Livingstone (eds),

‘Handbook of Geographical Knowledge.’ Submitted December 2009.

Kraybill, David S. and Michael Kidoido. “Adaptation to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Literature.” Manuscript to be submitted for publication.

52

Kraybill, David. “Adaptation to Climate Change in a Rural Economy with Missing Markets”. Target journal: Economic Development and Cultural Change.

Kraybill, David. “Weather Variation and Food Security on Mount Kilimanjaro.” Target journal: Food Policy.

Kraybill, David. Climate Change, Carbon Sequestration, and Farm Revenue: Identifying Best Conservation Agriculture Practices for Smallholder Agricultural Systems in Mt. Kilimanjaro. Journal of Development Economics.

Muamba, Francis and David Kraybill. “A Ricardian Analysis of Climate Impacts On Kilimanjaro Agriculture.” Target journal: Environmental and Resource Economics.

Muamba, Francis and David Kraybill. “Valuing the Welfare Benefit of Access to Improved Irrigation on Mt. Kilimanjaro.” Target journal: Agricultural Economics.

Proposals and grants stemming from the three LLGR-ACC & WR subprojects

Funded research: NSF ATM-0823586: Collaborative Research: Reconstructing tropical Pacific climate variability

(ENSO and monsoon systems, and abrupt climate changes) from ice cores on Irian Jaya, Indonesia and Hualcán, Peru, 1,094,433 (PI: L.G. Thompson & Co-PI: E. Mosley-

Thompson), 2008-2011. NSF EAR-0819756, Collaborative Research: ETBC: Peatlands as Carbon and Water Sinks

under Warm Climates in the Susitna Basin, South-Central Alaska, $269,810 (PI: Zicheng Yu,

Lehigh University, Co-PIs: Robert Booth, Joan Ramage, Lehigh University; B.G. Mark, OSU), 2009-2012.

NSF BCS-0921509, Collaborative Research: Development of high-resolution biomass burning records for tropical South America from Andean ice cores, $172,005 (PI: L. Thompson. Co-PIs: M. Makou, T. Eglington), 2009-2012.

NSF OCE-0928601, Chapman Conference on Abrupt Climate Change: June 15-19, 2009, Columbus, Ohio, $20,000 (PI: L. Thompson, Co-PI: H. Rashid), 2009-2010.

NSF EAR 1003780, Global Change: Collaborative Research: RUI: Tropical Holocene climatic insights from Andean paleoglacier dynamics. Submitted October 15, 2009. PI: Mark, Co-PI’s: Nathan Stansell, Ohio State University; Donald Rodbell, Union College. 3 years,

$308,373, 2010-2013. NSF REU Supplement BCS-0752175: Collaborative Research: Glacier Recession and

Livelihood Vulnerability in the Peruvian Andes, $15,220 (PI: Bryan Mark, OSU, & Jeffrey Bury, University of California, Santa Cruz), 2009.

National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration: Assessing the Volume of

Recent Tropical Glacier Recession, $30,000 (PI: Bryan Mark), 2008. NSF ANT-0820779: MRI: Acquisition of an inductively coupled-sector field mass spectrometer

to extract atmospheric trace element histories from ice cores and to assess contemporary water quality, $337,250 (PI: E. Mosley-Thompson and Co-PIs: L.G. Thompson and P. Gabrielli), 2008-2010.

53

Proposals pending

NSF#1019383, EAR – Water Sustainability and Climate: Collaborative Research: WSC-Category 2: Tropical Andean Water Sustainability Under a Changing Climate. Submitted,

April 15, 2010. PI: Mark; Co-PI’s Jeffrey Bury, University of California, Santa Cruz; Mathias Vuille, State University of New York Albany; Mark Carey, University of Oregon; Kenneth Young, University of Texas; Ola Ahlqvist, Ohio State University; Jennifer Lipton,

Central Washington University. 5 years, $1,799,793, 2011-2016. NSF #1010550, BCS – BE: DYN COUPLED NATURAL-HUMAN: Collaborative Research:

Hydrologic Transformation and Human Resilience to Climate Change in the Peruvian Andes. Submitted November 17, 2009. PI: Mark, Co-PIs: Jeffrey Bury, University of California, Santa Cruz; Kenneth Young, University of Texas, Austin; Mark Carey,

Washington and Lee University. 3 years, $322,069, 2010-2013. NSF #1020610, LTREB: Long-term nutrient retention, climate change implications, and self-

design of created freshwater wetlands, submitted January 8, 2010. PI: William Mitsch, Ohio State University. 5 years, $449,998, 2010-2015.

NSF #1024927, EAR – Geomorphology: Late Pleistocene Glacier Dynamics in the Humid

Northern Tropical Andes. Submitted January 19, 2010. PI: Mark, Co-PI: Nathan Stansell, Ohio State University. 3 years, $456,847, 2010-2013.

NSF #1023547, EAR – Sed Geo & Paleobioogy, 1500 Years of Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Reconstructed from High-Resolution Tibetan Lake Sediments: An EAGER Proposal, (PI: L. Thompson, Co-PI: Broxton Bird, submitted 1/16/2010, $52,141, 2010-

2011. NSF 1029098 , EAR , Acquisition of a gas chromatograph/time-of- flight mass spectrometer and

thermal desorption system for high-sensitivity, high-resolution ice core paleoclimate investigation, $293,485, (PI: L. Thompson, Co-PI: Matt Makou), 2010-2011.

Research Presentations and Posters at Professional Meetings by LLGR-ACC & WR core

project members *indicates student presenter (chronological order)

Mark, B.G., J.M. McKenzie, M. Baraer*, S. Fortner and M. Shoenfelt*. Hydrochemical Insights

to Changing Tropical Glacier Environments in Peru. Association of American Geographers

Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 14-18 April, 2010. Huh, K.I.* and B.G. Mark. Assessing the volume and hypsometric changes of two target glaciers

in the tropical Peruvian Andes. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 14-18 April, 2010.

Mosley-Thompson, E. Understanding Global Climate Change: Stories from the Ice. Annual

Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Washington, D.C., April 16, 2010. Mosley-Thompson, E., L.G. Thompson, H.H. Brecher, D.R. Hardy and B.G. Mark. Abrupt

climate change: It has happened before and it is happening now! Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Washington, D.C., April 17, 2010.

Mark, B.G., J. Bury, J.M. McKenzie, M. Baraer* and A. French*. Climate Change and Tropical

Andean Glacier Recession: Evaluating Hydrologic Changes and Livelihood Vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. International Glaciological Conference: Ice & Climate Change:

A View from the South. Valdivia, Chile, 1-3 February 2010. INVITED

54

McKenzie, J.M., B.G. Mark and M. Baraer*. Proglacial hydrology in the tropical Andes: lessons from the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco,

CA, 14-18 December 2009. Abstract PP23B-1393. INVITED Thompson, L.G. Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference, Climate Change and

Transportation, Columbus, OH, October 28th, 2009. Thompson, L.G. The Ohio Transportation Engineering Conference (OTEC) at the Columbus

Convention Center, Climate Change and the Human Response, Columbus, OH, October 27th,

2009. Thompson, L.G. Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Geological Society of America, Crisis in

the Cryopshere: Impacts of Planetary Meltdown: Abrupt Climate Change: A paleoclimate prospective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Portland, Oregon, October 21st, 2009.

Thompson, L.G. , The Catholic University, USAID, NSF, and the Mountain Institute sponsored

workshop: A World Without Glaciers: Global Climate Change: A Perspective from the World’s Highest Glaciers, Lima, Peru, July 7th, 2009.

La Frenierre, J.* and B.G. Mark. Using stable water isotopes to evaluate tropical glacier hydrological changes. Isotope Hydrology and Biogeochemistry Workshop, Oregon State University, 8 June 2009.

Kraybill, David. “Climate Change and Livelihoods in Africa: Overview of Issues,” presented at international workshop on Climate Change and Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa,

sponsored by Center for African Studies, Ohio State University, May 2009. Mosley-Thompson, E. Past and contemporary climate change: Evidence from Earth’s ice cover.

2009 Joint Assembly (AGU), Toronto, CA, May 29, 1009.

Baraer, M., J.M. McKenzie, B.G. Mark and S. Knox. Nature and variability of water resources in the Rio Santa upper watershed, Peru. American Geophysical Union and Canadian

Geophysical Union Joint Assembly, Toronto, Canada, 24 May, 2009. Thompson, L.G., Presidential Scholar’s Address: Understanding Global Climate Change and

the Human Response: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. 35th

Annual Convention Association for Behavior Analysis International, Phoenix, AZ, May 23, 2009.

Thompson, L.G., World Ocean Conference, Indo-Pacific Ocean Climate Variability. Keynote: Tropical Glaciers: Recorders and Indicators of Climate Change, Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia, May 13th, 2009.

Thompson, L.G. , Conferencia International Agua y Cambio Climatico; Public lecture: Colegio Andino, Climate Change and Impacts of Glacier loss in the Andes of Peru. Cusco, Peru,

April 23rd, 2009. Mark, B.G., J.M. McKenzie, and M. Baraer*. Glacier Volume Loss and Hydrologic

Transformation in the Tropical Peruvian Andes. Association of American Geographers

Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 24-27 March, 2009. Huh, K.I.* and B.G. Mark. Assessing the volume and topographic changes of tropical glaciers in

Peruvian Andes. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, NV, 24-27 March, 2009.

Mark, B.G. Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers: Evaluating impacts to water resources.

8th Annual Ohio Latin Americanist Conference, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 27-28 February, 2009.

55

Thompson L.G. E. Mosley-Thompson, A. Buffen, D. Urmann, M. Davis, and P-N Lin: Tropical Glaciers: Recorders and Indicators of Climate Change, American Geophysical Union Fall

Meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 15, 2008. Thompson, L.G. T. Yao, M. Davis, N. Kehrwald, and E.M. Thompson Tibetan Glaciers as

Integrators and Sentinels of Climate Change, American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 15 December, 2008.

Mark, B.G., J.M. McKenzie, and M. Baraer*. Glacier volume loss and hydrologic transformation

in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 15-19 December, 2008. Abstract C32B-02.

Fortner, S.K., B.G. Mark, J.M. McKenzie, M. Baraer* and M.J. Shoenfelt*. Metal Concentrations and Hydrochemical Dynamics in a Tropical-Glacier Watershed. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 15-19 December, 2008. Abstract C23A-0598

(poster). Fairman, J.G.*, U.S. Nair, S.A. Christopher, B.G. Mark and M.A. Plummer. Impact of Upwind

Land Cover Change on Mount Kilimanjaro. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 15-19 December, 2008. Abstract C23A-0599 (poster).

Mark, B.G. Tropical glacier environmental change: overview of research methods and future

directions. Mountain Research Initiative Meetings, Berkeley, California, 14 December, 2008. Thompson, L.G., Retreating Glaciers: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest

Mountains, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, Overarching Session “Climate Change through Time”, October 5, 2008, Houston, TX.

Thompson, L.G., Understanding Climate Change, Climate - Lakes AGU Chapman Conference,

September 8, 2008 Lake Tahoe, CA. Kraybill, David. “Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa,” presentation at World Food Prize

Global Youth Institute Leadership Conference, Ohio State University, September 2008. Keeler, Andrew G., University of Torino in Turin, Italy. “Economics, Climate Change, and

Managing High Altitude Natural Environments,” invited presentation at graduate course in

Mountain Environment and Climate Change, sponsored by the International Programme on Research and Training on Sustainable Management of Mountain Areas (IPROMO). August

2008. Kraybill, David S., University of Torino in Turin, Italy. “Climate Change and the Economics of

Adaptation,” invited presentation at graduate course in Mountain Environment and Climate

Change, sponsored by the International Programme on Research and Training on Sustainable Management of Mountain Areas (IPROMO). July 2008.

Mark, B.G. Evaluating hydrologic changes from tropical Andean glacier melt using stable isotopes in water and digital terrain analyses. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting, Boston, MA, 15-19 April, 2008.

Bumbaco, K. *, B.G. Mark, R. Hellström. Impact of elevation and terrain on air temperature and vapor flux in an alpine valley, Peru. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting,

Boston, MA, 15-19 April, 2008. Mosley-Thompson, E. Snow accumulation over East Antarctica: Implications for sea level rise. Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, April 18, Boston, MA., 2008.

Larsen, C. J.*, E. Mosley-Thompson, L. Wei*, 2008. A 50-year proxy record of climate variability from western Greenland, Annual Meeting of the Association of American

Geographers, April 18, San Francisco, CA., 2008.

56

Wei. L.* and E. Mosley-Thompson, Synthesizing more robust ice-core-derived sulfate and nitrate aerosol histories for improved modeling of past aerosol forcing. Annual Meeting of

the Association of American Geographers, April 18, San Francisco, CA., 2008. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, A. Buffen, D. Urmann, M.E. Davis, and

P-N. Lin. Tropical Glaciers: Recorders and Indicators of Climate Change. American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, San Francisco, December 15, 2008. Thompson, L.G., T. Yao, M.E. Davis, N.M. Kehrwald, and E. Mosley-Thompson.

Tibetan Glaciers as Integrators and Sentinels of Climate Change, American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting, San Francisco, December 15, 2008.

Invited Presentations by LLGR-ACC & WR core project members

D Kraybill and A Keeler (in chronological order)

Kraybill, David. “The Melting Snows of Kilimanjaro,” presentation to International Studies Club, Ohio State University, November 2009.

Kraybill, David. “Climate Change in Africa”, guest lecture in International Studies 250 class,

Ohio State University, May 2009. Keeler, Andrew and David Kraybill. “Adaptation to Climate Change on Kilimanjaro: Effects on

Crop Production and Livelihoods,” seminar presented at Center for African Studies, Ohio State University, April 2008.

Bryan M. Mark (in chronological order)

Byrd Polar Research Center Public lecture, Columbus, OH. “Climate Change and Tropical Andean Glacier Recession: Evaluating Hydrologic Changes and Livelihood Vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” 29 March, 2010.

“Peru Night:” Education-outreach event to South American community of Ohio State University and Greater Columbus region, 2010.

Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, Geography Awareness Week. “Hot stuff in cold places: Global climate change and the fate of human society.” 2009.

University of Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. “Cambio climatico & glaciares tropicales

Andinos: Evaluando impactos hidrologicos.” 2009. American Academy of Science and Technology - Coordination by U.S. Embassy, Santiago,

Chile. Panel presentation, “Un Mundo Sin Glaciares? Cambio Climático y Recursos Hídricos.” 2009.

Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Aridas- CEAZA, University of La Serena, Chile.

“Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers: Evaluating impacts to water resources.” 2009. Pontificia Catholic University, Lima, Peru. Panel presentation, “Agua y Cambio Climatico:

Enfoques socio-ambientales.” Part of NSF- sponsored International Conference, “Adapting to a world without glaciers.” 2009.

Mark B and Bury, J. Pontificia Catholic University, Lima, Peru. Panel presentation, “Agua y

Cambio Climatico: Enfoques socio-ambientales.” Part of NSF- sponsored International Conference, “Adapting to a world without glaciers.” 2009.

School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. “Uma vida": Evaluating glacier hydrological transformation in the Peruvian Andes.” 29 May, 2009.

57

Environmental Science Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. “Evaluating Hydrologic Changes and Livelihood Vulnerability in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” 17 April,

2009. Byrd Polar Research Center Public lecture, Columbus, OH. “Tropical glaciers in a changing

climate.” 21 January 2009. “Peru Night:” Education-outreach event to South American community of Ohio State University and Greater Columbus region.

Department of Geography, Miami University, Oxford, OH. “Climate change and tropical

glaciers: Evaluating impacts to water resources,” 2009. Upper Arlington High School, Columbus, OH. “Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers:

Evaluating impacts to water resources,” 2009. World Bank, Latin America Environment Department, Washington, D.C. “Hydrologic

Transformation from Glacier Volume Loss in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru.” 2008.

Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. “Climate change and tropical glaciers: Evaluating impacts to water resources.” 2008.

Wagner School of Public Policy, New York University, New York, NY. “Evaluating impacts to water resources,” in Climate Change and Water: A Speaker Series, 2008.

Byrd Polar Research Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (with P.J. Kinder, and A.C.

Riley, Canaan Valley Institute). “Airborne Remote Sensing: LiDAR Applications in the Appalachian and Andes Mountain Ranges,” 2008.

Universidad Nacional “Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo” (UNASAM), Huaraz, Peru. “The geography of tropical glacier recession: evaluating changing dimensions of mass and volume through time,” 2008.

Peruvian Natural Resources Institute (INRENA), Lima, Peru. “Contexto Topografico de la Recesion Glaciar Tropical: LIDAR y Evaluacion del Volumen,” 2008.

Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH. “Tracing Andean glaciers over space and time: some lessons and transdisciplinary implications,” 2008.

Ellen Mosley-Thompson (in chronological order)

Understanding Climate Change: Stories from the Ice. Columbus State College, Lifelong Learning Institute, June 5, 2010.

Understanding Climate Change: Stories from the Ice. OSU Alumni Club, Buckeye Hall of

Fame, Columbus Ohio, November 19, 2009. Ice core paleoclimatology. Geography H410, Bryan Mark, Instructor, October 5, 2009.

Understanding global climate and environmental change. Worthington Presbyterian Church (a men’s study group), October 26, 2009.

Webinar – my first: October 15, 2009. Webinar Title: Climate Change and Ohio's Economy:

Implications of Cap and Trade for Ohioans. My presentation: Understanding Global Climate and Environmental Change. sponsor, OSU Extension’s Resources for Climate Change

Education), October, 15, 2009. Understanding global climate change: Unique insights preserved in the ice. International Studies

Exchange Program, group of Brazilian students visiting OSU, May 14, 2009.

Ice core paleoclimatology. Geography H410, Bryan Mark, Instructor, May 11, 2009. Ice core paleoclimatology, given to a geosciences class from John Carroll University (Ohio)

visiting Byrd Polar Research Center, April 24, 2009.

58

Ice core paleoclimatology, given to an honors geosciences class from Ashland University (Ohio) visiting Byrd Polar Research Center, April 16, 2009.

Understanding global climate change: Unique insights preserved in the ice. Public Policy & Management Graduate Seminar 880, OSU,Andy Keeler, Professor, April 14, 2009.

Understanding climate change: Stories from the ice. University of Ashland, Ashland, Ohio, November 20, 2008.

Understanding climate change: Stories from the ice. Annual Meeting of the Ohio section of the

American Institute of Professional Geologists, Columbus, OH, November 14, 2008. Ice core paleoclimatology, College of Wooster class on global climate change visit to OSU’s

Byrd Polar Research Center, November 10, 2008. Unique insights to Earth’s climate history preserved in its cryosphere. Department of Geography

Colloquium, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, November 7, 2008.

Global climate change. Unity Dinner and Dialogue. Kuhn Honors House, OSU, Columbus OH, October 30, 2008.

Ice core paleoclimatology. Geography H410, Bryan Mark, Instructor, October 29, 2008. Understanding climate change: Stories from the ice. OSU Parent & Family Weekend, October

18, 2008 (150 parents & prospective students).

Panel discussion, The challenge of climate change, The McCormick Climate Change Conference, The Ohio State University, October 13, 2008.

Unique insights to Earth’s climate history preserved in its cryosphere. The Edward J. Taaffe Physical Geography Colloquium, Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, as part of the Department’s Centennial Celebration, October 9, 2008.

Climate change – A polar perspective, Department of Geology University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, September 23, 2008.

Café Scientifique, Topic: Climate change - unfinished business, University Staff Club, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, September 23, 2008.

Understanding Climate Change. 2008 Faith, Reason and World Affairs Symposium (Changing

with the Climate: How Fast? How Far?) Concordia College, Moorhead, MN, September 16, 2008.

Stories from the ice: Past, present, and future climate change, First Community Village, Columbus, Ohio, September 9, 2008.

Ice core paleoclimatology and Earth’s disappearing ice. City & Regional Planning Master’s

Program, Ohio State, July 17, 2008. Understanding climate change: Stories from the ice. Ohio Governor Strickland’s Commission on

Recreation and Resources, State Department of Natural Resources, June 12, 2008. Stories from the Ice: Past, Present and Future. The 2008 Sigma Xi Banquet (for the Ohio

Chapter of Sigma Xi), The Blackwell, Columbus, OH, May 29, 2008.

Glaciological Evidence for Global Climate Change: Implications for our Future. Geosciences Symposium on The Past as a Clue to the Future, Department of Geophysics and Planetary

Sciences, University of Tel Aviv, Israel, May 20, 2008. Ice Core Contributions to Our Understanding of the Climate System: Past and Present,

Geography 597.02 (Integrated Earth Systems), OSU, Dr. Francis Otieno’s class, May 12,

2008. Understanding climate change: Stories from the ice. Workshop for New Generation of Polar

Researchers sponsored by the National Science Foundation, La Foret, Black Forest, Colorado, May 5 to 9, 2008.

59

Global climate change: Stories from the ice. The Climate Forum associated with the Inauguration of President David Williams, University of Alabama, Huntsville, May 9, 2008.

Nationwide Board Council. “Global Climate Change: How it Affects Our World”. Lecture given by Ellen Mosley-Thompson and Lonnie Thompson. April 2, 2008, Columbus, OH

Stories from the Ice: Past. Present and Future, The University Women’s Club, OSU Faculty Club, April 7, 2008.

Understanding global climate change: Unique insights preserved in the ice. Public Policy &

Management Graduate Seminar 880, OSU, Andy Keeler, Professor, April 1, 2008.

Lonnie G. Thompson (in reverse chronological order)

Climate Change: Prevention and Adaption,” Energy and Environmental Seminar Series, Energy

and Environmental Initiative, The Ohio State University, Jan. 11, 2008, Columbus, OH. Global Climate Change: How it Affects Our World" Ellen Mosley-Thompson and Lonnie

Thompson, Enhancing Communications Nationwide Board Council. April 2, Columbus OH. McDaniel College, Annual Ridington Lecture. “Understanding Climate Change,” February 7,

2008, Westminister, MD.

Understanding Climate Change Keynote Lecture. Sixth International Conference: Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds May 20, 2008 Monterey, CA sponsored by

Battelle. (paper given by Dr. Paolo Gabrielli as LGT was in Israel for Dan David Prize Ceremony).

Glaciological Evidence of Global Climate Change: Implications for Our Future. Dan David

Symposium May 20, 2008. Tel Aviv University Campus, Ramat Aviv, Israel. A Paleoclimate Perspective of the Past and Present from the World’s Highest Mountains. The

Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. May 21, 2008, Jerusalem, Israel.

Understanding Climate Change: Stories from the Ice. IPY New Generation of Polar Researchers

Symposium May 7th, 2008 and Climbing Your Mountains May 8th, 2008, La Foret Conference Center, Colorado Springs, CO.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains: Division of Physical Sciences and California Space Grant Consortium, University of California San Diego. The 7th Annual James R. Arnold Endowment Lecture. May 9th, 2008.

San Diego, CA. Ice Cores and Climate, The Heat is On! Confronting Climate Change in the Classroom Outreach

to teachers in Kansas (given virtually via Polycom). Understanding Climate Change. The Universe and the World Around Us. Humboldt

Symposium, Rice University, May 30-31, 2008, Houston, TX.

CERMACS, 2008 Plenary Lecture: Retreating Glaciers, Abrupt Climate Change and Our Future, Center of Science and Industry (COSI), Department of Chemistry, OSU June 10, 2008,

Columbus, OH. Abrupt Climate Change and Our Future. Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, June 17, 2008,

Lima, Peru.

12th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors. Banquet Speaker. Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. July 14, 2008 Center of

Science and Industry, Columbus, OH.

60

Retreating Glaciers, Global Climate Change and the Future of Our National Parks. July 29, 2008 The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Retreating Glaciers: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. NEO Green Energy Expo: August 16, Akron, OH.

International Glaciological Society, International Symposium on Dynamics in Glaciology Symposium Lecture and Seligman Crystal Presentation. Observations from the world’s highest mountains: Understanding linkages among glacier ages, retreating ice and ice

dynamics. August 19th, 2008. Limerick, Ireland. Retreating Glaciers: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, 2008 First

LEGO League Climate Connections, September 5, 2008, Columbus, OH. Understanding Climate Change, Climate-Lakes Chapman Conference, September 8, 2008 Lake

Tahoe, CA.

Understanding Climate Change 2008 Faith, Reason, and World Affairs Symposium, Concordia College, Moorhead, MN. September 17, 2008.

Understanding Climate Change: Past, Present and Future. University of Otago, September 22, 2008, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Lessons learned from the High Mountains, Victoria University, September 30, 2008, Wellington,

New Zealand. Retreating Glaciers, Abrupt Climate Change and Our Future, The McCormick Climate Change

Conference, October 12, 2008, Columbus, OH. Retreating Glaciers, Abrupt Climate Change and our Future, Twigs Lecture, October 16, 2008

BPRC, Columbus, OH.

Understanding Climate Change, joint Ellen Mosley-Thompson and Lonnie G. Thompson, Renaissance Weekend, October 17, 2008, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Audubon Ohio State Assembly, October 18, 2008, Bellville, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains,

University of Charleston, October 23, 2008, Charleston, WV. Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Vice

Provost for Research Colloquium, Lecture 1, Baylor University, October 30, 2008 Climate Histories from Tropical Glaciers and the Evidence for Asynchronous Glaciation. Vice

Provost for Research Colloquium, Baylor University Lecture 2, October 31, 2008

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. American Philosophical Society, November, 14, 2008.Philadelphia, PA.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Ohio Dominican University, November 19, 2008, Columbus, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Ohio

Northern University, December 4, 2008, Ada, OH. Understanding Climate Change, A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest

Mountains, U.S. Embassy, September 30, 2008, Wellington, New Zealand. Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Lego

Robotics League: An Introduction to Climate Change, November 18th, Columbus, Ohio.

(given virtually from Byrd Polar Research Center via polycom to 5000 viewers). Tropical Glaciers: Recorders and Indicators of Climate Change. Lamont Doherty Earth

Observatory of Columbia University, Jan 14, 2009 Palisades, NY. Himalayan Meltdown, Asia Society, January 15, 2009, New York, NY.

61

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from Peru’s Highest Mountains. Public Lecture: Byrd Polar Research Center, January 23, 2009 Columbus, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, 29 th Woodford-Eckis Lectureship, February 18th, 2009, Pomona College, CA.

Paleoclimatic Histories from Tropical Glaciers and Evidence for Asynchronous Glaciation, 29 th Woodford-Eckis Lecturer, February 19th, 2009, Pomona College, CA.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, The

2009 Roundtable Breakfast, February 27, 2009, Worthington, OH. Lessons from the Mountains, A brief history of tropical ice core paleoclimatology, Lecture 1,

Ohio University March 9, 2009 Athens, OH. Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains,

Frontiers in Science, March 9, 2009 Lecture 2, Ohio University, Athens, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Winds, Mountains, Oceans, Rivers: Ecologies and Their Social Impacts in the New World:

University of Pittsburgh, March 20, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA. Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains Upper

Arlington, January 22, 2009, Columbus, OH.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains March 27, 2009 University of Louisville, Louisville, KY.

Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains: JPL Earth and Space Sciences Colloquium, April 6, 2009, Pasadena, CA.

Henry W. Kendall Memorial Lecture, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from

the World’s Highest Mountains. Kirsch Auditorium, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA., May 1st , 2009.

The Math Undergraduate Recognition Ceremony, Lecture: Climbing Your Mountains, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, May 8th , 2009.

Thompson, L.G. Ice Core Paleoclimatology. Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical

Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia, May 15th, 2009. Public lecture: Global Climate Change: The Paleoclimate History and Engineering to Recover

Ice Cores from the World’s Highest Mountains Tembagapura, Papua, New Guinea May 19, 2009.

The Cosmos Club, The Mountain Institute’s Mountain Hero Award Ceremony, Climbing Your

Mountains, Washington, DC, October 22nd, 2009. Climate Change Symposium, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the

World’s Highest Mountains, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, November 5th, 2009. Dartmouth University Public Lecture, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from

the World’s Highest Mountains, The John Sloan Dickey Center for International

Understanding, Hanover, NH, November 17th, 2009. United States Naval War College, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Discussion on

Climate and Crisis, President’s Roundtable Discussion, New Port, RI, December 17th, 2009. Ohio EDA and Governor’s Office, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the

World’s Highest Mountains, Columbus, OH, February 2nd, 2010.

The Columbus Surgical Society, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Presidential Symposium, Columbus, OH, February 6th, 2010.

Marine Science College, Perspective on 21st Century Climate Change from Ice Core Histories and Ice Field Exploration, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, , February 10th, 2010.

62

Keynote Speaker for Opening of School of Global Sustainability, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, University of South Florida,

Tampa, FL, February 11th, 2010. Three Valley Conservation Trust Annual Meeting, Global Climate Change: A Paleoclimate

Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Miami University, Oxford, OH, February 13th, 2010.

Invited Lecture, Climate Change and Stewardship, Jewish Community Center, Columbus, OH,

February 15th, 2010. Friends of Stone Laboratory and Ohio Seed Grant College Program, Global Climate Change: A

Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, OSU Fawcett Center for Tomorrow, Columbus, OH, March 2nd, 2010.

Videoconference to the University of Pavia in Italy, Perspective on 21st Century Climate Change

from Ice Core Histories and Ice Field Exploration, given from OSU BPRC, Columbus, OH, March 15th, 2010.

Ohio Farm Bureau Federation Trends and Issues Conference, A Perspective on Global Climate Change from the World’s Highest Mountains, OSU Fawcett Center for Tomorrow, Columbus, OH, March 23, 2010.

2010 Green Energy Summit, A Perspective on Global Climate Change from the World’s Highest Mountains, Midwest Airlines Conference Center, Milwaukee, WI, March 25, 2010.

Peruvian Glaciers Lecture, Update on Impact of Climate Change on Peruvian Glaciers, OSU Byrd Polar Research Center, Columbus, OH, March 29th, 2010.

Panelist in the Director’s Dialogue on Art and Social Change: Climate and Culture, OSU

Wexner Center for the Arts, Columbus, OH, March 31st, 2010. Invited Lecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, April 12 th, 2010.

Invited Lecture, A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, April 13th, 2010.

The Scioto Educational Foundation, Perspective on 21st Century Climate Change from Ice Core

Histories and Ice Field Exploration, OSU Don Scott Airport, Columbus, OH, April 20, 2010.

Television Appearances/Productions and Related Public Outreach (L.G. Thompson)

Glacier Balance: Creeping Normalcy, Charging Bull Films, Argentina. Filmed on Hualcán and

Copa during 2009 Cordillera Blanca drilling season, to air in 2010. Against All Odds, a documentary of the history and contributions of Lonnie Thompson and his

research team. PBS will air June 22, 2010. Climate and Civilization: A Documentary. Series under production by Climatic

Productions/Cream Productions, Toronto, Ontario, will be distributed in 2010.

Chasing Glaciers, a feature length documentary for theatrical, DVD and online distribution filed on November 21st by the Matter Group, will be distributed in 2010.

Hot Cities: Meltdown, filmed during the 2009 Hualcan-Copa expedition, aired by BBC on November 14th ,2009.

2012: Countdown to Armageddon, filmed by National Geographic Channel during 2009

Quelccaya expedition, aired on PBS and National Geographic Channel on November 8 th, 2009.

63

NOVA Now - The Life and History of Lonnie Thompson and the Paleoclimate Ice Core Group at The Ohio State University aired on PBS July 28, 2009.

Pioneer Productions; A Global Warning?" The History Channel, 2008. Flight 33 Production Discovery Channel on the 5,200 year abrupt climate change, 2008.

Japanese TBSL Production 1 hour special on Tropical ice cores and Kilimanjaro, 2008. Challenges of Global Warming, 1 hour interview NHK Japanese Public Television, 2008. German Public television on Global Meltdown, 2008.

Frontline 2 hour special on climate and energy entitled: Heat. 2008. Jean-Michel Cousteau Ocean Adventures: Return to the Amazon. Two Hour PBS/KQED TV

(Northern California Public Broadcasting), 2008. TreeHugger Interview: Lonnie Thompson, Glaciologist and Climate Change Warrior, (May),

2008.

DVD Society of Environmental Journalist and the Metcalf Institute for Marine and Environmental Reporting entitled, New Executives Roundtable: Covering Climate Change,

Stanford University, 2008. Discovery Channel Special on the 5,200 year Abrupt Climate Event: “Biblical Mysteries

Explained,” 2008.

Global Warming and the Ohio State University Paleoclimate Ice Core Research, a one hour special to air on NHK Japan Broadcasting Corporation, 2008.

Global Warming impact on Glaciers and People of Peru. Planetwatch. UK Special, 2008. Neil Katz, CBS News, Global Warming and Glacier Retreat in the Peruvian Andes, 2008 Peruvian Press: Whole page in El Comercio on glacier and ice core research in the Andes of Peru

entitled, El Defensor de los Glaciares June 18, 2008 and Somos Magazine page 36-42, entitled, Guardian del Hielo.

Awards and Recognitions

Ellen Mosley-Thompson

Designated as a Distinguished University Professor, June 2010

Elected to the National Academy of Sciences, 2009 Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Colgate University, May 17, 2009 Elected as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union, February, 2009

David R. Brower Award for Outstanding Service in Mountain Conservation, American Alpine Club, February 21, 2009, Golden, CO (joint with Lonnie Thompson)

Dan David Prize in Geosciences, May 2008 (joint with Lonnie Thompson) Lonnie G. Thompson

Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Northwestern University, June 19, 2009 Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from Colgate University, May 17, 2009

David R. Brower Award for Outstanding Service in Mountain Conservation, American Alpine Club, February 21, 2009, Golden, CO (joint with Ellen Mosley-Thompson) Mountain Hero Award for Excellence in Conserving Mountain Environments. The Mountain

Institute, 2009 Dan David Prize in Geosciences, 2008 (joint with Ellen Mosley-Thompson)

International Glaciological Society, Recipient of The Seligman Crystal, 2008 Time International Magazine, Environmental Hero, 2008

64

Lifetime honorary member of the Geological Society of Peru, July 10, 2008 Elected to the Board of Directors of the Andean Mountain Museum, Lima, Peru, 2008.

2E. Additional contributions that cut across all projects and make CWC self-sustaining

In addition to the continued development of faculty collaborations, student and post-doctoral training, infrastructure has been put in place to support CWC’s continued research efforts.

Additional equipment proposals (see above) are pending at NSF. A major accomplishment for CWC is its cost sharing contribution to the successful NSF-MRI proposal that resulted in the

installation of an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer for the analysis of trace and ultra trace element concentrations. This is only the second IPCMS at OSU. It provides a state of the art facility for the support of student and faculty research as well as student training. Another

piece of equipment that may be purchased in Year 5 is an Ice Penetrating Radar unit that will make it possible to quickly measure the thickness of glaciers and ice caps. This is a critical

measurement for locating drill sites and for profiling the ice thickness across transects which is a required input for assessing glacier mass balance (how much water equivalent the ice mass contains).

During Winter Quarter, 2009 Lonnie Thompson held his first “virtual” class, an excellent

example of the outreach and education contributions provided by CWC. While teaching his class SES 750 (Paleoclimatology) for 11 graduate students at OSU from 9:30 to 11:00 am, the class was also “virtually” attended by 60 students at the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research in

Beijing from 10:30 pm to midnight via the Polycom System installed in BPRC’s Learning Center (CWC contributed 5K to the system).

An AGU Chapman Conference on Abrupt Climate Change was held at OSU from June 15 to 19, 2009. Roughly 105 scholars attended the conference in which 35 oral presentations were given

and 60 posters were displayed. In addition, an AGU Geophysical Monograph entitled “Abrupt climate change: A New Perspective from Multi-Proxy Records” will be forthcoming. CWC

contributed 12K to support this effort. In August 2010 Byrd Polar Research Center is hosting an International Glaciological Society

Symposium entitled “Earth’s disappearing Ice: Drivers, Responses and Impacts. The event is part of Byrd Polar’s the 50th anniversary celebration. We have 110 abstracts submitted for 60

oral presentations and 50 poster presentations by participants from around the world. At least 10 participants are coming from China. CWC is contributing 10K to help support student involvement in the Symposium and support the publication of the Annals of Glaciology volume

that will contain the best papers from the Symposium.

CWC collaborators have been very proactive in seeking external grant funds and have

secured $2,247,091 from NSF since the inception of CWC in 2008. This reflects $750,060 in new awards during past year. Note that the total amount of the awards to investigators in this

Core Project now exceeds the TIE-CWC investment of $2,000,000.

65

3. Anticipated Research Activities and Expenditures for July 1, 2010 to June 30, 2011

In previous years this core project focused strongly on the installation of state-of-the-art equipment and the collection of new ice cores, lake cores, water samples and household surveys.

Much of our emphasis going forward is on the development of the paleoclimate histories, publication of the results, development of future projects and capacity building. The latter will be achieved by two post-docs and graduate students to work with these materials. In the next year

CWC funds in this core project will support (1) a Visiting Scholar, Dr. You-Qing Wang, from ITPR-CAS to develop a new Himalayan project; (2) Dr. Broxton Bird, a BPRC Post-doc

developing a paleolimnology project on the Tibetan Plateau; (3) Dr. Nathan Stansell, a BPRC Post-doc working with B Mark on Paleoclimate reconstruction from Andean lakes; (4) Mr. Donaldi Permana, an Indonesian graduate student who is working with us on the ice cores

collected (May-June 2010) in New Guinea; (5) three new graduate students (2 Masters and 1 PhD; Lindsey Higgins, Katelyn Johnson, and Stacy Porter) who will work undertake ice core-

based thesis projects under the direction of Ellen Mosley-Thompson (Higgins and Porter) and Lonnie Thompson (Permana and Johnson). In addition CWC is contributing 15K to help support an International Glaciological Society Meeting sponsored by BPRC and held at OSU in August

2010. The Symposium is on Earth’s Disappearing Ice: Drivers, Responses and Impacts. Plans for Year 5 include a reconnaissance program to the Himalaya to selecting a new drill site, in

collaboration with Professor Yao Tandong (ITPR-CAS) and Dr. Hasnain (TERI-India). For commitment details see the overall CWC Budget in the Report Appendix.

66

Designing Incentives for Ecosystem Services Andy Keeler (John Glenn School)

Desheng Liu (Geography) Morton O'Kelley (Geography)

Brent Sohngen (AED Economics)

Doug Southgate (AED Economics)

1. Project Description: This project is designed to directly address the CWC question, “How is the carbon cycle

being disrupted by human activities (e.g., fossil fuel combustion) and how can the cycle be re-balanced to mitigate ACC and its adverse effects?” One of the enduring questions in climate

change policy is whether forest, soil, wetland, and other land-based credits will ultimately be available to carbon trading systems. There is strong evidence that if land based carbon sequestration can be implemented, the costs of mitigating climate change could be reduced

substantially. Despite this evidence, inclusion of land-based sequestration in the Kyoto Protocol, and the many test-cases implemented around the world, there is currently only one forest-based

carbon sequestration project approved by the Clean Development Mechanism. The many obstacles with crediting land-based carbon sequestration include measurement and verification issues, leakage concerns, questions about whether projects are truly “additional,” costs, and other

market design issues. This project proposes to build a program that analyzes these policy issues. The funds for the

project itself will be utilized for specific research objectives that will enhance our understanding about the efficiency of implementing land-based carbon mitigation policies. The knowledge, experience, and visibility produced by these specific projects will in turn further the development

of a larger sustaining program that enhances both practical and academic understanding of using payments for ecosystem service as a key environmental policy tool.

The main questions addressed by this core project are: (1) Can land-based measures for carbon sequestration be implemented efficiently? How

large are implementation costs, including monitoring costs, verification costs, and other transactions costs? Can incentives be designed to minimize these costs?

(2) How important is leakage? Can incentive systems be designed to minimize the amount of leakage associated with carbon sequestration projects or forestry emission

reduction projects?

(3) What properties are necessary for efficient contracts for land-based carbon sequestration and how do contracts for carbon sequestration differ from contracts for other services?

2. Products and Deliverables: The project has made significant progress in a multi-college multi-disciplinary

examination of how ecosystem service payments for carbon sequestration services affect GHG

stocks and other environmental outcomes. Faculty collaborators from SENR and AEDE (College of FAES), Geography and Politicial Science (SBS) and the John Glenn School of

67

Public Affairs (JGSPA) have met regularly and made demonstrable progress in data and modeling for the project.

2.A: Graduate Student Involvement To date, three graduate students from three departments in three units have been hired on the

project. The students have worked hard as a team to accomplish many important tasks and

outputs for the project. The three students are:

Daniel Ortega-Pacheco (John Glenn School)

Shiguo Jiang (Geography)

Montserrat Acosta (AED Economics)

2009 Outputs

Daniel Ortega-Pacheco advanced to candidacy and now is working full time on field

research in Ecuador. His fieldwork focuses on measurement of transactions costs and the collection of data for land use, sequestration, and biofuels modeling. Andy Keeler spent two weeks with Daniel to help set up field research and assist with institutional

contacts. Enumerators were hired and trained, and focus groups and tests of the survey instrument were carried out. The data collection from farmers in almost

complete, with the effort to collect transactions cost data from government officials well underway. Research resulting from the project was presented in Ecuador in public seminars in Guayaquil and Quito in August attended by both academic and

policy audiences. The research results from this project will also be presented in an invited session at the American Agricultural Economics Association Annual

Meetings in Denver in July, 2010.

Montserrat Acosta presented a paper on leakage from carbon sequestration projects in

developing tropical countries at the American Agricultural Economics Association meeting in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in July 2009. She developed preliminary estimates of an econometric model of land use change in Ecuador using data developed by the

project team members. She is currently preparing for field work in Ecuador to collect data on several additional variables for the model. Dr. Douglas Southgate will accompany Montserrat during part of the trip. The field work will occur in July,

2010.

2008 Outputs

Daniel Ortega-Pacheco spent the summer of 2008 in Ecuador collecting data and

conducting interviews with local partners. In one potential study site for land use change, Daniel met with jatropha farmers, oil processors, and local authorities to assess the implications of expansion of jatropha farming on land use and income. In

addition to learning about the production of Jatropha, Daniel obtained the agricultural census for the country as a whole, as well as numerous other types of data

geographically referenced data. Daniel’s initial year of graduate study and the funding for this fieldwork came from a CWC seed grant in the program’s initial year of funding.

68

Daniel, Shiguo Jiang, and Montserrat Acosta took the agricultural census data and

translated it from Spanish to English.

Shiguo and Daniel have converted the agricultural census data into a geographically referenced database that will form the basis of future land use modeling that our

group will conduct in Ecuador.

Daniel presented two papers at the Latin American and Caribbean Environmental

Economics Program on March 23, 2009 in Turrialba, Costa Rica.

Montserrat developed a global model of land use to assess potential leakage from

carbon sequestration and avoided deforestation programs. She has a selected-paper accepted on this topic for the annual meetings of the American Applied Economics

Association in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in July, 2009.

Daniel worked with Andy Keeler and Brent Sohngen to write a grant to the US

Environmental Protection Agency (submitted in December, 2008).

2.B: Publications and Presentations

2009 Rodríguez, Fabián, Douglas Southgate, and Timothy Haab, “Is Better Drinking Water Valued in

the Latin American Countryside? Some Evidence from Cotacachi, Ecuador,” Water International, 34:3 (2009) 325-334.

Southgate, D., F. Rodríguez, and T. Haab, “Subsistence Farming, Rural Livelihoods, and Payments for Environmental Services in Ecuador,” Harvard International Review, 31:2 (2009) 54-57.

Southgate, D. and S. Wunder, “Paying for Watershed Services in Latin America: A Review of Current Initiatives,” Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 28:3 (2009) 497-524.

Ortega-Pachecoa, D., Jiang, S. "Climate policy: spatial explicit heterogeneity matters – the case of tropical deforestation at Northwestern Ecuador." Submitted to: Land Use Policy (November 2009).

Jiang, S., D. Liu, and J. Wainwright. 2010. Mapping Forest Age and Forest Trajectory in a Tropical Maya Area Using Multi-temporal Landsat Images. The 105th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, Washington, D.C., USA.

Daniel V. Ortega-Pacheco and Andy Keeler, “Ecuador’s Socio Bosque program: reducing transactions costs while streamlining conservation.” Submitted for Review.

Golub, A., T. Hertel, H-L Lee, S. Rose, and B. Sohngen. 2009. “The opportunity cost of land use and the global potential for greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture and forestry.” Resource and Energy Economics. 31: 299–319 (DOI 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.04.007)

Sun, B. and B. Sohngen. 2009. "Set-Asides for Carbon Sequestration: Implications for Permanence and Leakage. Climatic Change. 96:409–419 (DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9628-9)

Choi, S and B. Sohngen. 2009. "The optimal choice of residue management, crop rotations, and cost of carbon sequestration: Empirical results in the Midwest US." Climatic Change. Published online October, 2009 (DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9680-5)

69

Murray, B., R. Lubowski, and B. Sohngen. 2009. Including International Forest Carbon Incentives in Climate Policy: Understanding the Economics. Nicholas Institute for

Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University. Report 09-03. Durham, NC.

Sedjo, R.A. and B. Sohngen. 2009. The Implications of Increased Use of Wood for Biofuel

Production. Resources For the Future. Issue Brief 09-04. Washington, DC.

Sedjo, R.A. and B. Sohngen. 2009. An Inconvenient Truth about Cellulosic Ethanol. Milken Institute Review. 11(4): 50-55. http://www.milkeninstitute.org/

Sohngen, B. 2009. An Analysis of Forestry Carbon Sequestration as a Response to Climate Change. Copenhagen Consensus on Climate. http://fixtheclimate.com/.

Sohngen, B. 2009. Testimony to the US House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture Subcomittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy and Research. Washington, DC, December 3, 2009

Sohngen, B. 2009. "Climate Change and Ohio: Threats, Impacts and Opportunities." Invited Presentation. Ashland University (Ohio). February 12, 2009.

Sohngen, B. 2009. Water Markets. Invited Webinar Presentation. Environmental Markets: New Approaches for Natural Resources Management. February 23, 2009. (http://www.cfare.org/media_events/env_markets.php)

Sohngen, B. and B. Sun. 2009 "Optimal Set-Asides for Carbon Sequestration and Co-Benefits of Forestry." Presentation at W-2133 Meeting. Austin, Texas. February 21-22, 2009.

Sohngen, B. 2009. "Adapting Forests and Ecosystems to Climate Change." Invited Presentation. The Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change. Venice, Italy. April 2-3, 2009.

Sohngen, B. 2009. "Global Forestry and Land Use Model." Invited Presentation. REDD Modeling Forum and National REDD Reference Case Workshop. Washington, DC. April 21-

22, 2009.

Sohngen, B. 2009. "Key Role of REDD in Mitigating Climate Change and Potential Role and Scale of REDD-based GHG Offsets." Invited Presentation. EPRI Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Offset Policy Dialogue: Workshop 5 – Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD). Washington, DC., May 13, 2009.

Golub, A.; T. Hertel, S. Rose, B. Sohngen, M. Avetisyan. 2009. "The Relative Role of Land in Climate Policy." Selected Paper. Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association. July, 2009.

Acosta, M. and B. Sohngen. 2009. "How big is leakage from forestry carbon credits? Estimates from a Global Model. Selected Paper." Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural

Economics Association. July, 2009.

Kim, Y-H and B. Sohngen. 2009. "Assessing the Uncertainty of Land Based Carbon Sequestration: A Parameter Uncertainty Analysis with a Global Land Use Model." Selected

Paper. Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics Association. July, 2009.

Sohngen, B. 2009. "The Economics of REDD Crediting." Invited Presentation. Forests: A

Critical Part of the Climate Change Solution. Indianapolis, Indiana. October 23, 2009.

Sohngen, B. Oral Testimony to the US House of Representatives, Committee on Agriculture, Subcomittee on Conservation, Credit, Energy and Research. Washington, DC. December 3,

2009.

70

2008 Albán, M., R. Moreno-Sánchez, D. Moscoso, D. Southgate, and S. Wunder (eds.). Diseño de

Pagos por Servicios Ambientales en Ecuador y Colombia: Memorias del Taller. Bogor:

Center for International Forestry Research, 2008. J. Arar and D. Southgate, “Evaluating CO2 Reduction Strategies in the United States,”

Ecological Modelling, 220 (2009) 582-588. Keeler, Andrew and Alexander Thompson, “Industrial Country Mitigation Policy and Resource

Transfers to Developing Countries: Improving and Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets,

Discussion Paper 2008-5, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, September 2008

Keeler, Andrew and Alexander Thompson, “Mitigation through Resource Transfers to

Developing Countries: Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets” in Implementing Architectures for Agreement: Addressing Global Climate Change in the Post-

Kyoto World, Cambridge University Press (forthcoming). Sohngen, B., R. Beach, and K. Andrasko. 2008. "Avoided Deforestation as a Greenhouse Gas

Mitigation Tool: Economic Issues." Journal of Environmental Quality 37(July-August 2008):

1368-1375. Kindermann, G., M. Obersteiner, B. Sohngen J. Sathaye, K. Andrasko, E. Rametsteiner, B.

Schlamadinger, S. Wunder, R. Beach. 2008. "Global cost estimates of reducing carbon emissions through avoided deforestation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105(30): 10302–10307.

Sohngen, B. and S. Brown. 2008. "Extending Timber Rotations: Carbon and Cost Implications." Climate Policy, 8: 435–451.

Sohngen, B. 2008. Paying for Avoided Deforestation – Should we do it? Choices. Volume 23, Number 1. http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2008-1/theme/2008-1-08.htm

Sohngen, B. 2008. "Climate Change and Agriculture and Natural Resources." Presentation in

the 2008 Hill Seminar Series, National Coalition for Food and Agricultural Research. Washington, DC. March 31, 2008.

Sohngen, B. 2008. "Paying for Avoided Deforestation – Should We Do It?" Invited Presentation at Environmental Choices: Outlook and investigation on Climate Change and Agriculture. US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service. Washington, DC.

April 1, 2008. Sohngen, B. 2008. "Tools for Estimating the Costs of Carbon Sequestration through Avoided

Deforestation: Global Land Use Modeling." Invited Presentation at Workshop on The Costs of Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. World Bank, Washington, DC. May 27, 2008.

Golub, A., T. Hertel, S. Rose and B. Sohngen. 2008. "Biofuels Mandates, Land Use and Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Selected Paper, Global Trade Anlaysis Project Annual

Conference. Helsinki, Finland. June 12-14, 2008. Hertel, T., A. Golub, S. Rose, B. Sohngen. 2008. "Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Impacts

of U.S. Biofuels" Selected Paper. Annual Meetings of the American Agricultural Economics

Assciation. July, 2008. Sohngen, B. 2008. "Response to 'Ecosystem Adaptation.' " Invited Participant in Workshop on

Adapting to Climate Change: The Public Policy Response. Resources For the Future, Washington, DC. October 23-24, 2008.

71

Sohngen, B. 2008. "Tree Plantations and Short-Rotation Forestry’s Impact on Climate Change." Invited Presentation at Pulp and Paper in the Southern US: A Roundtable on Risks and

Opportunities for Business, Climate, and Forests. Environmental Paper Network. New York, NY. October 28, 2008.

Sohngen, B. 2008. "Adapting in Climate Change Research by Building Bridges Across Disciplines." Keynote Presentation at Dissertation Initiative for the Advancement of Climate Change Research. Mesa, AZ. Nov. 2 – 9, 2008.

Sohngen, B. 2008. "Biofuels and Global Climate Change." Invited Paper, International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium Annual General Meeting. Scottsdale, Arizona.

December 7-9, 2008.

2.C: Faculty Travel 2009

Andy Keeler visited Daniel Ortega-Pacheco and assisted with development of surveys and other instruments.

2008 In August 2008, AEDE Professor Douglas Southgate visited Ecuador and Colombia to advise a

CWC-funded graduate student (Daniel Ortega), to meet with representatives of organizations involved in carbon-sequestration and other environmental initiatives, and to provide guidance on

research focused on payments for environmental services (PES), which is an innovative approach to environmental policy.

After traveling to Guayaquil on August 11th, Southgate met on the 12th with Ortega to

discuss plans for field research addressing the economics of carbon sequestration. On the 13th, the two of them visited a sugar refinery that is using clean development mechanism

(CDM) funding to cogenerate electricity by burning bagasse.

After flying from Guayaquil to Quito on the evening of the 13th, Southgate and Ortega

Had meetings on the 14th through the 16th with representatives of environmental groups interested in carbon sequestration and PES, in which Southgate has a particular interest. Among these groups was the local affiliate of Conservation International, which has been

advising the government on payments for forest conservation (Programa Socio-Bosque). Southgate also worked with a former student, Dr. Fabián Rodríguez, on papers about PES

implementation in Ecuador.

Southgate and Ortega flew separately to Bogotá on Sunday afternoon, the 17th. During

the next two days, they met with a team of researchers at the Universidad de los Andes headed by a pair of OSU graduates: Jorge Maldonado and Rocio Moreno. With support from a project, “Making Nature Count,” for which Southgate is a co-investigator, this

team is analyzing the use of PES in a number of settings in Colombia and Ecuador. This work is made possible by a grant from the MacArthur Foundation to the Center for

International Forestry.

Southgate returned to Columbus and Ortega flew back to Guayaquil on the 20th.

72

2.D: Other Synergistic Activities

Andy Keeler (JGSPA) and Alex Thompson (Political Science) began collaboration on research on how to structure international payments for ecosystem service flows under

international climate change policy agreements. This work has resulted in the publication of a monograph and a forthcoming chapter in a book published by Cambridge University Press.

B. Sohngen (AEDE) is collaborating with the Nicholas Institute at Duke University and Resources For the Future in Washington, DC on a "Design To Win" project, with funding from

the Packard Foundation. This funding provides resources to help analyze the role of land based carbon offsets within a national cap and trade program for the US.

B. Sohngen (AEDE) and B. Roe (AEDE) are collaborating on research to examine how to develop contracts for carbon sequestration in developing countries. This builds on Roe's

substantial expertise in contract theory and Sohngen's knowledge of carbon sequestration markets. This collaboration already is paying off with a presentation by a student planned for the American Agricultural Economics Association Meeting in July 2010 in Denver, Colorado.

3. How the Project Is Becoming Self-Sustaining: 2009

The researchers continue to work to obtain extramural funding through traditional granting sources.

Sohngen obtained a cooperative agreement from the United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, to continue work on models to analyze carbon

sequestration opportunities.

Sohngen and B. Roe collaborated to obtain funding from the World Bank to examine

different types of contract mechanisms that could be used to secure carbon sequestration from small landholders in developing countries.

Sohngen has obtained an agreement with the Climate Change Division at the US

Environmental Protection Agency to fund additional research on carbon sequestration in fiscal year 2011.

2008

Andy Keeler and Brent Sohngen teamed up in Fall, 2008, to write a grant to the US Environmental Protection Agency for funds to supplement the work in this project. The

researchers plan to continue developing this proposal and sending it to other organizations and funding groups.

Sohngen continues to work with the Climate Change Division at the US Environmental Protection Agency on funding for Fiscal Year 2010. He has formally requested an

additional allocation of funds for the next fiscal year to continue work on modeling land use globally.

73

Sohngen collaborated with researchers at Texas A&M University, the National

Renewable Energy Lab, and Argonne Laboratory to write a pre-proposal to the US Department of Energy to assess the implications of US biofuel policy on land use and carbon emissions globally.

The World Bank continues to move forward with its Prototype Forest Carbon Fund (PFCF), which will provide funding for countries to engage in projects or policies that

focus on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. The research conducted through our project provides a direct analytical basis for individual countries (like Ecuador) who may wish to participate in the PFCF. The researchers will

continue to keep their eyes on developments in the PFCF and whether there are opportunities to raise funds more directly.

74

Designing effective land management policies for the 21 st century Ohio River and western Lake Erie Basins

Charles Goebel1, Elena Irwin2, Richard Moore3, and Robyn Wilson1

1School of Environment & Natural Resources, 2 Department of Agricultural, Environmental and

Developmental Economics, 3 Department of Human and Community Resource Development

College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Science

in collaboration with

Nick Basta, Jim Bonta, Virginie Bouchard, Ozeas Costa, Andrea Grottoli, Alexandre Joannon,

Tomas Koontz, Jeff LeJeune, Jérôme Molenat, Darla Munroe, and Eric Toman1

1. Project Description:

This project is designed to directly address the CWC questions, “Do we have enough surface

water to maintain society?” and “How is the carbon cycle being disrupted by human activities and how can the cycle be re-balanced to mitigate ACC and its adverse effects?” Using an

integrated approach and the Ohio River Basin (and by extension the western Lake Erie basin) as our area of focus, our project will focus on two basic questions: 1) Do we have enough surface water of sufficient quality to maintain ecological, social, and economic systems? and 2) How is

the carbon cycle, as well as other important biogeochemical cycles (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus), being disrupted by human activities, and how can these cycles be re-balanced through policies designed to mitigate the effects of human activities, including land-use change and accelerated

climate change? It is clear that human activities have dramatically affected the linkages among aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric systems, leading to modifications in critical biogeochemical

cycles that are adversely affecting both environmental and human health via changes in water quantity and quality. The ultimate goal of this core CWC project is to address these concerns by designing effective land management policies that will help maintain water quantity and quality

via the restoration and maintenance of key biophysical and social systems.

We will work to meet this goal by focusing on four major tasks. First, our team will quantify how biophysical factors are affected by land-use and ecosystem change, especially along land-use intensification and development gradients. Second, we will develop a core competency on

how land management decisions are shaped by behavioral, geographic, and biophysical processes, and how these decisions impact land-use and ecosystem change at a variety of

different scales. Third, we will integrate our increased understanding of the biophysical and social systems to identify key leverage points that influence land management practices. Finally, we will use this information to develop and test the effectiveness of novel public policies aimed

1 Collaborators are members of the OSU Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology (CBS), OSU

Department of Geography (CSBS), OSU Food Animal Health Program (CFAES), OSU School of Earth Sciences

(CMAPS), OSU School of Environment and Natural Resources (CFAES), USDA Agricultural Research Service,

and INRA (France).

75

at protecting water quantity and quality by focusing on more holistic management of the underlying biogeochemical and social processes that affect water resources. Although this

information is needed for watersheds across the globe, we will focus our efforts on the Ohio River Basin and the western Lake Erie Basin, a highly modified landscape that serves as an

excellent model system to develop this body of knowledge. We have assembled a diverse team of researchers that will help us meet these objectives, and our approach will allow us to expand this core research project and integrate with other CWC core projects, as well as other regional

partners in both the public and private sectors.

2. Products and Deliverables:

In 2009, this CWC Core Project was fully funded for its first year (project approved and funds

becoming available in February 2009). During this year we worked to meet the goals as stated above, and worked to expand and diversify the expertise and disciplinary nature of the team.

Specifically, in 2009 we have focused our efforts on projects that are centered on several thematic areas, including: 1) understanding how terrestrial and stream ecosystems are affected by land-use change; 2) understanding how land-use practices are affected and shaped by behavioral

and geographical systems; and 3) integrating knowledge on biophysical and social systems to identify key features that influence land-use practices. These various projects and their

integration will lead to future investigations and modeling of new land-use policies. To accomplish these activities we expanded the group of collaborators on the Core Project in

2009 with the following individuals from three colleges within The Ohio State University:

Dr. Ron Hendrick – SENR (CFAES) Dr. Stu Ludsin – EEOB (CBS) Dr. Jay Martin – FABE (CFAES)

Dr. Eric Nisbet – COMM (CSBS) Dr. Mazeika Sullivan – SENR (CFAES)

2.A. THEMATIC AREA: Understanding how terrestrial and stream ecosystems are

affected by land-use change

A variety of projects related to this thematic area of the CWC Core Project were continued and

expanded, or newly developed, in 2009. These individual projects are focused on elucidating the effects of land-use practices (including changes from invasive pests) on the structure and function of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems at both local and landscape scales. Data

generated from these focused investigations will be combined with information from

projects outlined in section 2.B. to help refine models that help predict the influence of

management and policy decisions on land-use and water quality (see section 2.C).

2.A.1. Land-use influence on riparian forests and aquatic food webs in headwater agricultural

watersheds.

In agricultural landscapes, maintaining and restoring riparian forest patches along streams is a watershed management priority. There are questions, however, as to the degree to which aquatic

76

food webs are supported by inputs from small and often isolated forested riparian patches in agricultural landscapes. To examine these contributions we compared the plant communities and

stream food webs between forested and non-forested riparian patches in an agricultural landscape and used stable isotope analyses to determine whether the primary source of energy for different

levels of aquatic food webs were derived from terrestrial or aquatic sources. We observed no differences in the δ13C signatures of consumers between forested and non-forested riparian areas. Similarly, we also observed few differences in δ15N signatures between forested and non-

forested sites for different trophic levels. This suggests that there may be other mechanisms driving the structure of aquatic food webs than basal resources alone. Future research efforts

will examine the effects of land use boundaries on the structure and function of riparian forests and stream ecosystems. These efforts are the focus of a Ph.D. dissertation (C. Goss, SENR), a planned NSF Ecosystem Science proposal in 2010, and a peer-reviewed manuscript to be

submitted in 2010. We also have recruited a new team member for this portion of the Core Project, Dr. M. Sullivan, a stream ecologist in SENR.

Graduate Students: C. Goss (Ph.D. Student, SENR). Supported with CWC funds.

Publications (developed in 2009):

Goebel, P. C., D.M. Hix, and H.L. Whitman. Influence of environmental factors and adjacent land use on the composition and structure of woody riparian vegetation in northeastern Ohio. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Lexington, KY.

(in press). Goebel, P.C., C.W. Goss, V. Bouchard, and L.R. Williams. How important are riparian

forests to aquatic food webs in agricultural watersheds of north-central Ohio, USA? Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, Sept 21-27, 2010. Bragança, Portugul (in press).

Presentations: None.

2.A.2. Land-use effects on water quality in model headwater agricultural watersheds.

The Sugar Creek Watershed, identified by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in 1998 as one of the most degraded in the state, is a predominately agricultural watershed located in

northeastern Ohio. Current efforts are focused on examining long-term data collected since 2002 and relating these data to detailed land-use in order to determine long term trends in water

quality and evaluate the effects of best management practices. Specifically, we are quantifying dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, pH, and turbidity, as well as reactive phosphorous, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and total solids. Generally, we are observing that reactive

phosphorus concentrations have decreased at most sites over time, and those sites that have not shown a decrease generally had lower initial concentrations of reactive phosphorus than sites that

decreased. Total solid concentrations peaked in 2003 and have decreased since then. Dissolved oxygen levels varied seasonally, but do not show trends across the sample period. Similarly, nitrate nitrogen concentrations have varied widely, while ammonia concentrations, conductivity,

and turbidity have not shown a general trend of change over time. Total phosphorous concentrations have in general remained constant. Future research will continue to examine

77

relationships between land use and water quality in the Sugar Creek watershed. This includes linking these water quality data with more detailed GIS-based land-use data to develop

predictive models of land-use impacts on water quality. Additionally, in 2010 we will work with CWC Team members O. Costa (EEOB, MAPS) and A. Grotelli (SES, MAPS) to expand these

efforts to the Upper Olentangy River watershed and we also envision recruiting the new landscape hydrologist planned to be supported in part by CWC and SENR to assist with this portion of the CWC Core Project. In 2009 Yina Xie travelled to the Texas A&M to learn SWAT

watershed modeling which she is applying to the Upper Scioto Watershed of which the Upper Olentangy is a part. Ms. Xie’s research is focused on the land use and land tenure issues relating

to N and P export from the watershed. A post-doctoral researcher specializing in SWAT modeling was hired in December through an associated USEPA Targeted Watershed Grant on the Upper Scioto.

Post-Doc:

Dr. Sujith Kumar Surendran Nair. Supported by a USEPA Targeted Watershed Grant Graduate Students:

K. Davidson-Bennett (M.S. Student, ESGP). Supported by CFAES Environmental Fellowship.

Xie, Yina (Ph.D. Student, ESGP), Supported by CFAES Director Fellowship Publications: None.

Presentations: Davidson-Bennett, K.M., P.C. Goebel, D. Hudgins, and R.H. Moore. 2009. Water quality in

the North Fork of the Sugar Creek Watershed, northeastern Ohio. 94th ESA Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009.

Davidson-Bennett, K.M., P.C. Goebel, D. Hudgins, and R.H. Moore. 2009. Water Quality in the North Fork of the Sugar Creek Watershed, Northeastern Ohio. 2009 USDA-CSREES National Water Conference. St. Louis, MO. February 8-12, 2009.

2.A.3. Microbiological quality of private water supplies in rural Ohio.

Waterborne transmission of zoonotic bacterial pathogens may contribute significantly to the epidemiology of these infections in the United States. Given that approximately 15 to 20 percent

of US households depend on private ground water wells, the objective of this study was to determine extent that natural geological characteristics and anthropogenic activity contributed to

microbiological contamination of private drinking water supplies in rural Ohio. During the summer of 2009, water was collected from private wells located in six northeastern Ohio Townships representing regions with diverse ground water pollution potential (topology, soil

type, hydrology, etc) and varying intensities of dairy farm production. Samples were tested quantitatively for total coliform and E. coli contamination. In addition, DNA was extracted from

suspended bacteria present in the water for future PCR-based assays for specific bacterial pathogens. Forty-six percent and 9% of samples were positive for coliform and E. coli, respectively. There was no significant difference in coliform contamination among townships.

In contrast, significant variation in E. coli contamination of drinking water (3% to 23%, P<0.05) was observed. Univariate analysis did not identify pollution index as a significant predictor for

78

E. coli contamination. It will be critical to determine the contributing factors to the geographic clustering of E. coli contamination in rural Ohio wells so that corrective measures may be

implemented. In 2010, this research will be continued and efforts are underway to link with companion studies in rural Africa. This research is also being conducted in parallel to our

USDA water quality grant Upper Sugar Creek Watershed: A Model Watershed for Study of Pathogen Origin, Fate and Transport (W.Dick, G.Rajashekara, R. Moore).

Graduate Students: G. Won (M.S. Student, FAHRP). Supported with CWC funds.

X. Wei (Ph.D. Student, ESGP). Supported by USDA NRI grant above. Publications:

None.

Presentations: None.

2.A.4. Impacts of hemlock wooly adelgid on forest and stream ecosystems of the Upper Ohio River Basin.

Hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA) is an invasive, exotic insect causing widespread mortality in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) forests of the eastern United States. Eastern

hemlock is considered a foundation species, regulating local ecosystem structure and function (e.g., microclimate, nutrient cycling). Across the central and southern Appalachian Mountains (including southern Ohio), hemlock dominates ravine and riparian forests, and many of these

areas located in state parks are critical recreational areas that critically support local and regional economies. Thus, the loss of this foundation species may have dramatic effects across riparian

and stream ecosystems, as well as the social and economic systems. In 2009, we began a new study to clarify how the loss of hemlock will affect the vegetation composition and ecosystem function in hemlock forests of the central Appalachians at both local and landscape scales. Using

a chronosequence approach, we are examining hemlock forests within regions classified as long-term invaded (> 10 years), recently invaded (5-10 years), and intact. Within each region, we

have also identified stream reaches that remain intact to serve as controls. Initial analyses indicate hemlock is particularly dominant immediately adjacent to streams, with few other species in any of the vegetation layers. As this evergreen with poor quality leaf litter declines,

light availability and decomposition rates are increasing, changing the successional pathways of these forests and providing resources for additional species including invasive, non-native plant

species. We have recruited two new Core Team members, Dr. M. Sullivan (stream ecologist, SENR) and Dr. R. Hendrick (forest ecologist, SENR) to assist with these investigations. The team developed a proposal in the fall of 2009 that is pending with the National Science

Foundation Ecosystem Studies Program ($383,352) to expand these investigations into carbon and nitrogen dynamics, and how HWA may influence stream food webs. If not funded by NSF

in this round of funding, the proposal will be revised and resubmitted to NSF.

Graduate Students:

K. Martin (Ph.D. Student, SENR). Supported by a NSF GK-12 Fellowship.

79

Publications (developed in 2009): Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. Preparing for hemlock wooly adelgid in Ohio: communities

associated with hemlock-dominated ravines of Ohio's unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Lexington, KY. (in

press). Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. Impact of hemlock decline on successional pathways and

ecosystem function at multiple scales in forests of the central Appalachians, USA.

Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, Sept 21-27, 2010. Bragança, Portugul (in press).

Presentations: Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. 2009. Possible implications of hemlock woolly adelgid on

forest composition and structure in southeastern Ohio hemlock riparian forests. 94th ESA Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009.

2.A.5.Urbanization effects on water quality and stream ecosystems along the south shore of Lake Erie.

In the summer of 2009, an opportunity to partner with Cleveland MetroParks developed to

analyze the effects of urbanization on streamflow, water quality, and stream biota along several small headwater streams within the Cleveland metropolitan area. Each stream was fully instrumented in the fall of 2009 using equipment purchased and maintained by Cleveland

MetroParks. During 2010, we will examine the effects of urbanization and this data will form the basis of a M.S. thesis (K. Davidson-Bennett, ESGP). We also are exploring new partnerships with scientists from OSU Entomology (CFAES), OSU Horticulture and Crop Science (CFAES),

and the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station to develop a research proposal to be submitted to the USDA Northeastern State and Private Forestry Association restoration methods

program that utilizes Dutch Elm Disease resistant seedlings as the focus of riparian restoration efforts along many urban headwater streams of western Lake Erie that are currently being decimated by the emerald ash borer. These efforts will help refine predictive models of the

influence of urbanization on water quality and streamflow, and help develop methods to restore and maintain water quality in these disturbed landscapes.

Graduate Students: K. Davidson-Bennett (M.S. Student, ESGP). Supported by CFAES Environmental

Fellowship.

Publications: None.

Presentations:

None. 2.B. THEMATIC AREA: Understanding how land-use practices are affected and shaped

by behavioral and geographical systems

80

Similar to the Section 2.A., our Core CWC Project has several projects that are being conducted in support of developing novel land use practices to improve water quality. These projects

include developing a behavioral model of how land use decisions are made, the economic influences on land use decisions, how social and community factors affect land use decision

making, and developing a land-use database focused on geospatial data and county auditor data. As with the projects focused on examining the biophysical impacts on water quality, these

projects are designed to help elucidate a better understanding of the social and economic

dynamics that drive the decision-making process, which will be combined to develop an

integrated model of the factors that influence land use practices .

2.B.1 Developing a behavioral model to link land-use and water quality.

In addition to on-going work related to behavioral models of decision making for streamside landowners in urbanizing landscapes (see presentations and publication in review below with

Hersha and Baird), in the fall of 2009, we began working on the development of a behavioral model that will link biophysical measurements and land use practices for agricultural streamside landowners. The first step of this process is the development of an expert model, which

identifies key determinants of nutrient transport and fate for phosphorus and nitrogen, related risks and benefits, and mitigation strategies (i.e., potential landowner decisions), as well as key

behavioral influences from the literature. The expert model and framework for linking the behavioral model with the land use model is currently being developed into a peer-reviewed publication for submission to Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. We have also

developed and submitted proposals building on these ideas to multiple funding agencies, including the NOAA RISA Program (not funded), NSF Coupled Human and Natural Systems (not

funded), and NSF Water Sustainability and Climate (pending). In developing these new proposals, the CWC core team has expanded to include additional OSU personnel (Jay Martin, FABE; Stu Ludsin, EEOB; Jialin Lin, GEOG; Erik Nisbet, COMM among others). In 2010,

landowner interviews will be conducted with the goal of identifying key land-use management decisions and behavioral influences on nutrient transport. These data will then be developed into

a behavioral model using survey methodology and linked with spatially-explicit information (see 2.B.5 below) to develop a combined model of land use decision-making.

Graduate Students: Josh Ferry (M.S. Student, SENR). Supported by CWC Core Project.

A. Zwickle (Ph.D. Student, SENR). Supported by USDA National Integrated Water Quality Project. T. Ascher (M.S. Student, SENR). Supported by USDA National Integrated Water Quality

Project.

Publications: Hersha, D.K., R.S. Wilson, A. Baird. An expert perspective on citizen decisions to maintain and

restore stream and watershed health in a midwestern watershed. Journal of American Water Resources Association. In review.

81

Presentations:

Wilson, R.S. 2009. Risk and the Individual Decision Making Process. Sea Grant Climate Network Workshop. Charleston, South Carolina, USA. November 9, 2009.

Hersha, D.K., R.S. Wilson, and A. Baird. 2009. Designing watershed-based education and extension efforts through a mental model research approach. 94th ESA Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009.

2.B.2. How social and community factors affect land use decision making Land use decisions are not made in a vacuum. Many decisions relating to water quality are influenced by social and community factors. We have continued work on an on-going research program examining such factors, including the dynamics of community-based collaborative efforts relating to agricultural practices and water quality. Community-based watershed groups have been supported through numerous public policies, including the Ohio Watershed Coordinator Grants Program and Section 319 funding from the Federal government pursuant to the Clean Water Act. Organizations as diverse as the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Extension, Soil and Water Conservation Districts, the Natural Resources Conservation Service, The Nature Conservancy, and regional planning organizations are engaged in promoting these community partnerships. One area of considerable interest is how to engage diverse stakeholders in these efforts, and how these efforts may affect agricultural management practices. In 2009 we conducted research on 12 collaborative watershed partnerships in Ohio, to understand participation behavior. This research led to a completed M.S. thesis, and results indicate the importance of social pressure in fostering active participation among group members.

Graduate Students Brad Hauser, M.S. Publications Hardy, Scott D. and Tomas M. Koontz. 2010. Collaborative Watershed Partnerships in Urban and

Rural Areas: Different Pathways to Success? Landscape and Urban Planning 95: 75-90 (submitted in 2009).

Hardy, S.D., and T.M. Koontz. 2009. Rules for Collaboration: Institutional Analysis of Group Membership and Levels of Action in Watershed Partnerships.” Policy Studies Journal 37(3): 393-414.

Presentations Koontz, T., and J. Campbell. 2009. Changing Farmer Conservation Behavior: Collaborative v.

Traditional Approaches. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management conference, Washington, DC, November 5-7, 2009.

2.B.3 Comparing land use and water quality among Amish and non-Amish headwater basins

This project is focused on comparing the land use patterns associated with different social systems, specifically Amish and non-Amish dominated headwater basins. These model systems

provide an opportunity to examine how different social structures influence land use and subsequent water quality. In 2009, we hosted two core team researchers from INRA (France)

and planned efforts to install two large weirs with associated continuous water quality monitoring equipment. These efforts were complicated by the need to have access to the stream

82

within an area dominated by Amish farmers and the time to develop a relationship to be granted permission. Two sites, one in the South Fork and one in the East Branch have been identified

and construction will start in 2010. We envision the hiring of a landscape ecologist funded in part by CWC will greatly benefit this focused research of the Core Project. Julia Barton, a new

ESGP Ph.D. student funded by the NSF GK-12 program will begin her dissertation work in July comparing the two watersheds. Ten sites on the South Fork of Sugar Creek were analyzed using the Headwater Habitat Evaluation Index by Jed Stinner, an incoming MS student in ESGP. This

was funded by the Alpine Water Quality Trading Project which continues our baseline biweekly sampling of 105 sites in Sugar Creek. To this end, OARDC and the researchers provided cost-

share for a new Lachet Autosampler ($100,000) to process samplers.

Graduate Students:

Julia Barton (funded by NSF GK-12 grant)

Publications: Moore, Richard. 2009. Integrating the Social and Natural Sciences in the Sugar Creek

Method. In Sustainable Agroecosystem Management: Integrating Ecology, Economics,

and Society. Edited by Bohlen, Patrick and Gar House. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. 21-40.

Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Developing Participatory Models of Watershed Management in the Sugar Creek Watershed (Ohio, USA). Water Alternatives. 2:82-100.

Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Land Tenure as a Variable in Community

Based Watershed Projects: Some Lessons from the Sugar Creek Watershed, Wayne & Holmes County, Ohio. Society and Natural Resources. 9:815-833.

Presentations: None.

2.B.4. Developing a theoretical economic model of farmer dynamic decision-making under uncertainty.

This project was begun in late 2009 and focuses on developing a theoretical economic model of

farmer dynamic decision making under uncertainty. The model assumes the farmer will choose an optimal sequence of land uses over time to maximize expected discounted profits over time. This model contributes to the development of the expert model. To help support this effort, a

related project in the western lake Erie Basin was funded in 2009 by NOAA and Ohio Sea Grant that is focused on the connection between land use and water quality in Lake Erie specifically in

terms of how lake amenities, including water quality, influence the conversion of rural land and demand for residential land use in the Lake Erie region ($177,313). In 2010, a refereed manuscript based upon this initial model development is planned.

Graduate Students:

None. Publications:

None.

83

Presentations: None.

2.B.5. Generate a land-use/cover change database from 1995 – present. Beginning in 2009 we have compiled and synthesized multiple data sources to contribute a spatial database of major land-cover changes (e.g., vegetation to impervious) as well and land-use changes (e.g., parcel subdivision, agriculture to developed conversions) for Delaware and Marion counties 1990-present. We have developed a novel method for the detection of land parcelization using a time series of high resolution aerial photographs.

Graduate Students:

S. Cai (Ph.D. Student, Geography). Supported by CWC Core Project.

Publications Munroe, D.K. 2009. Pattern-Based Evaluation of Peri-urban Development in Delaware County, Ohio,

USA: Roads, Taxes and Spatial Externalities. In A. Paez, J. Le Gallo, R. Buliung and S. Dall'Erba, eds. Progress in Spatial Analysis: Theory and Computation, and Thematic Applications. (Advances in Spatial Science Series). Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 149-170.

2.C. THEMATIC AREA: Integrating knowledge on biophysical and social systems to

identify key features that influence land-use practices In 2009, the majority of our efforts were concentrated on the focused research that will help us

build the expert model that will integrate information on both the biophysical and social systems that drive land use decision-making (see Sections 2A and 2B above). However, we did have

several core team project meetings where we shared and discussed how these focused projects would be integrated into the expert model. Additionally, we worked on outlining conceptual approaches to the problems associated with land use and decision-making; these efforts led to a

book chapter focused on stream and riparian forest restoration associated with land conservation efforts. In 2010, we plan to continue these efforts to ensure that we can cross-walk across the

varied disciplines and successfully integrate our efforts into an expert model. These efforts and discussions are anticipated to lead to a peer-reviewed publication on the need and theoretical process of linking biophysical and social science research to develop novel land use management

practices.

Graduate Students: All listed above.

Publications: Morris, A. E.L., W. Fisher, E. Maloutas-Storheim, and P.C. Goebel. On the Need for Stream

and Riparian Restoration in Land Conservation. In Stream Restoration: Halting Disturbances, Assisted Recovery and Managed Recovery. Edited by G.D. Hayes; and T. Flores. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (In press).

Presentations:

None.

84

3. How the Project Is Becoming Self-Sustaining:

A number of competitive proposals have been submitted by Core Team members and collaborators that are related to the Core Project. These include:

Funded (total of $1,675,840):

Leveraging natural amenities for sustainable development in the Great Lakes region. NOAA/Ohio Sea Grant, 2010-2012. PIs: Mark Partridge, E.G. Irwin and H. Stephens. Amount: $177,313.

Ohio Basin Upper Scioto Watershed (HUC 05060001) Water Quality Trading Feasibility Study. USEPA Targeted Watershed Program. PIs: R.Moore and B. Sohngen. $199,000.00.

Watershed Scale Evaluations in a Tri-State Region of the water quality benefits of self-forming

and two-stage channel systems. 2009-2012. USDA NRI. PIs: A. Ward, J. Tank, R. Moore, and J.Witter. $640,000.00.

Impact of organic animal production systems on water quality and quantity in Ohio-an integrated research, extension and education program." CSREES' Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative. 2010-2012. PIs: S. Loerch, R. Moore, D. Stinner, and R. Taylor.;

$659,527.00.

Pending: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid to coupled dynamics across riparian and stream

ecosystems of the central Appalachians. National Science Foundation. Investigators: C. Goebel, M. Sullivan, and R. Hendrick. $383,352.00.

Wilson, Ludsin, Martin, Munroe, Nisbet, Toman, Watkins, and Hayes. 2010. Collaborative

Research: WSC-Category 2: Coastal ecosystem implications of climate and human behavior

interactions across the watershed. NSF Water Sustainability and Climate. $2,995,853.00.

Not Funded: Martin, Nisbet, Wilson, Toman, Ludsin, Munroe, and DeMarchi. 2009. Potential for human

attitudes and behavior across watersheds to alter climate change impacts on downstream ecosystems. National Science Foundation Coupled Human and Natural Systems.

$1,412,832.00. Toman, Wilson, Ludsin, Bromwich, Nisbet, Lin, Irwin, Koontz, Martin, Zhang, Wang,

DeMarchi, Munroe, and Rogers. 2009. Integrated climate adaptation program. NOAA RISA. Co-PI.

Goebel, P.C., M. Sullivan, and B.S. McCarthy. 2009. Implications of foundation species loss and

restoration on ecological processes of forest-stream ecotones of the central Appalachians.

National Science Foundation. $398,574.00.

85

McCarthy, B., J. DeForest, and C. Goebel. 2009. Vegetation and soil development following mineland reclamation via loose dumping. US Department of Energy, Office of Surface

Mining. $200,000.00.

4. Timeline of Expected Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total Funds = $ 1,299,911

End of First Year of Funding, Fall 2009: Total first year funds, $265,000.

Personnel: post-doctoral researcher ($47,600); 4 graduate students ($129,900)

Funds were expended for the four graduate students in 2009 (see list in section 5); post-doctoral researcher was not hired in 2009 but will be in 2010. Considerable support for

personnel from other sources of funding was utilized in 2009 and is anticipated to continue in 2010.

Materials: stream weirs, stream water samplers ($63,000)

Funds were not expended for the weirs and samplers in 2009 due to issues in locating suitable locations. These materials will be implemented in 2010 and we envision the new CWC landscape hydrologist can assist with this portion of the study.

Supplies: general field supplies, PCs for GIS analyses ($10,000)

Funds were expended for the general field supplies and PCs for GIS analysis.

International Travel: INRA collaborations ($9,000)

Funds were expended for the travel and interactions with INRA researchers in May 2009. Meetings: host researcher meeting and potential outside collaborators ($1000)

Funds were utilized in part for these meetings; however those unused will help with future

meetings. End of Second Year of Funding, Fall 2010:

Total second year funds, $265,000

End of Third Year of Funding, Fall 2011: Estimated total third year funds, $257,500

End of Fourth Year of Funding, Fall 2012: Estimated total fourth year funds, $256,250

End of Fifth Year of Funding, Fall 2013:

86

Estimated total fourth year funds, $256,250

5. Summary of 2009 Activities

Post-Docs: Dr. Sujith Kumar Surendran Nair. Supported by a USEPA Targeted Watershed Grant

Graduate Students:

Supported with CWC funds

S. Cai (Ph.D. Student, Geography) J. Ferry (M.S. Student, SENR)

C. Goss (Ph.D. Student, SENR) G. Won (M.S. Student, FAHRP)

Supported with non-CWC funds

T. Ascher (M.S. Student, SENR) K. Davidson-Bennett (M.S. Student, ESGP)

K. Martin (Ph.D. Student, SENR) Y. Xie (Ph.D. Student, ESGP) X. Wei (Ph.D. Student, ESGP)

A. Zwickle (Ph.D. Student, SENR)

Publications (developed and submitted in 2009): Book chapters

1. Munroe, D.K. 2009. Pattern-Based Evaluation of Peri-urban Development in Delaware

County, Ohio, USA: Roads, Taxes and Spatial Externalities. In A. Paez, J. Le Gallo, R. Buliung and S. Dall'Erba, eds. Progress in Spatial Analysis: Theory and Computation, and Thematic Applications. (Advances in Spatial Science Series). Berlin, Germany:

Springer. pp. 149-170. 2. Morris, A. E.L., W. Fisher, E. Maloutas-Storheim, and P.C. Goebel. On the Need for

Stream and Riparian Restoration in Land Conservation. In Stream Restoration: Halting Disturbances, Assisted Recovery and Managed Recovery. Edited by G.D. Hayes; and T. Flores. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (In press).

3. Moore, R. 2009. Integrating the Social and Natural Sciences in the Sugar Creek Method. In Sustainable Agroecosystem Management: Integrating Ecology, Economics, and

Society. Edited by Bohlen, Patrick and Gar House. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. 21-40.

Peer-reviewed papers

1. Goebel, P. C., D.M. Hix, and H.L. Whitman. Influence of environmental factors and adjacent land use on the composition and structure of woody riparian vegetation in northeastern Ohio. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference.

Lexington, KY. (in press). 2. Hardy, Scott D. and Tomas M. Koontz. 2010. Collaborative Watershed Partnerships in Urban

and Rural Areas: Different Pathways to Success? Landscape and Urban Planning 95: 75-90 (submitted in 2009).

87

3. Hardy, S.D., and T.M. Koontz. 2009. Rules for Collaboration: Institutional Analysis of Group Membership and Levels of Action in Watershed Partnerships.” Policy Studies Journal 37(3): 393-414.

4. Hersha, D.K., R.S. Wilson, A. Baird. An expert perspective on citizen decisions to maintain and restore stream and watershed health in a midwestern watershed. Journal of American Water Resources Association. (in review).

5. Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. Preparing for hemlock wooly adelgid in Ohio:

communities associated with hemlock-dominated ravines of Ohio's unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Lexington, KY. (in press).

6. Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Developing Participatory Models of Watershed Management in the Sugar Creek Watershed (Ohio, USA). Water Alternatives.

2:82-100. 7. Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Land Tenure as a Variable in Community

Based Watershed Projects: Some Lessons from the Sugar Creek Watershed, Wayne &

Holmes County, Ohio. Society and Natural Resources. 9:815-833. Editor-reviewed papers

1. Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. 2010. Impact of hemlock decline on successional

pathways and ecosystem function at multiple scales in forests of the central

Appalachians, USA. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, Sept 21-27, 2010. Bragança, Portugal (in press).

2. Goebel, P.C., C.W. Goss, V. Bouchard, and L.R. Williams. How important are riparian forests to aquatic food webs in agricultural watersheds of north-central Ohio, USA? Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference. Bragança,

Portugal (in press).

Manuscripts in preparation

1. Ara, S., E. Irwin, and T. Haab. Measuring the effects of Lake Erie water quality using

spatial hedonic price models. To be submitted 2010.

Presentations:

1. Davidson-Bennett, K.M., P.C. Goebel, D. Hudgins, and R.H. Moore. 2009. Water quality

in the North Fork of the Sugar Creek Watershed, northeastern Ohio. 94th ESA Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009.

2. Davidson-Bennett, K.M., P.C. Goebel, D. Hudgins, and R.H. Moore. 2009. Water Quality in the North Fork of the Sugar Creek Watershed, Northeastern Ohio. 2009 USDA-CSREES National Water Conference. St. Louis, MO. February 8-12, 2009.

88

3. Hersha, D.K., R.S. Wilson, and A. Baird. 2009. Designing watershed-based education and extension efforts through a mental model research approach. 94th ESA Annual

Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009. 4. Koontz, T., and J. Campbell. 2009. Changing Farmer Conservation Behavior: Collaborative v.

Traditional Approaches. Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management conference, Washington, DC, November 5-7, 2009.

5. Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. 2009. Possible implications of hemlock woolly adelgid on forest composition and structure in southeastern Ohio hemlock riparian forests. 94th ESA

Annual Meeting. Albuquerque, NM. August 2-7, 2009. 6. Wilson, R.S. 2009. Risk and the Individual Decision Making Process. Sea Grant Climate

Network Workshop. Charleston, SC. November 9, 2009.

89

Second Annual Report

Quantifying the Geophysical Causes of Present-Day Global Sea-level Rise Ohio State University Climate, Water, Carbon Program (http://cwc.osu.edu) Core Project

Led by: C.K. Shum, School of Earth Sciences

Jason Box, Geography, Ian Howat, School of Earth Sciences, Alan Saalfeld, School of Earth Sciences

May 18, 2010

1. Project Description: This Global Sea-Level Core Project directly addresses the Ohio State University Climate,

Water, Carbon Program (http://cwc.osu.edu) science question, “Does human intervention have the potential to push the climate system such that abrupt changes become more frequent, intense and rapid?” through a comprehensive undertaking of the interdisciplinary science of global sea-

level change. The primary purpose of the Core Project is to bring together experts to form a team within The Ohio State University to (1) advance the interdisciplinary science of sea-level

change resulting from anthropogenic warming, and to (2) develop an innovative system for dissemination scientific of results to mitigate sea-level rise hazards for the world’s low-lying regions.

Our project has progressed substantially towards reduction of uncertainties in the sea-level budget and projecting future sea-level change by addressing the following scientific

questions: (1) Can we resolve the controversy of whether there is a present-day (1990s–present) accelerated sea-level rise, which would be an indication of anthropogenic warming? (2) Can we explain, with high confidence, each of the plausible geophysical sources influencing sea-level

change, and reconcile with observed sea-level rise? (3) Can we better constrain the physical processes governing ice sheet sensitivity to climate forcing, to improve the prediction of ice-

sheet contribution to future sea-level rise under anthropogenic warming? We have published scientific findings at journals including Nature, proposed and convened AAAS symposium Session on sea-level science, submitted a large number of

collaborative proposals to funding agencies, and have numerous press interviews because of our new research findings.

2. Accomplishments Related to Products and Deliverables:

Our project will deliver important scientific findings to address the CWC science question on human’s role in abrupt climate change and global sea-level rise, as well as with a

goal to be self-sustaining after the conclusion of the project while continuing to be one of the leading research groups in the world for sea-level research. Our Ohio State University team,

consisting of Earth scientists, statistician and mathematicians from the college of Arts & Sciences and Engineering, foresees a unique opportunity to collaborate on this cross-disciplinary problem and anticipates high-impact scientific returns as well as new funding opportunities from

government, industry and private sources which extends beyond the usual disciplinary divides. Here we provide a report of the project and our accomplishments covering the 2nd year

investigation time period.

2.A: Quantification of Ice Sheet Mass Balance and Its Sensitivity to Climate Change We continue to quantify recent, rapid and unpredicted increase in the rates of mass-loss

from Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets to improve our understanding of the physical processes that control ice sheet sensitivity to climate and ice sheet contribution to sea-level

change. To summarize, our lack of understanding stems (a) from low spatial and temporal

90

resolution, and high uncertainty of ice sheet-wide mass-balance estimates, (b) from unknown boundary conditions including the rheology of the glacier bed and thermo-mechanical changes at

the ice-ocean interface, (c) from shortcomings of current ice-flow models, and (d) from lack of knowledge in quantifying ice firn compaction and the motion of the subglacial topography. The

following describes our current year’s progress and deliverables for this sub-task during the 2nd year investigation time period.

We have published 18 peer-preview papers and with 6 papers in press or submitted, and

19 invited or contributed presentations since the beginning of this project under this subtask.

During April and May, 2010, Jason Box and Rick Forster, Evan Burgess, and Clément

Miège (University of Utah) conducted the Arctic Circle Traverse (ACT) 2010, which is to drive snow mobiles across the Greenland ice sheet on a trek along the Arctic Circle from DYE-2 up and over the topographic saddle and as far as we can get into the heart of snow accumulation

along the southeast slope. The latest plan is to go as far as ACT10b in 2010. It is to help better understand the effect on the mass budget of changing mass input from snow accumulation. The

field team worked and camped in temperatures as low as –35 C (–31 F). While driving during the day, temperatures will be in the –10 (14 F) to –25 C (–13 F) range. The weather on the inland ice is usually very sunny, especially at the highest elevations. However, they measured snow

accumulation where it snows the most, that is, >5 m (16 ft) of snow per year. Therefore, they contended with some big snow storms. They were also concerned about strong winds that often

affect this region. The major elements of the field work are:

1.) They are towing a 400 Mhz radar to measure snow accumulation rates in the top 50 m. 2.) It is also necessary to obtain ice cores to measure the snow accumulation rates 'in-situ' to

calibrate what the radar 'sees' with the actual snow density and water equivalence with depth. 3.) In addition, an airborne radar overflight of our ground traverse line is planned to calibrate the

airborne radar. Calibration of the airborne radar should facilitate mapping snow accumulation rates elsewhere across the ice sheet.

4.) They installed a temperature sensor string at Saddle and "coffee can" compaction measuring devices at Saddle and DYE-2 to develop models of snow compaction.

5.) They used GPS to measure our survey lines and points and to navigate during the survey. We'll stay in contact with the "inside world" (we're the ones outside!) using Iridium satellite phones, UHF radio to communicate with aircraft, and a little unit from NASA that transmits

our position every 15 min. automatically so we can be tracked while on traverse. They are to be a group of 4 or 5. They will always be in groups of at least 2. Each group will have a

satellite phone and a personal location beacon to activate if a search and rescue missio n is required. As part of published work, they have found a missing 74 Gt of mass, that is, 11% of annual snowfall mass input to the whole ice sheet. They are planning to extend this work to

get a better handle on the ice sheet mass budget input. We received three balance transfers totaling $58,077 from the University of Wales,

United Kingdom to support a CWC-related collaboration with A. Hubbard. The funds were used to purchase 4 Trimble GPS receivers, pay for boat survey equipment from Portland Yacht

Services, and to support undergraduate student research. Box graduate student Jessica Human received support to spend one month at the NASA GSFC to assist with research proposal development while receiving training from MODIS Project Scientist, Dorothy Hall.

91

Publications (Accumulative): 1. Ahn, Y. and J.E. Box, Ice velocity at west Greenland tidewater glaciers from time lapse

photos, J. Glaciology, submitted 10 August, 2009, reviews received 16 Dec, 2009.

2. Box, J.E., L.-S. Bai, R. Benson, I. Bhattacharya, D.H. Bromwich, J. Cappelen, D. Decker, N. DiGirolamo, X. Fettweis, D. Hall, E. Hanna, T. Mote, M. Tedesco, R. van de Wal, and M. van den Broeke, Greenland Climate in 2008, in J. Richter-Menge (Ed.), State of the

Climate in 2008. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2008. 3. Box, J.E., J. Cappelen, D.H. Bromwich, Le-Sheng Bai, T.L. Mote, B.A. Veenhuis, N.

Mikkelsen, A. Weidick, Greenland Climate in 2007, in Arctic Report Card 2008. National Climate Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic Report Card 2007, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/. J. Richter-Menge (Ed.), 2008.

4. Box, J.E., L.-S. Bai, R. Benson, I. Bhattacharya, D.H. Bromwich, J. Cappelen, D. Decker, N. DiGirolamo, X. Fettweis, D. Hall, E. Hanna, T. Mote, M. Tedesco, R. van de Wal, and

M. van den Broeke, Greenland Climate in 2008, in Arctic Report Card. National Climate, 2009a.

5. Box, J.E., L. Yang, D.H. Browmich, L-S. Bai, Greenland ice sheet surface air temperature

variability: 1840–2007, J. Climate., 22, 4029–4049, doi:10.1175/2009jcli2816.1, 2009b. 6. Burgess, E.W., R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, E. Mosley-Thompson, D.H. Bromwich, R.C. Bales,

L.C Smith, A spatially calibrated model of annual accumulation rate on the Greenland ice sheet annual (1958-2007), a spatially calibrated model, 2010: J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2010.

7. Chu, V.W, L.C. Smith, A.K. Rennermalm, R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, Niels Reeh, Sediment plume response to surface melting and supraglacial lake drainages on the Greenland Ice

Sheet, J. Glaciology, 55(194), 1072–1082, 2009. 8. Ettema, J., M.R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W.J. van de Berg, J.E. Box, and K.

Steffen, Climate of the Greenland ice sheet using a high-resolution climate model, Part 1:

Evaluation, The Cryosphere, submitted 30 March 2010. 9. Ettema, J., M.R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W.J. van de Berg, J.L. Bamber, J.E.

Box, and R.C. Bales, Higher surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet revealed by high-resolution climate modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L12501, doi:10.1029/2009GL038110, 2009.

10. Hall, D.K. J.E. Box, K. Casey, S.J. Hook, C.A. Shuman, K. Steffen, Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over

Greenland, Remote Sensing of Environment, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.007, 2008. 11. Howat, I.M., J.E. Box, Y. Ahn, A. Herrington, E. McFadden, Seasonal variability in the

dynamics of Greenland's marine-terminating outlet glaciers, J. Glaciology, accepted,

2010. 12. Howat, I.M., K.M. Walsh and B.E. Smith, Continuing Rapid Loss of the Patagonian Ice

Fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., in revision, 2010 13. Rennermalm, A.K., L.C. Smith, V.W. Chu, R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, Sources of Greenland

ice sheet melt water production revealed from in situ measurements and a spatially

distributed hydrologic model, Hydrol. Process, in review, 2010. 14. Reinemann, S.A., D.F. Porinchu, A.M. Bloom, B.G. Mark, and J.E. Box, A multi-proxy

paleolimnological reconstruction of the Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin, United States, Quaternary Research, 72, 347–358, 2009.

92

15. Rignot, E., J.E. Box, E. Burgess, and E. Hanna, Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1958 to 2007, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L20502, doi:10.1029/2008GL035417, 2008.

16. Truffer, M., R.J. Motyka, M. Hekkers, I.M. Howat, M. King. Terminus dynamics at an advancing glacier: Taku Glacier, Alaska, J. Glaciology, 55, 194, 1052–1060, 2009.

17. Vieli, A., F. Nick, I. M. Howat, I. Joughin, Large-scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at the terminus, Nature Geosciences, 2, 110–114, 2009.

18. Wake, L.M, P. Huybrechts, J.E. Box, E. Hanna, I. Janssens, and G.A. Milne, Surface

mass-balance changes of the Greenland ice sheet since 1866, Annals of Glaciology, 50, 178-284, 2009.

Presentations (Clumulative): 1. Ahn Y., J.E. Box, J. Balog, A. Lewinter, Automated ground-based time-lapse camera

monitoring of west Greenland ice sheet outlet glaciers: challenges and solutions, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008.

2. Ahn, Y., I. M. Howat, Automated Glacier Surface Velocity using Multi-Image/Multi-Chip (MIMC) Feature Tracking, Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C23C-0510, 2009.

3. Bamber J., J. E. Box, X. Fettweis, E. Hanna, Uncertainties in the present-day surface mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from a model intercomparison, Eos Trans. AGU,

89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008. 4. Benson R., J.E. Box, MODIS-derived Greenland ice sheet equilibrium line altitude 2000-

2008: comparison with surface melt and accumulation variability, Eos Trans. AGU,

89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008. 5. Box, J.E., Y. Ahn, J. Balog, A. Lewinter, J. Orlowski, Terrestrial photogrammetry of

Greenland glacier discharge variability: comparison with surface climate anomalies, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008.

6. Box, J.E., L. Yang, D.H. Bromwich, L.S. Bai, Greenland ice sheet surface air temperature

and accumulation rate reconstruction (1840-2007) from in-situ data records, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl. 2008.

7. Box, J. E., Y. Ahn, I. M. Howat, Constraining and Improving Models of Glacier Dynamics Using Time Lapse Camera Observations, Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C13A-07, 2009.

8. Brown, A., I. Howat, A. Behar, J. Box, S. Tulaczyk, Observing Outlet Glacier Motion Using High Rate GPS, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008.

9. Burgess, E.W., R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, L.C. Smith, D.H. Bromwich, Greenland Ice Sheet Annually-resolved Accumulation Rates (1958-2007), a Spatially Calibrated Model, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008.

10. Chu V.W., L.C. Smith, A.K. Rennermalm, R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, N. Reeh, Rapid response of sediment plumes to Greenland ice-sheet surface melt, Eos Trans. AGU,

89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008. 11. Decker, D., J. Box, R. Benson, Greenland ice sheet outlet glacier front changes:

comparison of year 2008 with past years, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl.,

2008. 12. Ettema J., M. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W.J. van de Berg, J. Bamber, J.E. Box,

A new high-resolution assessment of Greenland ice sheet surface mass balance: 1957-2008, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008

93

13. Howat I., B. Smith, J E. Box, The coupling between outlet glaciers and their catchments, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008.

14. Howat, I.M., Fast-flow of Greenland outlet glaciers: Does water matter? Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C34A-02, invited, 2009.

15. Howat, I.M., A.E. Behar, A.K. Brown, Measuring the Surface Motion of Fast-Moving Glaciers with Expendable, Low-Cost GPS, Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C54A-06, Invited, 2009.

16. Hubbard A., A. Shepherd, P. Nienow, I. Joughin, M. King, M. McMillan, J.E. Box, D. Mair, Seasonal and diurnal melt-induced flow dynamics at a land terminating outlet of the

Greenland Ice Sheet, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(53), Fall Meet. Suppl., 2008. 17. Lauchman, E., J.E. Box, I.M. Howat, A. Hubbard, R. Bates, Humboldt Glacier, Greenland

sub-marine melt rates derived from CTD/current casts, Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet.

Suppl., Abstract C14A-08, 2009. 18. McFadden, E. M., I. M. Howat, Y. Ahn, I. R. Joughin, W. Maslowski, West Greenland

Outlet Glacier Sensitivity (2000-2009), Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C11A-06, 2009.

19. Smith, B.E., I.M. Howat, I.R. Joughin, A survey of the sensitivity of Greenland outlet-

glacier discharge to ice front changes, Eos Transactions AGU, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract C13A-04, 2009.

2.B.: Global Sea-level Observations and Geophysical Analysis The subtask under the Core Project is to accurately measure the global sea-level rise for

the 20th century and the present (1870–current), to improve the physical modeling of an increasing set of geophysical processes contributing to sea-level change, and to use novel

statistical tools to reduce uncertainties in the contribution of each of the processes contributing to sea-level rise and narrowing the current uncertainties. Here we report our progress in this area. We have published or they are in-press, a total of 21 peer-reviewed papers, and

29 presentations in a number of conferences, including invited plenary talks and seminars, since the beginning of the project and under this subtask.

Publications (Accumulative): 1. Blewitt, G., Z. Altamimi, J. Davis, R. Gross, C. Kuo, F. Lemoine, A. Moore, R.Neilan,

H.P. Plag, M. Rothacher, C. Shum, M.G. Sideris, T. Schöne, P. Tregoning, S. Zerbini, Geodetic Observations and Global Reference Frame Contributions to Understanding Sea-

Level Rise and Variability, Proc. the WCRP Workshop 'Understanding sea-level rise and variability', eds. J. Church, P. Woodworth, T. Aarup and S. Wilson et al., Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2009.

2. Braun, A., C. Kuo, C. Shum, P. Wu, W. van der Wal, and G. Fotopoulos, Glacial isostatic adjustment in the transition zone: Models vs. observation the Great Lakes region, J. of

Geodynamics, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2008.03.005, 46, 165–173, 2009. 3. Cazenave, A., D.P. Chambers, P. Cipollini, L.L. Fu, J.W. Hurell, M. Merrifield, R.S.

Nerem, H.P. Plag, C. Shum, J. Willis, The challenge of measuring sea-level rise and

regional and global trends, Geodetic observations of ocean surface topography, ocean currents, ocean mass, and ocean volume changes, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean

Observations and Information for Society, Vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

94

4. Chen, Y.Q., B. Schaffrin and C. Shum, Continental water storage changes from GRACE line-of sight range acceleration measurement, IAG International Symposium 132: VI

Hotine-Marussi Symposium on Theoretical and Computational Geodesy, F. Sano, Editor, 62–66, Springer 2008.

5. Cheng, K., C. Kuo, H. Tseng, Y. Yi, and C. Shum, Lake surface height calibration of Jason-1 and Jason-2 over the Great Lakes, Marine Geodesy, in press, 2010.

6. Cheng, K., C. Kuo, C. Shum, X. Niu, R. Li, and K. Bedford, Accurate Linking of Lake Erie Water

Level with Shoreline Datum Using GPS Buoy and Satellite Altimetry, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal Zones: Challenges and Applications, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19(1-2), 59–

62, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2.53(SA), 2008. 7. Duan, X., J. Guo, C. Shum, and W. van der Wal, Towards an optimal scheme for

removing correlated errors in GRACE data, J. Geodesy, 83, 1095–1106, DOI

10.1007/s00190-009-0327-0, 2009. 8. Fok, H., B. Iz, C. Shum, Y. Yi, O. Andersen, A. Braun, Y. Chao, G. Han, C. Kuo, K.

Matsumoto, and T. Song, Validation of Jason-2 ocean tide corrections in coastal regions, Marine Geodesy, in press, 2010.

9. Guo, J., X. Duan, and C. Shum, Non-isotropic filtering and leakage reduction for

determining mass changes over land and ocean using GRACE data, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 290–302, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04534.x, 2010.

10. Guo, J., and C. Shum, Application of the cos-Fourier expansion to data transformation between different latitude- longitude grids, Computers & Geosicences, doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2008.09.010,, 2009.

11. Kuo, C., C. Shum, J. Guo, Y. Yi, A. Braun, I. Fukumori, K. Matsumoto, T. Sato, and K. Shibuya, Southern Ocean Mass Variation Studies Using GRACE and Satellite Altimetry,

Earth Planets and Space, 60, 1–9, 2008. 12. Kuo, C., C. Shum, A. Braun, K. Cheng, and Y. Yi, Vertical motion determined using

satellite altimetry and tide gauges, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal

Zones: Challenges and Applications, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19(1-2), 21–35, doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2.21(SA), 2008.

13. Han, G., P. Shastri, B. deYoung, Y. Yi, and C. Shum, A 3-D Data-Assimilative tidal model of the Northwest Atlantic, Atmosphere-Ocean, 48(1), 39–57, doi:10.3137/C303.2010, 2010.

14. Lee, H., C. Shum, K.H. Tseng, J.Y. Guo, and C.H. Read, Present-day lake level variation from Envisat altimetry over northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: links to precipitation

and temperature, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, in review, 2010. 15. Lee, H., C. Shum, W. Emery, S. Calmant, X. Deng, C. Roesler, C.Y. Kuo, and Y. Yi,

Validation of Jason-2 altimeter data by waveform retracking over California coastal

ocean, Marine Geodesy, in press, 2010. 16. Rintoul, S.R., M. Balmesda, S. Cunningham, Dushaw, S. Garzoli, A. Gordon, P.

Heimbach, M. Hood, G. Johnson, M. Latif, U. Send, C. Shum, S. Speich, and D. Stammer, Deep circulation and meridional overturning: Recent Progress and a strategy for sustained observations, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and

Information for Society, Vol. 1, Venice, Italy, 21–25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

17. Shum, C., C. Kuo, and J. Guo, Role of Antarctic ice mass balances in present-day sea-level change, Polar Science, 2, 149–161, 2008.

95

18. Shum, C., and C. Kuo, Observation and geophysical causes of present-day sea-level rise, in Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia, ed. Lal, R., M. Sivakumar, S.M.A.

Faiz, A.H.M. Mustafizur-Rahman, and K.R. Islam, Springer Verlaag, Holland, in press, 2010.

19. Shum, C., A. Cazenave, D. Chambers, V. Gouretski, R. Gross, C. Hughes, S. Jayne, C. Kuo, E. Leuliette, N. Maximenko, J. Morison, H. Plag, S. Levitus, M. Rothacher, R. Rummel, J. Schroter, M. Sideris, T. Song, J. Willis, and P. Woodworth, Geodetic

observations of ocean surface topography, ocean currents, ocean mass, and ocean volume changes, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society,

Vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21–25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

20. Sun, W., T. Hasegawa, X. Zhang, Y. Fududa, C. Shum, and L. Wang, Simulation of

Gaussian filter applied in processing GRACE data-gravity rate of change at Lhasa, Tibet, Science in China Series D, in review, 2010.

21. Tseng, K.H., C. Shum, H. Lee, J. Duan, and C.-Y. Kuo, Satellite Observed Environmental Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, in print, 2010.

Presentations (Clumulative): 1. Cazenave, A., and C. Shum, Sea-level budget after IPCC AR4: A reevaluation from

satellite altimetry, GRACE and Argo data over 2003-2008, Joint IPCC-WCRP-IGBP Workshop: New Science Directions and Activities Relevant to the IPCC AR5, Hawaii,

March 3-6, 2009. 2. Cazenave, A., and C. Shum, Sea-level budget after IPCC AR4: A reevaluation from

satellite altimetry, GRACE and Argo data over 2003-2008, invited, 2009 AAAS Annual Meeting: Global Sea-level Rise: Observation, Causes, and Prediction, Chicago, Illinois, Feb. 12–16, 2009.

3. Duan, X., J. Guo, C. Shum, Filtering of GRACE variable gravity solutions to mitigate land-ocean signal, Ocean Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, March 2008.

4. Guo, J., C. Shum, Destriping and filtering of GRACE variable gravity solutions, Ocean Sciences Meeting, Orlando, Florida, March 2008.

5. Kao, H., C. Kuo, C. Shum, Y. Song, J. Duan, H. Fok, and J. Guo, Potential monitoring of

the Atlantic Meridional Overtuning Circulation using contemporary satellite observations, AGU Fall 2009 meeting, Abstract #G53D-0703, San Francisco, California,

December 14–18, 2009. 6. Kuo, C., C. Shum, J. Guo, H. Lee, L. Wang, X. Duan, and P. Wu, Antarctic ice sheet

mass balance estimate from GRACE, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(23), West. Pac. Geophys,

Meet. Suppl., Abstract U22B-01, WPGM, Cairns, Australia, July 29–August 1, 2008. 7. Kuo, C., C. Shum, H. Rashid, and Y. Yi, Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

monitoring using contemporary satellite observations, ESA Living Planet Symposium, Bergen, Norway, June 28–July 2, 2010.

8. Kuo, C., C. Shum, T. Song, J. Duan, H. Fok, and J. Guo, Potential monitoring of the

Atlantic Meridional Overturning circulation using contemporary satellite observations, Asian-Pacific Space Geodynamics Project (APSG) Workshop: Space Geodesy for Earth

Environment Change and Disaster Monitoring, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, August 17-21, 2009.

96

9. Lee, H., C. Shum, F. Hossain, D. Alsdorf, S. Calmant, J. Duan, H. Jung, and J. Kim, Terrestrial water dynamics in Bangladesh using GRACE and satellite radar altimetry,

ESA Living Planet Symposium, Bergen, Norway, June 28–July 2, 2010. 10. Shum, C., and C. Kuo, Geophysical quantification of present-day sea-level rise, ESA

Living Planet Symposium, Bergen, Norway, June 28–July 2, 2010. 11. Shum, C., I. Howat, H. Lee, J. Guo, Z. Huang, C. Kuo, L. Wang, and J. Won, Recent

contributions of cryosphere to sea-level rise, G44A-05, 2010 Western Pacific Geophysics

Meeting, Taipei, Taiwan, June 22–25, 2010. 12. Shum, C., C. Kuo, J. Guo, and T. Song, Observing and quantifying causes of present-day

sea-level rise using satellite altimetry, AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, Portland Oregon, February 22–26, 2010.

13. Shum, C., J. Kim, Z. Lu, S. Baek, A. Braun, H. Fok, B. Iz, H. Lee, and Y. Yi, Antarctic

ice-shelf ocean tide modeling, The Third Joint PI Symposium of Advanced Land Observing Satellites (ALOS) Data Nodes for ALOS Science Program, Kona, Hawaii,

Nov. 9–13, 2009. 14. Shum, C., C. Kuo, T. Song, J. Guo, J. Duan, X. Duan, H. Rashid, S. Tseng, and L. Wang,

Study of the Atlantic meridional overtuning circulation using multi-satellite data, Invited,

Geodesy for Planet Earth, IAG, Buenos Aires, Aug. 31–Sept. 4, 2009. 15. Shum, C., C. Kuo, and J. Guo, Quantifying geophysical causes of present-day sea-level

rise, AGU Fall 2009 meeting, Abstract #G53C-D677, San Francisco, California, December 14–18, 2009.

16. Shum, C., Sea-level research gravity mission data products: Overview and requirements,

IAG/GGOS: A Roadmap for Future Satellite Gravity Mission, Graz, Austria, Sept. 30 – Oct. 2, 2009.

17. Shum, C., H. Lee, J. Guo. S. Tseng, L. Wang, J. Box, I. Howat, A. Braun, C. Kuo, A. Monahan, H. Wang, and P. Wu, Recent contributions of ice sheets to global sea-level rise, Asian-Pacific Space Geodynamics Project (APSG) Workshop: Space Geodesy for

Earth Environment Change and Disaster Monitoring, Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China, August 17-21, 2009.

18. Shum, C., Present-day sea-level rise: its measurement and geophysical causes, Invited

Seminar, School of Civil Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, August 11, 2009.

19. Shum, C., Research in sea-level rise and wetland hydrology using satellite geodesy, Invited Seminar at the Wetland Research Centre of Tanjung Pura University, Indonesia,

July 2009. 20. Shum, C., I. Howat, H. Lee, C. Kuo, and A. Monaghan, Antractic ice-sheet mass balance

integrating altimetry and gravimetry, CryoSat-2 CVRT and ICESat Science Team

Meeting, University of Reykjavik, Iceland, June 23–26, 2009. 21. Shum, C., A. Cazenave, and C.Y. Kuo, Quantifying geophysical causes of present-day

sea-level rise, Joint IPCC-WCRP-IGBP Workshop: New Science Directions and Activities Relevant to the IPCC AR5, Hawaii, March 3-6, 2009.

22. Shum, C., and C. Kuo, Quantification of geophysical causes of present-date sea-level

rise, invited, 2009 AAAS Annual Meeting: Global Sea-level Rise: Observation, Causes, and Prediction, Chicago, Illinois, Feb. 12–16, 2009.

23. Shum, C., C. Kuo, X. Duan, H. Lee, and A. Braun, Present-day global sea-level rise: Observation and causes, Space Geodynamics and Modeling of the Global Geodynamic

97

Processes International scientific conference in the frames of the “Asian-Pacific Space Geodynamics” Project (APSG 2008) Novosibirsk, Russian, September 22–26, 2008.

24. Shum, C., and C. Kuo, Observations and Geophysical causes of global sea-level rise, International Symposium on Climate Change & Food Security in South Asia, Dhaka,

Bangladesh, August 25–28, 2008. 25. Shum, C., Ice mass balance observed by GRACE twin-satellite mission data, Invited

Plenary Talk, Eos Trans. AGU, 89(23), West. Pac. Geophys, Meet. Suppl., Abstract

G23A-05, WPGM, Cairns, Australia, July 29–August 1, 2008. 26. Song, T., J. Willis, and C. Shum, Global and regional sea-level changes and their impacts

in coastal oceans, EGU2010-7482, EGU General Assembly 2010, Vienna, Austria, May 2–7, 2010.

27. Song, Y. R. Susanto, and C. Shum, Strait and inter-ocean transport estimation using

altimetry SSH and gravimetry OBP, AGU Ocean Sciences Meeting, Portland Oregon, February 22–26, 2010.

28. Sun, W., C. Kuo, and C. Shum, Monitoring of Sea-level Rise around Taiwan using Satellite Altimetry and Tide Gauges, EGU2010-8121, EGU General Assembly 2010, Vienna, Austria, May 2–7, 2010.

29. Wu, C., C. Kuo, C. Shum, and M. Yang, Sea-level change and crustal vertical motion around Taiwan derived by altimetry and tide gauges, AGU Fall 2009 meeting, Abstract

#G53C-0695, San Francisco, California, December 14–18, 2009.

2.C: Dissemination & Quantifying Sea-level Rise Hazard

We have considered the use of an innovated private company software system, Trex3D,

http://trex3d.com, which integrates geospatial data and provides visualization solutions in 3-D. Trex3D is not a Geographical Information System (GIS), but a web-enabled and retrieves data from the original databases (public or propriatory) to ensure that one could use the latest data

available. Trex3D uses visualization solutions, which do not require an operator for the generation of 3-D scenes, it is script based. Trex3D also provides data layers, e.g. Digital

Elevation Models and satellite imagery, which can be combined with client data. Trex3D delivers web-access to 3-D scenes as well as the full resolution scene to our clients. On request, Trex3D also creates applications, which extract information from the 3-D scenes for further

analysis. We are in the process of discussing with the author of this software system for sea-level modeling and application to coastal study regions with potential sea-level rise hazards.

2.D: Other Accomplishments We have proposed a sea-level Symposium and it was approved to be held at the 2009

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, on "Global Sea-level Rise: Observation, Causes, and Prediction," on February 16, 2009.

The Symposium is sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the symposium information and presentations are posted on the NAS web site:

http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/biso/IUGG/index.htm http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/biso/IUGG/PGA_048545

98

The three-hour session focused on the scientific understanding of sea-level rise as a result of anthropogenic climate change. Leading scientists conveyed the latest findings, highlighted and

increased public awareness of the consequences of sea-level rise, and its potential social and economic impacts. The speakers included Richard Alley (Penn State), Anny Cazenave (Centre

National d'Etudes Spatiales, France), Georg Kaser (Universität Innsbruck, Austria), Sydney Levitus (NOAA), Stefan Rahmstorf (Universität Potsdam, Germany), and C.K. Shum (The Ohio State University). Discussants included John Church (CSIRO, Australia) and Robert Muir-

Wood (Risk Management Solutions, Inc., United Kingdom). The session was moderated by Bill Boicourt (University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science). This jointly co-sponsored

event was co-organized by USNC/GG members C.K. Shum, William C. Boicourt, and Robin Muench. There was substantial press coverage for the Session. For example:

http://environmentalresearchweb.org/blog/2009/02/sea-level-rise-flies-high.html

The National Academy has recorded the Session and also have most of the presentations available for public access:

http://www7.nationalacademies.org/usnc-iugg/Global_Sea_Level_Rise_Symposium.html

Anny Cazenave, CNES/GRGS, visited Ohio State University after the AAAS Symposium and discussed with most of the CWC core project team members and researchers on future collaborations.

C. Shum also participated in the Joint IPCC-WCRP-IGBP Workshop, New Science Directions and Activities Relevant to the IPCC AR5, and presented two joint papers with Anny

Cazenave and Chung-yen Kuo, in a meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, 2009.

2.E: Outreach Highlights

The field activities of PIs Box and Howat were featured in a new film Documentary number 1 «Vive le réchauffement/Long live global warming » DVD media, Presented at Paris

Polar Film Festival on Sunday, March 8 at 3 p.m., Cinéma Grand Action - 5, rue des Ecoles 75005 Paris.

The field activities of PI Box were featured on Greenland National News “Qanorooq” 28 May, 2008 as part of a 5 minute long segment presenting the issue of the de-glaciating Arctic, uncovering mineral and hydrocarbon resources. US (Negraponte), Danish, Canadian diplomats

from northern countries met to decide peacefully how set boundaries. The news segment can be viewed here: http://bprc.osu.edu/%7Ejbox/video/2008-05-28-Qanorooq_2000.

An article in Earth magazine (December 2008) in which J. Box and I. Howat are quoted on fate of ice sheets in a climate warming scenario.

J. Box and I. Howat appeared in 23 March, 2009 NOVA-National Geographic

documentary "Extreme Ice". J. Box, I. Howat, and C. Shum, participated at the McCormick Climate Change

Conference (http://mccormickc3.com), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, October 12–14, 2008. The conference was attended by 28 journalists from across the country the opportunity to meet leading scientists, policy analysts and reporters to explore ways to better tell

the story of climate change—in print and beyond.

99

The 2009 AAAS Annual Meeting Sea-level Symposium has ample press coverage and on national media.

We have hosted Ms. Maria Elodie Hebrard, an undergraduate student of the Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanograhie Spatiales Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, LEGOS

- GRGS/CNES, France, to spend her internship during the summer of June 14–August 4, 2009, to conduct sea-level rise. The student was jointly advised by Anny Cazenave and C. Shum.

Other research highlights covered by the press include:

http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/science/stories/2010/04/04/globetrotters.html

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2010/01/21/our-ice-is-

disappearing/glacier, Interview by Phil Plait aka The Bad Astronomer,

http://www.badastronomy.com, Discover magazine.

Interview by Philip Plait thebadastronomer@gmail.com, Copenhagen, 12/09: Shrinking

glaciers, rising oceans: http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/science/stories/2009/12/06/sci_climate.ART_ART_12-

06-09_G3_9BFSRUU.html?sid=101&print=yes

AAAS 2009 sea-level session: http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/biso/IUGG/PGA_048545

Covered by Danish newspaper Weekendavisen, 3/09, http://www.weekendavisen.dk

and OSU: http://environmentalresearchweb.org/blog/2009/02/sea-level-rise-flies-high.html

3. How the Project Is Becoming Self-Sustaining:

Based on the research productivities in the form of scientific publications, we are able to

foster substantial collaborative efforts amongst the team member, resulting in submitting a number of proposals to external funding agencies, and winning some of these proposals. A

cumulative list of funded and submitted proposals as a result of the CWC team effort is as follows:

Funded Proposals: 1. Collaborative Research: Greenland Ice Sheet Snow Accumulation Variability: Filling

Knowledge and Data Voids, NSF, 9/15/09 -8/31/12, $334,610. PI: J. Box. 2. Improved Antarctic Ice-Sheet Mass Balance Integrating ICESat/CryoSat Altimetry,

Gravimetry and Modeling, NASA, NNX10AG31G, 04/01/10–03/31/13, $375,899. PI: C.

Shum, Co-PIs: I. Howat, H.K. Lee, C.Y. Kuo. 3. Improving topography and Boussinesq approximations in OGCM for studying ocean-

earth interactions and assimilating GRACE data, JPL 1384376, 09/01/00–09/30/10, $70,000, #60023327, PI: C. Shum.

4. Satellite monitoring of the present-day evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning

Circulation, NASA-Physical Oceanography, NNX09AF42G, 3/1/09-2/28/13, $599,974. PI: C. Shum, Co-PI: C. Kuo.

5. Greenland “holistic” field work support, NASA, PIs: J. Box, I. Howat, $42,000, augumented to J. Box’s NASA New Investigator Program award, with CWC cost-share funds, 2009.

100

6. Surface water dynamics over the Congo basin and over arctic lakes using Altika altimeter data, Data proposal to SARAL/AltiKa Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal

submitted to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 04/15/10-04/14/13. PI: H. Lee, Co-Is: D. Alsdorf, K. Andreadis, M.

Durand, C. Shum, Y. Yi, H.C. Jung, J.W. Kim, K.H. Tseng, S. Calmant, J.F. Cretaux, C.Y. Kuo.

7. Radar altimetry waveform inversion for continental water bodies, Data proposal to

SARAL/AltiKa Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal submitted to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 04/15/10-

04/14/13. PI : F. Nino, Co-PIs: L. Rivera, D. Hancock, B. Legresy, H. Lee, C. Shum, S. Calmant.

8. Absolute calibration for AltiKa altimeter data in Taiwan seas and the great lakes, Data

proposal to SARAL/AltiKa Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal submitted to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES),

04/15/10-04/14/13. PI: K. Cheng, Co-PIs: S. Calmant, J.F. Cretaux, C. Hwang, C. Kuo, H. Lee, C. Shum, and H. Tzeng.

Pending Proposals: 1. Mass Budget Closure on the Global Inventory of Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps: Past

and Future Sea-level Rise and Streamflow Variability, NASA proposal, OSU is a subaward, 04/01/10 -05/31/13, $334,610. PI: J. Box.

2. Collaborative Research: Understanding melt water export from the Greenland ice sheet

using field observations, satellite data, and modeling, NSF, 09/01/10-08/31/13, $57,907. PI: J. Box.

3. Collaborative Research: SouthEast Greenland glaciology and geodynamics (SEG3), NSF, 09/01/10-08/31/13, $703,024. PI: J. Box, Co-PI: I. Howat.

4. Upgrade of meteorological data infrastructure at the Greenlannd ice sheet margin, NSF,

09/01/10-08/31/13, $393,413. PI: J. Box, Co-PI: M. Bevis. 5. Surface melt extent and volume of the Greenland ice sheet 200 through 2009, from

MODIS, QuikSCAT, CERES AND MODELING, NASA, 10/01/10-09/30/13, $297,025. PI: D. Hall, Co-PIs: D. Bromwich, J. Box.

6. Greenland ice sheet snow accumulation from IceBridge airbourne radar, NASA,

12/01/10-11/30/13, $880,684. PI: J. Box. 7. The rapid ice sheet change observatory (RISCO) initialization program, NASA, 7/1/10-

6/30/13, $1,246,849. PI: I. Howat. 8. Collaborative Research: SEG3 – Southeast Greenland glaciology and geodynamics, NSF,

10/10/11-12/31/13, $1,210.000. PI: M. Willis, Co-PI: I. Howat.

9. IceBridge science team: Optimization and integration of surface elevation and elevation change observations, NASA, 06/01/10-05/31/13, $336,976. PI: I. Howat.

10. Measuring rapid ice sheet change with velocity observations from multiple sensors, NASA Terra/Aqua, 11/01/10-10/30/13, $424,929. PI: I. Howat.

11. Greenland ice sheet response to outlet glacier acceleration, NASA-CRYO, 11/01/10-

10/30/13, $541,698. PI: I. Howat, Co-PIs: C. Shum, S. Price. 12. Refining Asian high mountain glacier mass balance through multi-sensor data fusion,

11/01/10-10/31/13, $623,716. PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: K. Jezek, H. Lee, H. Rashid, J.S. Won, S. Baek.

101

13. CMG: Multi-physics modeling to enable the remote sensing of winds on inland water bodies, NSF-CMG, 08/01/10-07/31/13, $599,562. PI: G. Baker, Co-PIs: J. Johnson, C.

Shum. 14. New tools for intelligence analysis: Order theory for data fusion and more, NGA-NURI,

10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,989. PI: A. Saalfeld.

Proposals Submitted but Not Funded: 1. Fingerprinting the Labrador sea water formation: A connection of paleo-proxy to current

AMOC observation, NASA-PO, 01/01/10-12/31/13, $449,840. PI: H. Rashid, Co-PI: C.

Shum. 2. Improving the geophysical quantification of present-day sea-level rise, NASA-IDS,

04/01/10-03/31/13, $1,472,391. PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: D. Alsdorf, I. Howat, J. Guo, C.Y.

Kuo, H. Lee. 3. Satellite data fusion to measure absolute water level changes (2003-present) in the

Everglades for restoration monitoring and sea-level rise impact assessment, USGS, 06/15/09–06/15/12, $409,973. PI: C. Shum, Co-PI: H. Lee.

4. Collaborative Research: Ocean-tide modeling underneath Antarctic ice-shelves,

NSF/OPP, 01/01/10–12/31/12, $460,991. PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: Z. Lu, S. Baek, H. Lee. 5. Quantification of present-day Tibetan plateau tectonic uplift using multiple geodetic

observations, NSF/Geophysics, 01/01/10–12/31/12, $582,923. PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: M. Bevis, W. Panero, K. Erkan, H. Lee.

6. Collaborative Research: Integrated analysis of interferometric SAR, altimetry and

hydrologic modeling to quantify Louisiana wetland dynamics, NSF/Hydrology, 01/01/10–12/31/12, $511,319, PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: M. Ibaraki, Z. Lu, H. Lee.

7. CMG: Combining hydrodynamic and electromagnetic models to improve Inland Water Body Observations by Microwave Remote Sensing, NSF/CMG, 09/15/09–09/14/12, $600,000, PI: G. Baker, Co-PIs: J. Johnson, and C. Shum.

8. CMG Collaborative Research: Mathematical tools to improve geophysical quantification of global sea-level rise, NSF/CMG, 08/01/09–07/31/13, $493,896 (OSU), $296,979

(UGA), PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: J. Guo, C. Kuo (OSU), M. Lai (UGA). 9. Geophysical processes of contemporary sea-level rise and climate change: focusing on

the polar region and using geodetic constraints, US Civilian Research and Development

Foundation, collaborative proposal with Russia, 7/1/09-6/30/11, $12,000. PI: C. Shum. 10. Improving ice sheet-ocean coupling with GRACE and ICESat observations, Subconract

to Tony Song at JPL, 4/1/09-3/31/13, $131,397. PI: C. Shum, Co-I: J. Guo. 11. New order-theoretic tools for geospatial reasoning, NGA–NURI, 08/31/09–08/30/14,

$749,925. PI: A. Saalfeld

12. Space-Based river depth estimation in remote regions, NGA–NURI, 08/31/09–08/30/14, $749,954. PI: F. Schwartz, Co-PI: C. Shum Co-Is: M. Durand, H. Lee.

13. Improved Antarctic dynamic topography and mean lake surfaces for gravity modeling, NGA–NURI, 08/31/09–08/30/14, $749,986. PI: C. Shum, Co-PI: C. Jekeli, Co-Is: Y. Yi, H. Lee, K. Erkan.

14. Collaborative Research: Mathematical tools to improve the determination and geophysical quantification of present-day sea-level rise, NSF–FRG, 4/1/09-3/31/12,

$576,177. PI: C. Shum, Co-PIs: M. Lai (Univ. of Georgia), C. Kuo, X. Duan, M. Schmidt.

102

15. Collaborative Research: Quantification of recent West Antarctica mass loss from gravimetry and surface ice mass balance data, NSF-OPP, 1/1/09-12/31/11, $373,167. PI:

C. Shum, Co-PI: D. Bromwich. 16. Collaborative Research: Is sea ice in fjords a key link between climate forcing and

(in)stability of Greenland tidewater glaciers?, NSF, J. Box, I. Howat (OSU), S. Tuaczyk, S. Stammerjohn, S. Schwartz (UCSC), OSU request: $572,678, UCSC: $518,956, December 2008.

4. Timeline of Expected Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total Funds = $1,300,000

End of First Year of Funding, Fall 2009:

Total first year funds, Total: $150,000

End of Second Year of Funding, Fall 2010:

Total second year funds, Total: $210,000

End of Third Year of Funding, Fall 2011:

Total third year funds, Total: $257,500

End of Fourth Year of Funding, Fall 2012:

Total fourth year funds, Total: $512,500

This project will integrate researchers within the Ohio State University, including C.K. Shum (project leader), Jason Box, Ian Howat, Alan Saalfeld, their research teams, and collaborators, Greg Baker, Noel Cressie, Richard Herrmann, Bryan Mark, Ellen Mosley-

Thompson. At the end of the fourth year, the Core Project is anticipated to be fully self-sustaining with a larger team and well funded with external grants. The timeline of expected

accomplishments and related costs will be used by the CWC, OR, and OAA to ensure that the core project is operating as expected. Here we report the funds spent and a summary of projected future spending plans for the reminder of the second year and for the third year.

End of First Year of Funding, Fall 2009:

Total first year funds, Total: $150,000 1. Funding for field work: (airfare: $6,000; lodging (20 person-day): $3,000; boat charter: $6,000, air charter (helicopter) $6,365; RT Cargo from OH to Greenland: $3,000. Subtotal:

$24,365. Greenland fieldwork: I. Howat, and Graduate Student Abt Brown in May, 2009: $229.

Greenland fieldwork: 15 June-1 September, 2009: $6,193 2. Funding for field equipment: lake level loggers (2): $2,000; time-lapse camera package (2): $5,000; field kGPS receivers (5): $6,000; Subtotal: $13,000.

Greenland fieldwork equipment total: $50,162 3. Funding for split 0.5 postdoc between Box and Howat: $29,250.

Fund Yushin Ahn 50% appointment starting August 1 – December 31, 2009: $12,069 4. Funding for two quarters release time Box: $42,800. J. Box release time: $42,239.08

5. Funding for IT personnel (BYRD): $2,000. 6. Funding for 2 GRAs (Saalfeld, Shum, collaborators): $35,000 x 2 = $70,000.

103

Funding for Jin-woo Kim, Hok-Sun Fok, Jianbin Duan, KuoHsin Tseng: $28,181. 7. Funding for one month salary for Shum: $19,026.

Funding for one month salary for Shum: $19,460 Funding for one month salary for Saalfeld:$10,718

8. Funding for shared postdoc (10 Months) share (Saalfeld, Shum): $50,000. We will assign 50% of postdoc Hyongki Lee, 25% of Junyi Guo, 50% of Yuchan Yi, Research Scientist and 25% of Peter Luk, Research Specialist, starting April 1, 2009: $55,706.

9. Funding for invited scholars for visits: $3,059. Invited Ms. Melle Elodie Herbard, internship from CNES, France, and fund her housing: $1,200.

10. Funding for travel to present at the meetings: $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld). $1,301.73 for attending the 2009 AAAS Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois. 11. Funding for Publication cost: $1,500 (Box, Howat), $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld), Total:

$6,500. 12. 20 days field work trip (first of four years): validate estimated rates of firn densification

using shallow snow/firn cores at several Greenland test-sites with long-term altimetry records (Swiss Camp, Summit, GRIP, etc). 13. Use Greenland field work data set to study spatial and temporal variations in black

carbon and its impact on ice albedo to drive a surface energy balance model to determine the importance and impact of this feedback mechanism.

14. Combine various data over Greenland to improve observational constraints on the Greenland and Antarctic mass-balance. 15. Build and update satellite altimetry, tide gauge sea-level data base. Improve various

corrections, including sea state bias and altimeter instrument biases. 16. Study and generate GRACE ice mass-balance, ocean bottom pressure, and land mass flux

data base, and refine regional solution, filtering and wavelet solutions. 17. Build steric sea-level (ABT, XBT, Argo) and sea surface temperature data sets. 18. Develop mathematical and statistical techniques for sea-level adjustment.

19. Initiate development of cyber-infrastructure tools using Google Earth or Virtual Earth tools.

20. Organization of an international sea-level science symposium, e.g., the AAAS Annual Meeting, Chicago, 2009. 21. Submit publications and attend science workshops and AGU/EGU meetings.

22. Submit proposals to federal agencies, NSF Cyber-Infrastructure, NASA, and NSF.

End of Second Year of Funding, Fall 2010: Total second year funds, Total: $150,000

1. Funding for field work: (airfare: $8,000; lodging (20 person-day): $3,000; boat charter:

$6,000, air charter (helicopter) $26,165; RT cargo from OH to Greenland: $3,000. Subtotal: $46,165.

2. Funding for field equipment: lake level logger: $1,000; time-lapse camera package (2): $4,000; field kGPS receivers (2): $2,000; Subtotal: $7,000.

For item 1, and 2, we had spent $30,142 for fieldwork equipment, and data lines charge.

3. Funding for split 0.5 postdoc between Box and Howat: $30,420. Continue to fund Yushin Ahn 50% appointment 2010: $29,000

4. Funding for one quarter release time Box: $21,120. J. Box release time: $27,080 for Winter 2010 quarter.

104

5. Funding for Undergraduate research assistant (Box & Howat): $1,500. 6. Funding for IT personnel (BYRD): $2,000.

7. Funding for 2 GRAs (Saalfeld, Shum, collaborators): $36,400 x 2 = $72,800. Continue to fund Jinwoo Kim, and fund KuoHsin Tseng, Chunli Dai: $72,800

8. Funding for one month salary for Shum: $19,787. Will fund C.K. Shum one month summar salary: $19,976 Will fund Alan Saalfeld one month summar salary: 11,073

9. Funding for shared postdoc (9 Months) (Shum & Saalfeld): $46,800. We will continue to fund 50% of Research Associate II, Hyongki Lee, 50% of Yuchan Yi,

Research Scientist and 25% of Peter Luk, Research Specialist: $50,000. 10. Funding for invited scholars for visits: $5,608.

Donate $1,000 to UG Research Scholarship.

Funding for Prof. Jia Luo of Wuhan University, China: $3,500 Funding for Prof. Joong-Sun Won of Yonsei University, Korea: $2,790.

11. Funding for travel to present at the meetings: $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld). Travel funding for C.K. Shum to attend NASA Great Lakes Workshop, so-supported by another CWC project, April 2010: $112.

12. Funding for Publication cost: $1,800 (Box, Howat), $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld), Total: $6,800.

Funding for Yushin Ahn H1B process fee: $2,335, and FALL AGU trip: $1,733: Total $4,068. 13. Second 20-days field trip to collect data to improve the model. 14. Develop ice sheet and ocean-ice dynamic modeling by identifying key processes

controlling ice sheet sensitivity to climate change using field-work and satellite data. 15. Generate solid Earth land altimetry to improve GIA models. Intercompare GIA models.

16. Generate radar altimetry (ENVISAT, ERS) stackfiles over ice sheets and major glaciers to measure ice elevation change. Process ICESat laser altimetry over ice sheets and glaciers.

17. Compare GRACE OBPs, ECCO, ECCO-II, non-Boussinesq ocean general circulation models, steric sea-level, and tide gauge and satellite altimetry sea-level time series.

18. Compare regional GRACE ice/land solutions with in situ data, including field work data from Greenland, and available data from Antarctica.

19. Preliminary assessment of water budget of world’s reservoir and dams over the last

several decades. 20. Test total least squares (TLS) sea-level adjustment and incorporating statistical

techniques using the improved physical models and data sets. 21. Re-assess IPCC sea-level assessment budget, and compare with 2007 IPCC assessment. 22. Generate land-sea datum connection and initial sea-level model to cyberinfrastructure

visualization and scientific interpretation.

Submit publications and attend science workshops and AGU/EGU meetings. Submit proposals to federal agencies and private industries.

End of Third Year of Funding, Fall 2011:

Total third year funds, Total: $257,500

105

1. Funding for field work: (airfare: $8,000; lodging (20 person-day): $3,000; boat charter: $6,000, air charter (helicopter) $16,706; RT Cargo from OH to Greenland: $3,000.

Subtotal: $36,706. 2. Funding for field equipment: lake level logger: $1,000; time-lapse camera package:

$2,000; field kGPS receivers (2): $2,000 Subtotal: $5,000. 3. Funding for split 0.5 postdoc between Box and Howat: $31,637. 4. Funding for one quarter release time (Box): $23,078.

5. Funding for Undergraduate research assistant (Box & Howat): $4,000. 6. Funding for IT personnel (BYRD): $2,500.

7. Funding for 2 GRAs (Saalfeld, Shum, collaborators): $37,856 x 2 = $75,712. 8. Funding for one month salary for PI (Shum): $20,578. 9. Funding for shared postdoc (8 Months) (Shum, Saalfeld): $43,578.

10. Funding for invited scholars for visits: $3,025. 11. Funding for travel to present at the meetings: $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld).

12. Funding for Publication cost: $2,000 (Box, Howat), $5,000 (Shum, Saalfeld), Total: $7,000.

13. Third 20-days Greenland field trip to collect data to improve better model.

14. Continue Greenland ice sheet dynamic modeling, improving analytical and numerical model of ice flow, and ocean-ice modeling.

15. Construct improved prognostic outlet glacier/ice sheet model that includes neglected higher-order terms and applying the technique to improve the predictive capability of the role of ice sheets on near-future sea-level rise.

16. Computation of land ice/glacier mass-balance using satellite data and compare with in situ data over Peruvian glaciers, and compare with contemporary estimates.

17. Combining GRACE, altimetry, GIA modeling to separate subglacial motion and ice sheet mass-balance.

18. Conduct sea-level adjustment using results from ice sheet mass-balance, thermal

expansion, hydrologic mass fluxes, glacier mass-balance, and GIA, and various in situ and satellite data. Interpret of results and re-assess the closure of the sea-level budget.

19. Testing of prototype cyber tools capturing managing, conflating, and displaying 3D and 4D data sets.

20. Submit publications and report scientific results at meetings.

Should anticipate several major grants from federal and potentially private agencies.

106

B. CWC Seed-Grant Reports and PHPID-CWC Grants:

Recipients of seed-grants during the first three years of the CWC have supplied reports on their

activities. These are attached, verbatim, in the appendix pages. The following table shows the funding amounts supplied to the seed grant recipients. Several of these seed grants have evolved

into core projects, thus reports for their activities are rolled-into the core project reports.

Seed Grants P.I. Year Amount

1 Atmospheric Chemistry: Ohio River Basin H. Allen 2007 $34,520 2 Quantifying tropical Andean ice volume B. Mark 2007 $40,000 3 Mt. Kilimmanjaro Hydrology Study (see core project report) D. Kraybill 2007 $14,500 4 Watershed and Estuary Management in Coastal Areas T. Koontz 2007 $46,000 5 Agricultural digesters for energy production and carbon J. Martin 2007 $115,725 6 Ecosystems Services in Sugar Creek Watershed (see core project) R. Moore 2007 $80,000 7 Managing Risk and Uncertainty in Climate change Randall, Miranda 2007 $37,400 8 Economics of Carbon Sequestration B. Sohngen 2007 $120,000 9 Carbon in Ohio Oak Hickory Forest R. Williams 2007 $55,025

10 Carbon Sequestration in Latin America (see core project report) A. Keeler 2007 $49,100 11 Carbon Sequestration urban & mine soils (see core project report) R. Lal 2007 $257,250 12 Carbon in Coshocton Streams A. Grottoli 2008 $27,973 13 Ganges Brahmaputra M. River Discharge H. Rashid 2008 $27,677 14 Methane No-Till W. Dick 2008 $50,000 15 Greenland ice-climate-ocean system (see core project report) I. Howat 2008 $50,000 16 Melt feedbacks of the Greenland ice sheet (see core project report) J. Box 2008 $50,000 17 Characterizing Black Carbon (BC) Deposition in Arctic Regions Y-P Chin 2009 $30,242 18 Improving Estimates of Water Resources Stored in Season Snowpack M. Durand 2009 $50,000 19 Modeling Coupled Human and Natural Systems in the Chad Basin M. Moritz* 2009 $0 20 Assessing Mid-Holocene Aridity in the Midwestern United States D. Porinchu 2009 $50,000 21 Paleoceanographic proxies for sea-ice change and impact on carbon L. Polyak 2009 $49,984

*The Moritz seed grant is funded with $40,000 entirely from the Satellite Hydrology core project.

In addition to these 21 seed grants, the CWC has partnered with the PHPID TIE to fund two

grants. These were awarded through a competitive process run by the PHPID in Summer 2008. The two awards made are listed in the table below.

Joint PHPID-CWC Funded Projects P.I. Two Years Two Year Amount 1 Global Distribution of Water Related Infectious Diseases S. Liang 2008-2010 $100,000 2 Public Health and Reducing the Carbon Footprint J. Crawford 2008-2010 $100,000

107

Final Report March 27, 2009

CWC TIE Seed Grant Heather Allen (Chemistry), Kate Calder (Statistics), and Radu Herbei (Statistics)

Since October 2007, Professors Allen, Calder, and Herbei have co-mentored Christopher Beekman, currently a 5th year graduate student in the Environmental Science Graduate Program

working in the Allen Group within the Department of Chemistry. The CWC funds have been used solely to pay Christopher’s stipend and tuition for the 2007-2008 academic year to allow

him to work with the PIs and make substantial progress toward our proposed aims. In particular, we are developing new methods for estimating atmospheric concentrations of trace gases (as well as corresponding uncertainty measures) using data obtained from differential optical

absorption spectroscopy, a long-path spectroscopic technique that uses the sun as the light source. A prototype of this method is currently being implemented and tested in the R statistical

computing environment by Profs. Calder and Herbei. In addition, measurements of trace gases for selected areas within the Ohio River Basin and Columbus have been obtained. We have finished the field campaign to obtain trace gas concentration across the Ohio River Basin. The

PIs are planning to submit a grant proposal to NSF in the near future. Two papers are currently being written:

1. Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo Methods for the Inversion of Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements 2. Distributions of Aerosols and Trace-gas Precursors in the Upper Ohio River Valley Region by

Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy

Specifics for 2008 Field Work: For two weeks in each of the months of June, July, August, and September of 2008, a Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer was used to collected scattered solar radiation

spectra in the Upper Ohio River Valley near the city of Wheeling, West Virginia. The atmospheric chemistry of this region of the Ohio River Basin is strongly influenced by the

emissions of coal-burning electric power plants, the refinement of asphalt products, and the refinement of aluminum ores. In addition to industrial influences, this region of the Ohio River Basin has large tracts of woodlands interspersed with small, typically family-owned beef-cattle

farms. Therefore, the atmospheric chemistry of this region is expected to be a unique combination of industrial, natual, and agricultural landscape features. The data collected during

this field campaign is currently being analyzed to determine the vertical distributions of atmospheric aerosols as well as several trace gases important to understanding the impact of human activity on atmospheric chemistry. These species include formaldehyde and SO2, key

indicators of atmospheric oxidation and aerosol production. This research will serve to advance the use of ground based remote sensing measurements in understanding regional variations in

climate forcing aerosols, most specifically in areas where the use of conventional measurements of atmospheric sounding, such as balloon-borne instruments, are not feasible.

Additional information: a. peer-reviewed publications and papers in proceedings: currently writing 2 papers for

submission by June 2009. b. professional presentations:

108

Poster “Bayesian Inversion for Long-Path Spectroscopic Data: Estimation of Vertical

Profiles for Trace Gases” presented at the 2008 Workshop on Environmetrics, Boulder CO, Oct 2008. Poster available at: http://www.stat.osu.edu/~herbei/Pdfs/boulder_poster.pdf

Feb 8th, 2009 Christopher Beekman, Ohio State G&EC Earth Science seminar series

c. faculty and staff honors and awards: none this year d. notable accomplishments by graduate and undergraduate students: data from Ohio River Basin to understand SO2 hourly emissions

e. curriculum development: Lecture developed for chem 587, advanced analytical instrumentation on DOAS technique

f. undergraduate research opportunities: 2007-2008, UG John Mbagwu worked with CWC graduate student Chris Beekman g. proposals submitted and awards received: none this year

h. outreach and engagement activities: Young women’s empowerment conference, may 2008. i. leveraging resources to advance other important college and/or university priorities: working

on an NSF collaborative proposal currently

Quantifying tropical Andean ice volume loss using satellite radar altimetry data

and airborne laser swath mapping Led by Bryan Mark, Geography, SBS and C.K. Shum, Earth Sciences, MAPS

1. Project Description: Tropical Andean glacier recession is an example of a global climate change phenomenon with

profound local consequences for water resources. Widespread reduction in tropical glacier extent is one of the clearest examples of recent climate changes consistent with the notion that high elevation mountains extending to the mid-troposphere will experience greater warming (Bradley et al., 2006). As such, this issue has direct bearing on questions of water supply and abrupt climate changes, as addressed by the CWC core project Low-latitude glacier retreat: Evidence of accelerating climate change and impacts on local to regional water resources (LLGR-ACC & WR). To evaluate the hydrological storage and climatic implications of glacier recession, the actual mass of ice involved is a critical but problematic variable (Mark and Seltzer, 2005). Relatively few glaciers, especially in the remote tropical highlands, feature mass balance monitoring and systematic mapping efforts are rare. Yet satellite and airborne altimetry provide the opportunity to investigate the volume and spatial nature of Andean glacier recession with high resolution digital elevation data.

This project established a cross-college collaborative team with relevant expertise to investigate recent volumetric changes in the Quelccaya Ice Cap (QIC), Peru. The seed grant was strategically designed to: (1) complement the LLGR-ACC & WR core project; (2) leverage an existing NASA grant (New Investigator Program Grant #NNX06AF11G to BGM); and (3) expand the capacity for future collaborative scientific efforts in a region with a strong heritage of OSU excellence. The central objective was to collaboratively investigate the availability of satellite radar altimetry (RA) data over the QIC to complement existing and planned surface elevation data. Many satellite altimetry (RA and laser altimetry, or ICESat) data sources exist that can potentially provide additional surfaces to refine estimates of changes in mass loss rate over more recent times. RA (via retracking) of the relatively flat ice QIC surface is theoretically feasible, especially for the longer (decadal or longer) records of radar altimetry (e.g., TOPEX; and also ENVISAT). However, considerable effort is required to assimilate these data sources.

109

To facilitate a new cross-college partnership between B.G. Mark and C.K. Shum, seed grant funds were requested to support a single graduate student. References:

Bradley RS, Vuille M, Diaz HF, Vergara W (2006) Threats to water supplies in the tropical Andes. Science

312:1755-1756.

Mark, B.G and G.O. Seltzer, 2005. Recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Perú (AD 1962-1999): spatial

distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2265-2280

2. Products and Deliverables: The project has successfully established new interdisciplinary research collaboration and

accomplished the central objectives of querying and compiling available RA data for QIC. Kristin Walls (Geography/Atmospheric Science M.S. student) was selected to receive the one-year GRA support to undertake the project and is making good progress towards completion by SP09. While a lack of available RA data have precluded full realization of QIC volume change calculations, the project has facilitated innovative capacity building and spawned new research initiatives.

The new cross-college research partnership assembled by the seed grant is comprised of the two PIs (Mark, SBS and Shum, MAPS), 3 graduate students (Hyongki Lee, Earth Sciences, MAPS; Kristin Walls and Kyung In Huh, Geography, SBS) and a senior researcher (Peter Luk, MAPS). A new computer purchased with seed grant funds, assembled with technical assistance by Shum’s group, equipped with GIS and image processing software financed by other sources (NASA and startup from Mark), and set up in lab space allocated to the Glacier Environmental Change (GEC: http://bprc.osu.edu/glacierchange) group in the Byrd Polar Research Center (124 Scott Hall).

Through novel graduate student collaboration, computer skills and technical procedures were shared in carrying out a search for existing RA data. Walls was instructed in UNIX to run programs held by the Shum group to get coordinates of available satellite tracks. Working closely with MAPS graduate students (Manman Zhang and HyongKi Lee), available TOPEX and ENVISAT RA data were queried. Theoretical ground tracks of both ENVISAT and TOPEX were plotted over the Central Andean region. A single ENVISAT pass (number 923) was identified as crossing only a fare eastern section of the QIC. Because any actual track of satellite can drift up to ~1km either side of the theoretical track, the returned elevations that are acquired for a given area over time (assembled into “time series”), can have lots of relief errors, especially in a mountainous region. The way to back out/correct this is to compare actual-track spot elevations from a high resolution DEM and subtract the difference from the theoretical position. The plan is to use the forthcoming airborne light distance and range (LiDAR) data to provide such control at a hitherto unachieved resolution. The location was considered for possible GPS occupation during summer field work.

Additional satellite imagery, elevation data and aerial photography were obtained from multiple collaborative linkages, and all were compiled into a common GIS database. Working with another graduate student (Huh, NASA funding), Walls obtained current (2006-08) ASTER imagery. A digital terrain model was also processed from the ASTER imagery. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data were also acquired for the region by Walls. A full series of 1962 stereo-paired air photos covering the QIC and outlet glaciers was obtained from BPRC researcher, Henry Brecher. This was incorporated into the GIS to demarcate the elevation of the QIC edge, and provides the earliest epoch of surface elevation data for the ice cap. Finally, multiple satellite imagery spanning from the 1970’s to present were acquired by Walls from former BPRC researcher Dr. Todd Albert (currently Bowling Green University), including: SPOT, ETM+, MSS, TM, ERS. Dr. Albert was invited and hosted at BPRC to discuss and share the data, and also to give a seminar in the BPRC Seminar Series.

During the July 2008 field season, Walls accompanied BPRC PI Thompson on a visit to the QIC to provide GPS base station support for airborne LiDAR acquisition (supported by NASA, National Geographic and CWC LLGR-ACC & WR) and to assist with a ice-penetrating radar survey of the ice cap in collaboration with University of Montana (leveraging funds from NASA). LiDAR flights over QIC were suspended due to delays in clearing Peruvian customs, but a full depth profile of the QIC from the

110

summit to the western edge was accomplished using a novel light-weight radar operated by a graduate student researcher from University of Montana (Toby Meierbachtol). This will provide a point of comparison with 2003 measurements taken by Thompson during ice coring to evaluate depth changes. Publications and presentations (results of listing under LLGR-ACC & WR report) Invited Presentation (not already listed under LLGR-ACC & WR report): First Lego League (FLL) “Climate Connections Kickoff” invited feature lecture, Sinclair Community

College, Dayton, OH. “Measuring Andean Glacier Changes.” Hosted Seminar: Todd Albert (Department of Geography, Bowling Green State University): “Measuring and Modeling

Melt and Mass-Balance on the Greenland Ice Sheet", Friday, 9 May, BPRC.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: Extending from the initial objectives of the seed grant, this new collaborative research team has

initiated a project to inventory glacier areas over the entire Peruvian Andes to compare with RA data. Using the GEC image analysis computing facility, imagery compiled under the aforementioned NASA funded project has been used to produce polygon outlines of glacier regions in GIS format. These will provide the base information to overlay RA tracks and identify other regions to constrain surface elevation changes. To further the data, a proposal is being written to acquire European Space Agency RA on the IceSAT-2 platform (31 March 2009 Announcement of Opportunity).

After seed grant funds were fully allocated, QIC mapping work has continued with undergraduate student involvement (Patrick Burns, MAPS, advised by Mark) supported by the LLGR-ACC & WR core project, and a new international collaborative project involving BPRC researchers Paolo Gabrielli and L.G. Thompson. Burns is compiling surface area and elevation data over the largest QIC outlet glacier, Qori Kalis, as part of a research project to be presented in the 2009 Denman Undergraduate Research Competition. He also plans to complete an undergraduate thesis, and will accompany Mark to Peru in summer 2009 under complementary REU funding from NSF. The latter project accesses Italian funds to host a visiting researcher (Roberto Filippi) who will be advised in a cross-college team (MAPS, SBS, and BPRC). This project is sponsored by an Italian Scientific Institution, The Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali (Trento, North East of Italy) with the financial help of a private foundation (Fondazione Caritro). This Museum has a long and excellent tradition in paleoclimatological and glaciological studies but also in many other disciplines studying the environment and they are building a technological "green building" that will host soon the new Museum. Filippi will partner with Burns and be advised by Mark, Gabrielli, Thompson and Yushin Ahn (MAPS postdoc) to further integrate and analyze QIC mass changes with photogrammetric and satellite data. New funding potential:

Our new cross-college collaboration yielded a submitted NASA Cryosphere proposal, that was not funded: 2008-2010 NASA #07-CRYO07-0056, ROSES Cryosphere: Assessing the Mass of Disintegrating

Sub-Polar Terrestrial Ice: Using GRACE and Other Satellite Sensors to Quantify the Hydrologic Mass Balance Over Permafrost and Glaciers. Submitted 16 August 2007. Co-PIs: B.G. Mark, OSU Geography; C.K. Shum, OSU Earth Sciences. 3 years, $398,453.

On the basis of the potential collaborative glacier volume change measurement capacity funded by the seed grant, Mark was awarded a National Geographic Research and Exploration Grant: 2008 National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration: Assessing the

Volume of Recent Tropical Glacier Recession. PI: B.G. Mark. Full proposal submitted 13 November 2007. 1 year, $30,000.

111

Also assisted by the digital-photogrammetry data assimilation demonstrated here, Mark submitted a successful NSF proposal to integrate volume change measurements of specific valley glaciers as part of a project quantifying glacier recession and impact to human livelihoods in Peru: 2008-2009 NSF #0752175, BCS – Geography and Regional Science: Collaborative Proposal:

Glacier Recession and Livelihood Vulnerability in the Peruvian Andes. Submitted 15 August 2007. Co-PIs: B.G. Mark, OSU Geography; Jeffrey Bury, University of California, Santa Cruz. 2 year grant, $112,054 ($233,488 total).

Future direction:

Our cross-college research team is endeavoring to identify additional Andean glacier targets for LIDAR, RA and SRTM integration. While LiDAR data over the QIC was suspended because of weather, but will continue in summer 2009. We have also discussed possible RA processing over glaciers in AK where repeat data are available, along lines of our submitted NASA proposal.

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total Funds = $40,000

End of First Six Months of Funding, March 2008: Total first six months funds, $17,648

1. Hire personnel. Kristin Walls, M.S. student, 2 quarters tuition: $6848

2. Kristin Walls stipend $9600 3. Purchase computer $1200

End of Second Six Months of Funding, late 2008: Total of second six months of funds, $22,352

1. Continue to fund personnel, $16,448

2. Travel to QIC, Peru for field work, $4438 3. Computer upgrade, $1466

Climate Change and Water Resources Policy

Tom Koontz, P.I. School of Environment and Natural Resources

College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences

Final Report

1. Project Description:

Professor Koontz received a seed grant to further research in three areas related to climate change and water resources policy: (a) policy research on complex coastal / estuary resources;

(b) the changing climate of water resource policy and management; and (c) collaboration and farmer adoption of BMPs in central Ohio.

a. Policy research on complex coastal/estuary resources

Basic description: This research examines collaborative problem-solving forums for watershed and estuary management. Building on prior research by myself and others, the focus is on

112

barriers that inhibit citizen participation, and the perceived vs. actual impact of citizens and scientists on the agenda setting process. The research investigates coastal watershed and estuary

management programs in the southeastern U.S., to understand collaborative policy making processes and outcomes across issues that impact water resources, carbon emission reductions

and sequestering (particularly through wetland and estuary protection and restoration) and the potential effects on the coast from global climate change. The study location includes a rich array of innovative efforts and longstanding programs, and the PhD student working on the project has

extensive experience and networks in the region that will facilitate data gathering. At present, the student has not yet finished his dissertation.

Significance: Collaborative, cross-jurisdictional, multi-media policies are an important trend in environmental policy. Many of the behaviors required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and

to adapt to a changing climate, are at the individual level. As such, they are not amenable to traditional command-and-control regulatory approaches. An emerging field of inquiry examines

collaborative efforts among policy makers, managers, scientists, and citizens to address climate change and water issues.

b. The changing climate of water resource policy and management

Basic Description: This research examines the role of climate change in the evolution of water resource policy instruments, and how new policy approaches have affected management actions and outcomes. This project draws on converging streams of literature from environmental and

water policy, climate change policy, ecosystem management, and institutional analysis, to extend recent doctoral research. Five research questions guide the project: (1) What policy instruments

exist for governing water quantity issues in the United States? (2) How have these instruments evolved over time, and what role has emerging data on climatic change played in the evolution? (3) Have these policies resulted in changes in institutional designs for risk management,

adaptation, and mitigation responses to floods caused by global change? (4) How have operational management actions of resource users and practitioners changed due to evolving

institutional designs? (5) What environmental and social outcomes have emerged from this policy shift?

Significance: Despite the gradual shift away from centralized government control, Federal policies continue to provide the regulatory backbone for market-based, collaborative, and

voluntary programs. Marketable permits, tradable pollution quotas, storm-water permits, pollution taxes, effluent standards, beneficial use standards, discharge permits and fees, and hydroelectric re-licensing create a regulatory framework that support many current and emerging

collaborative and market-based processes. One indicator of the effectiveness of this new crop of policy tools is their ability to advance management practices thought to reduce water quality and

quantity issues arising from climate change.

c. Collaboration and farmer adoption of BMPs in central Ohio

Basic Description: This study examines the factors affecting farmer adoption of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) to protect water quality in two central Ohio watersheds. One is in

113

the Sugar Creek basin, the site of substantial technical assistance and governmental intervention to spur collaborative partnership among farmers. The other is in Pushuta Creek, an area without

such partnership efforts. Through survey and interview data, this research aims explains differing levels of BMP adoption, and the role of collaborative partnerships in such adoption.

Significance: Agricultural practices have significant impacts on both water quality and soil carbon sequestration. Efforts to improve both will require behavioral change from land

managers, especially farmers. Policy makers increasingly rely on collaborative partnerships to affect farmer decisions and actions, but little is known about the effectiveness of this approach.

2. Products and Deliverables:

a. Policy research on complex coastal/estuary resources

The grant has funded (stipend, tuition, and travel/materials) a doctoral student, Brad Ashburn, doing his scoping for research on collaborative problem-solving forums for watershed and estuary management. Brad is a student in the Environment and Natural Resources graduate

program of the School of Environment and Natural Resources, in the College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. After preliminary scoping efforts in North Carolina,

including initial interviews, we have shifted the study site to a more theoretically rich one, still in the southeastern U.S. We have identified six cases for a cross-case comparison in Florida. In addition, Brad has spent time developing his theory base and successfully completing his

qualifying exams. This work has supported grant proposal submissions.

b. The changing climate of water resource policy and management

The grant has funded a literature review and synthesis that were presented at two international

conferences: Coastal Zone ’07 and the American Political Science Association annual meeting:

Koontz, Tomas M. and Scott D. Hardy. 2007. “Policy Tools to Support Effective Watershed Management.” Paper presented at the American Political Science Association annual meeting, Chicago, IL.

Koontz, Tomas M. and Scott D. Hardy. 2007. “The Policymaker’s Toolkit: The Effectiveness of

Different Tools for Watershed Management.” Paper presented at the Coastal Zone 07 annual meeting, Portland, OR

In addition, the former Ph.D. student working on this project, Scott Hardy, has continued this work in his new position, leading to a paper presented in Gwalior, India:

Hardy, Scott D. and Robert E. Holthause. 2009. “Climate Change and Water Policy.” Paper presented at the Technology, Innovation, and Management for Sustainable Development annual meeting, Gwalior, India.

c. Collaboration and farmer adoption of BMPs in central Ohio

114

This project helped to fund completion of a Masters thesis for graduate student Joe Campbell, who graduated with a M.S. degree in 2008. The research generated a paper presented at a

national environmental policy conference in March 2008, co-authored by Joe Campbell and Tom Koontz. The paper was nominated for the Pi Sigma Alpha Award, which recognizes the best

paper presented at the Western Political Science Association annual meeting. In addition, a manuscript from this research has been accepted into the peer-reviewed scientific journal Society and Natural Resources:

Campbell, Joseph T., Tomas M. Koontz, and Joseph E. Bonnell. Forthcoming. “Does

Collaboration Promote Grassroots Behavior Change? Farmer Adoption of Best

Management Practices in Two Watersheds.” Society and Natural Resources.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding:

These projects contributed to the PI’s research program focusing on collaborative approaches to water policy. In 2008 and 2009, the PI submitted three research grant proposals to NSF. Although none were funded, the 2008 submission garnered a “competitive” ranking, placing in

the top 38 out of 121 submissions (requested amount was $140,705). In 2009, the PI contributed to a research proposal to the NOAA Regional Integrated Sciences and Assessments competition,

which was not selected for funding (requested amount was $3,421,816)

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total funds = $44,223

$43,423 personnel costs (tuition/stipend) for Project a, 2007-2009; led to 4 grant submissions $ 200 data collection costs for Project b, 2007; led to 3 conference presentations

$ 600 data collection costs for Project c, 2008; led to 1 conference paper, 1 article, 1 MS thesis

CWC SEED GRANT PROGRESS REPORT

Optimizing Energy Production, Water Treatment and Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Low-

tech Digesters Led by Jay Martin, Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, College of Food, Agricultural and

Environmental Sciences

in collaboration with Stephanie Lansing, Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, College of Food, Agricultural and

Environmental Sciences

1. Project Description: Wastewater from livestock results in contamination of waterways and the release of

methane, which is a greenhouse gas with 21 times the global warming potential of carbon

dioxide. When properly harnessed in a low-tech digester, however, animal waste can be transformed into an environmental and economic benefit. A digester provides an optimal

115

environment for microorganisms, which produce methane from the carbon and nutrients in the wastewater. The digestion process results in three benefits related to Carbon, Water and

Climate: (1) renewable energy is produced from the transformation of organic matter to methane, (2) water pollution is sharply reduced, and (3) greenhouse gases are sharply reduced. In addition,

small-scale agricultural digesters are inexpensive and easy to build, which makes them an appropriate technology to enhance the environment and livelihoods of farmers. Currently, there are over 5 million existing small-scale digesters in India and China alone. Unfortunately,

research and development in digestion technology has focused on large-scale, capital-intensive systems, which are appropriate for industrial-scale farms, but are largely inaccessible to the small

farmer. In order to address this research gap, this international project determined methods to optimize the ability of small-scale digesters to produce methane, treat wastewater, and reduce

greenhouse gas emissions in Costa Rica. Specifically, we tested the impacts of codigesting grease and fats with animal manure in field-scale and full-scale digesters. By performing

systematic research on low-tech digesters this research advanced the field of digestion technology and provide methods to improve digester performance. The global impact is underscored by the millions of users of low-tech digesters who will benefit from these results.

2. Products and Deliverables:

This grant has resulted in the publications listed below.

Lansing, S., Viquez, J., Martinez, H., Botero, R., Martin, J. 2008. Optimizing electricity generation and waste transformations in a low-cost, plug-flow anaerobic digestion

system. Ecological Engineering. 34: 332-348. Lansing, S., Botero, R., Martin, J. 2008. Wastewater treatment and biogas quality in

small-scale agricultural digesters. Bioresource Technology. 99: 5881-5890.

Lansing, S., Martin, J.F., Botero, R.B., Da Silva, T.N., Da Silva, E.D. Wastewater Transformations and Fertilizer Value When Co-Digesting Swine Manure and Used Cooking Grease in a Low-Cost Digester. Accepted with minor revisions by

Biomass and Bioenergy 6/10.

Lansing, S., Martin, J.F., Botero, R.B., Da Silva, T.N., Da Silva, E.D. 2010. Methane Production in Low-Cost, Co-Digestion Systems Treating Manure and Used Cooking Grease. Bioresource Technology. 101: 4362-4370.

This grant has resulted in the presentations listed below.

Martin, J., Ciotola, R., Castano, J., Schlea, D., Eger, C. 2010. Transforming Anaerobic Digestion with the ‘Model T’ of digesters. American Ecological Engineering Society Annual Meeting. Quebec, Quebec, CA. June 14, 2010.

116

Ciotola, R., Castano, J., Martin, J. 2010. Microbial Community Analysis of Ambient Temperature Anaerobic Digestors. American Ecological Engineering Society Annual Meeting. Quebec, Quebec, CA. June 14, 2010. Castano, J., Martin, J., Ciotola, R. 2010. Gas Production Analysis of a Fixed-Dome Digester Operated Under Temperate Climates in Central Ohio. American Ecological Engineering Society Annual Meeting. Quebec, Quebec, CA. June 14, 2010. *Lansing, S., Botero, R.B., Martin, J.F. Optimizing Methane Production and Electricity Generation in Small-Scale Agricultural Digesters in Costa Rica. American Ecological Engineering. Blacksburg, Virginia. June 11, 2008.

*Lansing, S., Botero, R.B., Martin, J.F., Dias Da Silva, E., Kreling, J.C. Optimizing Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment in Small-Scale Digesters. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. St. Paul, Minnesota. June 20, 2007. Altor, A.E. Martin, J.F. Anaerobic biodigester technology for smaller scale waste flows

in temperate climates. American Ecological Engineering Society. Manhatten, Kansas. May 24, 2007.

*Lansing, S., Botero, R.B., Martin, J.F., Dias Da Silva, E., Kreling, J.C. Effects of feedstock composition on methane production and waste water treatment in low-tech

anaerobic digesters. American Ecological Engineering Society. Manhatten, Kansas. May 24, 2007.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: After developing knowledge about these low-cost digesters from this research, our new goal is to adapt this technology so that small and medium-size livestock farms in the United

States can benefit from this technology to generate renewable energy and improve water quality. Remaining funds are now being used to support this effort and build experimental digesters at

Waterman Farm.

Funded Projects: Martin, J.F., Michel, F. Tracking Microbial Community Changes in

Variable Temperature Anaerobic Digesters. Ohio Agricultural and Research Development Center. $50,000. 9/2008-4/2010.

117

Farming Carbon: The social and environmental dynamics of carbon credits and climate change mitigation in Costa Rican indigenous communities

Led by Jay Martin, Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences

in collaboration with

Kendra McSweeny, Department of Geography, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences David Lansing, Department of Geography, College of Social and Behavioral Sciences

1. Project Description:

Carbon sequestration credits are a rapidly expanding mechanism for mitigating climate change,

increasing forest cover, and improving the livelihoods of rural land managers. Despite its promise as a win-win solution for the global climate and local land users, early experiences with carbon credits

have encountered a number of political and methodological difficulties. Carbon credits are often

associated with large-scale tree plantations that contribute little to local biodiversity or social benefits for the rural poor; meanwhile, the requirements of the Kyoto Protocol have resulted in a number of

unresolved technical challenges in measuring a given landscape’s carbon storage.

The objectives of the proposed research are to understand how these issues are addressed in the creation of carbon credits among rural smallholders, and the effects of carbon credits on local

livelihoods. Using a case study of a carbon credit project in Costa Rica’s Talamanca Indigenous

Reserve, this proposal focused on how global scientific and development institutions incorporated local land users into global carbon markets, and the ways in which carbon credits have transformed

the local socio-economic dynamics of land use and livelihoods in this region. Specific research questions were: 1) What is the history and structure of carbon credits in Talamanca? 2) What factors

shaped the formation of carbon credits in this reserve? 3) How have carbon credits changed the

socio-economic dynamics of land-use and livelihoods in Talamanca? Employing archival, statistical and qualitative data, through an extensive study of how this carbon project was shaped by the

interests of local actors and global institutions, this research explored how carbon credits are both

informed by and transformative of local agrarian livelihoods.

2. Products and Deliverables:

This grant has resulted in the execution of a 99 household survey within the Cabecar Indigenous Reserve. Survey collected data related to the impact of carbon offsets on household livelihoods. This data is has been used to create a statistical model that is predictive of the types of

households that will most benefit from a carbon offset project. This data is currently being used in the preparation of a publication for submission to World Development (see publications in

preparation sub-section). It has also resulted in the publication of a policy document for the Cabecar Development Council, the governing arm of the Cabecar Indigenous Reserve in Costa Rica.

A Q Method survey was undertaken among fifteen of the actors involved in the implementation of a carbon credit project. This survey measured participant’s opinions and attitudes toward the

value of carbon offsets in transforming agriculture in the region.

These data has been used to perform a factor analysis in order to map the differences in attitudes toward carbon offsets among these project participants. These data are currently being used in

the preparation of a paper for submission to Society and Natural Resources (see publications in preparation).

118

Over one hundred archival documents concerning past state-led development projects in the

regions since the 19th century have been collected and analyzed. These data are being used for the preparation to be submitted to Antipode.

Interviews with over thirty key actors in the development of carbon offsets in Costa Rica have been conducted, transcribed, and analyzed. Data from these interviews have been used in a paper that has been recently accepted for publication (pending revisions) in Environment and Planning

D: Society and Space. These data also inform a paper currently in preparation for submission to Environment and Planning A.

Research funds have also resulted in substantial linkages with academic institutions in Costa Rica. Professors at the Tropical Agricultural and Education Institute (spansih acronym: CATIE)

and at EARTH University served as local advisors and collaborators on this project. David Lansing constructed a statistical model, using household survey data from a biodiversity project

previously carried out by CATIE, in order to demonstrate the social and gendered difference in Cacao ownership within the region. Results from this were disseminated to CATIE and local indigenous communities (see policy publications section). There are currently plans to combine

carbon sequestration data collected by CATIE with socio-economic data from a household survey conducted by David Lansing in order to identify the types of households that will have

the most carbon sequestration potential in this region. This is intended to result in a paper for submission to either Agroforestry Systems or Conservation Biology. Plans are to submit this paper in Spring 2010.

Seed grant funds helped support the dissertation research of David Lansing (Department of

Geography), who will graduate in Summer 2009 and has already obtained a faculty position at the University of Maryland.

2A. Publications from Seed grant

Published

Peer-reviewed

Lansing, D. P. Bidegaray, D.O. Hansen, K. McSweeney. 2008. Placing the plantation in smallholder agriculture: evidence from Costa Rica. Ecological Engineering. 34(4): 358-372.

Lansing D. Forthcoming. Carbon's Calculatory Spaces, the emergence of carbon offsets in Costa

Rica. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. Accepted for publication Jan. 2010. Lansing D. Forthcoming. Realizing Carbon's Value: discourse and calculation in the production

of carbon forestry offsets in Costa Rica. Accepted for publication June 2010.

119

Policy Papers Lansing, D.M. 2007. Informe preliminar: un análisis de la encuesta 2005 del proyecto del

carbono. (Preliminary report: an analysis of the 2005 carbon project survey). Policy report for the Cabécar Development Council, the governing council of the Cabécar Indigenous Reserve. 9

pp.

Lansing, D.M. 2008. Los impactos socio-económicos de la entrega de la tierra de Villalobos.

(The socio-economic impact of the redistribution of the Villalobos land). Policy report for the Cabécar Development Council, the governing council of the Cabécar Indigenous Reserve. 11 pp.

2B. Research Presentations

Lansing, D. 2009. Producing Carbon Territories: discourse, agriculture and value creation in

Costa Rica. March 2009. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, NV.

Lansing, D. 2008. Carbon’s Calculatory Spaces: the emergence of carbon credits in Costa Rica. Invited presenter for the workshop: “Socioeconomics, Markets, and Space: Performing Markets”

Workshop held by Institut fur Humangeographie Universitat Frankfurt am Main. October 16-18. Munich, Germany.

Lansing, D. Carbon’s Calculatory Spaces: the emergence of carbon credits in Costa Rica. 15th Annual Critical Geography Conference, October 3-4, 2008. Athens, Ohio.

Panel Discussant. “The State and Civil Society”. Social Science Research Council, IDRF

Fellowship Workshop. September 25-30, 2008. Albuquerque, NM.

Lansing, D. 2008. Quasi-markets: understanding the emergence of carbon credits in Costa Rica

through actor networks. April 2008. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting. Boston, MA.

Approximate Grant Expenditures (for both grants), $72,443:

1. Stipend, Tuition and Fees for Stephanie Lansing and David Lansing $42,574 2. Travel and Housing, $17,216

3. Undergraduate student workers at OSU and Costa Rica, $592 4. Materials, Supplies, Miscellaneous, $12,061

120

Carbon, Water, and Climate Seed Grant Final Report

Managing Risk and Uncertainty Under Climate Change Alan Randall and Mario Miranda

Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences

April 12, 2009

1. Project Description:

Climate change will create new challenges for the rural poor, especially in developing countries

where banking, insurance and other financial services that might be used to manage climate- and weather-related catastrophic income risk are either costly or unavailable in rural areas.

Our CWC grant has been used to initiate a long-term research program aimed at better understanding how current climate trends will affect the welfare of the rural poor in developing

countries and how local and global financial institutions can respond to these trends to better serve the risk management needs of the rural poor.

In developing our long-term research program, we will initially focus on Peru. Peru provides an excellent case study for climate-, weather-, and resource-related problems that are likely to be

exacerbated by climate change. Peru’s most productive agricultural region, which runs along Peru’s northwest Pacific coast, is highly vulnerable to severe El Niño events, which can give rise

to rainfalls as much as 40 times the average, causing catastrophic floods that destroy crops and damage rural infrastructures, such as roads, bridges, reservoirs and irrigation systems. There is

mounting evidence that El Niño events have become more frequent and severe since the late 70s as a result of global warming. There are also concerns among climate scientists that global

warming might significantly reduce precipitation in the Andean region, reducing the stream flows to the reservoirs on which Peruvian agriculture is so heavily dependent. Our initial

program of study, for which we hope to attract extramural funding in the future, will involve the construction of coupled ecological-economic models that will allow us to study the

vulnerability of hydrological, agricultural, and financial infrastructures to climate change and the potential economic impacts on the rural poor. These models will also be used to study how the financial system that might be used to manage the weather-related risks exacerbated by climate change.

2. Products and Deliverables:

As a near-term objective for the leveraging of our CWC seed grant funding, we plan to address a number of economic questions related to El Niño dynamics and global climate change as they pertain to water resource scarcity and usage, agricultural development, and the functioning of supportive economic and financial institutions, using Peru as a case study. Can Peru’s

agricultural and water infrastructures survive recurring El Niño events should these events become more frequent and severe? If so, what will be the costs borne by local inhabitants,

local businesses, and government agencies? Will agriculture in northwest Peru remain

121

sustainable in its current form if El Niño events become more frequent and severe in the

future? If Peruvian agriculture is not sustainable in its current form, what transformations must it undergo to ensure the evolution of a sustainable regional economy? What role can financial

intermediaries such as banks and insurers play in increasing the economic resiliency of the region? What investments in water resource infrastructures are likely to enhance the economic

welfare of the region, and are these investments cost effective?

In order to address these and related questions, we are developing collaborative research arrangements that will result in a systems model of northwest Peru that couples engineering water resource models, climate and weather models, and equilibrium models of the regional agricultural economy. To develop this modeling framework, we have started collecting essential data on the water networks of Peru, data on Peruvian rainfall, and data pertaining to the economic impacts of recent severe El Nino events. Building the meta-model will require substantial additional funding, likely from the National Science Foundation, and multi-year commitments from me and collaborators, including doctoral students prepared to write

dissertations on the aforementioned issues.

CWC funds were allocated to the support of one doctoral student, Ching-Hsing Chan, and to the data collection mission to Peru undertaken by Professor Mario Miranda. During Professor Miranda’s visit to Peru, he met with representatives of numerous private and government institutions that have provided (or in the future can provide) background information and data pertaining to the effects of weather (rainfall, flooding, droughts, El Niños) and climate change on Peru’s reservoir, dam, river, irrigation, and transportation systems. These institutions included, but were not limited to: COPEME, the Consortium of Private Microfinance Organizations, whose mission includes the development of financial and insurance services for Peru’s rural poor; La Positiva, a private insurer and reinsurer in Peru that has been a leader in the development of El Niño insurance products; INDECI, the National Civil Defense Institute, whose mission includes infrastructure security; National Agricultural University of La Molina;

Peru’s leading university in agriculture and natural resources; INRENA, the National Institute for Natural Resources, which has supplied essential data on water resource use and management

in Peru; IGP, the Peruvian Geophysical Institute, which is home to Peru’s leading climate scientists; MINAG, Peru’s Ministry of Agriculture; PRONAMACHS, Peru’s National Program for

Hydrological Basins and Soil Conservation, another source of data and modeling expertise; SENAMHI, Peru’s National Weather Service, which has provided us with rainfall data; and the Cajas Municipal de Sullana and Piura, agricultural banks in Piura which have supplied us with data regarding the impact of El Niños on agricultural loan performance.

Research supported by the CWC grant is still in its early stages, but has produced two working papers, now nearing completion and slated for submission to peer-reviewed scholarly journals.

The first of these two papers, tentatively entitled “Precautionary Savings under Systemic Risk” provides insights into providing financial savings services to the rural poor can enhance the

ability of the rural poor to manage systemic risk, such as is created by El Nino events in rural Peru. The second paper, tentatively entitled “Index Insurance and the Optimal Management of

Bank Loan Portfolios in the Presence of Catastrophic Risk”, is aimed at understanding how

122

innovative approaches to catastrophic risk management might make it possible for financial

institutions to expand their services in poor rural areas vulnerable to catastrophic weather events. An accompanying empirical paper that uses microfinancial institution default rate data

over a time period that has seen two major El Nino events is planned for the near future.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: Although our CWC seed grant has not yet generated extramural funding, we are currently developing two National Science Foundation grant proposals that will incorporate research objectives directly related to those initially supported by the CWC seed grant. The first of these two proposals has received positive reviews in the pre-proposal stage and is now being developed as a full proposal for submission in May, 2009. The second of these two proposals will be a revision of a grant proposal submitted in 2005 that was not funded, but which has

received an invitation from the NSF for resubmission. The revised proposal will incorporate research objectives related to climate-change, with Peru as one of the key case studies, but

with the additional objective of understanding the impacts of climate change on selected regions of the United States. The second of these proposals will very likely involve collaborators mentioned the preceding section.

1. Title: Toward Sustainability via Cyber-Enabled Discovery and Innovation in Networks of Industrial and Ecological Systems

NSF Competition: Cyber-Enabled Discovery and Innovation Principal Investigators: Bakshi, Bhavik R., Department of Chemical and

Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University; Fath, Brian D., Biology Department, Towson University and

International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis; Grant, William E., Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences,

Texas A & M University; Miranda, Mario J., Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Development Economics,

The Ohio State University. Due Date: May 15, 2009

2. Tentative Title: The Allocation of Weather Risk Under Climate Change

Competition: Decision Making Under Uncertainty Collaborative Groups Principal Investigators: Miranda, Mario J., Department of Agricultural,

Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; Randall, Alan, Department of Agricultural,

Environmental and Development Economics, The Ohio State University; and others.

Due Date: July 14, 2009

123

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total Funds = $37,400

End of First Year of Funding, Academic Year 2007-8:

1. Hired doctoral student Ching-Hsing Chang, $26,871 2. Travel to Lima, Peru to collect data, $3,383

Current Balance to be Used, Academic Year 2008-9: 1. Continue to fund personnel or travel, $7,146

Economics of Carbon Sequestration

Led by Brent Sohngen, AED Economics, CFAES Andy Keeler (JGSPA)

1. Project Description: This seed project focused on three key questions:

(1) What is the range of potential costs of carbon sequestration in forests? (2) How effective might policies be to implement carbon sequestration in Latin America. (3) How does climate change affect carbon sequestration in forests?

2. Products and Deliverables:

2.A: Graduate Student Involvement: The funds were used to hire three graduate students.

Yoon Hyun Kim (graduate student in AED Economics) was hired during the 2007-2008

academic year to conduct Monte Carlo simulations with the Global forest and land use model developed by Sohngen. He has conducted this analysis and it is one of the paper's for his Ph.D thesis. He will be presenting the results of this research at the annual meetings of the

American Applied Economics Association in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in July 2009, and submitting a paper on this topic soon thereafter.

Montserrat Acosta (graduate student in AED Economics) was hired during the 2007-2008

academic year to conduct analysis on carbon sequestration in Latin America. This component

of the project has now been folded into the Core Project titled "Designing Incentives for Ecosystem Services," and the results of these efforts are described in that report.

Sujith Surendaren-Nair (graduate student in ESGP) was hired on these funds in fall 2008 to

conduct GIS analysis to support research into the effects of climate change on global forests

and the implications of climate change for US land use.

124

2.B: The range of potential costs of carbon sequestration

Yoon Hyun Kim, a graduate student in AED Economics, and B. Sohngen used the initial funds provided by the CWC Seed grant to conduct an initial Monte Carlo simulation analysis

with the global forestry and agriculture model (GFAM) originally developed by Sohngen. The purpose of this analysis was to explore how uncertainty in key model parameters (biomass growth functions, biomass expansion factors, elasticity of land supply, and costs of accessing

tropical forests) would influence uncertainty in estimates of the costs of carbon sequestration. The initial effort in this project, conducted during the academic year 2007-2008, involved

surveying the literature, collecting data, and conducting empirical estimates to obtain standard error estimates for these key parameters. The initial effort also made a first cut attempt to conduct the Monte Carlo analysis. We were slowed in this analysis, however, because the global

land use model takes 10-15 hours to solve, and we did not have the computing resources to finalize the full Monte Carlo.

Our initial analysis, however, was of substantial interest to the US EPA Climate Change Division, who needed analysis like this for assessment of the costs and benefits of potential cap and trade legislation in the United States. US EPA agreed to fund Yoon Hyun Kim during the

academic year 2008-2009, and we are negotiating with them currently to fund him for 2009-2010. With this funding from EPA, Yoon worked on translating the code for the global forestry

model to the supercomputer platform at OSU. He has subsequently developed algorithms to conduct the necessary simulations for the Monte Carlo analysis and is currently finalizing this analysis. He plans to complete this during spring quarter 2009, and present his results during the

summer of 2010.

In addition, Yoon and Sohngen are working on specific anlayses of the carbon sequestration potential with the GFAM model for the US EPA. These analysis form the basis of US EPA estimates of the costs of international land based carbon credits. We provided initial

results for the US EPA in March, 2009, and will update these results throughout 2009 and 2010 as needed to assess alternative options considered by Congress during discussion of climate

change legislation.

2.C: Climate Change and Carbon Sequestration in Forests

Sohngen continues to work on finalizing a book that estimates impacts of climate change on global forest resources. A graduate student in ESGP, Sujith Surendaren Nair, was hired on

this project during 2007 to conduct GIS analysis with results from an ecological model that projects the implications of climate change on forests globally over the coming century using the SRES scenarios from the IPCC. Sohngen has taken these results and projected the implications

of climate change for forest resources globally. He will present this analysis at an international conference on climate change impacts and adaptation at a conference in Venice in April 2009

(this presentation will not be funded by this grant). Sohngen has also used these funds to support initial analysis for a collaborative project

with Ralph Alig at the US Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Lab in Corvallis Oregon and Andrew Plantinga at Oregon State University. These individuals are working together to

conduct analysis of the implications of climate change for US land use, using spatially detailed modeling. Sohngen used funds from this project to travel to Corvallis in August 2008 to meet

125

with Dr. Alig to discuss this project. He also hired Sujith during autumn 2008 to conduct additional analysis with the ecological model results. Sohngen submitted a funding request to

the US Forest Service, which was funded in early 2009, to continue this collaboration. The researchers are now working together to write additional grants to fund research on this issue.

This constitutes an entirely new area of research that would not have been possible without the CWC funding.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: The CWC funds have been used to secure the following grants:

"Global forestry and agriculture climate economic model development and analysis" funded by US Environmental Protection Agency. $94,250. 06/22/2007 - 06/30/2009.

"Measuring the potential impacts of climate change on land use in the U.S." funded by the

USDA Forest Service. $24,997. 01/06/2009 - 07/31/2010

"Assessing the costs of carbon sequestratoin." Proposal to U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency. $80,000. 7/1/2009 - 06/30/2010.

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs: Total Funds = $120,000

Expenditures

Travel $2,449.08 Office Expenses $1,520.00

Computer Software (GAMS) $4,132.00 Tuition & Fees $25,272.00 Stipend & Benefits $60,493.77

Total expenses $93,866.85

126

Effects of Environmental Attributes on Carbon Storage and Sequestration in Ohio’s Oak-

Hickory Forests

Roger A. Williams

School of Environment and Natural Resources, FAES

1. Project Description:

The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of geophysical site conditions upon

the carbon sequestration rates and storage in Ohio’s oak-hickory forests; to more accurately estimate the carbon storage and sequestration, and to develop models that reflect and predict

carbon storage and the rate of sequestration. This project targeted the Ohio River Basin region of CWC.

Tar Hollow and Zaleski State Forests were selected for this study as they represent two of

Ohio’s largest state forests and provided the variability of site conditions necessary to accomplish project objectives with replication. Aboveground biomass was determined with

published equations for all tree components (bole, crown, foliage), and for mid-story and ground level vegetation. Root biomass was likewise determined with the use of published models and equations. Biomass of forest litter was measured directly with the use of stratified sampling

methods (stratified plots), and drying of sampled components (litter, herbaceous, and woody), and the deadwood component was measured with the use of the line-transect method, converting

volume to biomass. Soil samples were collected from these stratified plots for the purpose of soil carbon determination with the assistance of the STAR lab in Wooster.

Models were developed from the data to estimate total forest carbon, belowground carbon

and aboveground carbon. Models were also developed to determine the rates of sequestration which is important in future management of these systems for carbon-related goals.

2. Products and Deliverables:

A series of products and deliverables have been created as a result of this project that will

provide forest managers necessary tools to create and manage forest carbon projects. This includes information regarding the amount of carbon in oak-hickory forests, the rate at which

this carbon is sequestered, and diagrams to use in management to determine the total amount of carbon that currently is stored, and how that amount of carbon stored will change depending on how the forest is manipulated to achieve management goals.

Carbon content for specific forest components was determined as a percent of dry weight and applied to the dry weights determined for these components:

The percent carbon by weight for different forest attributes in the Tar Hollow and Zaleski

State Forests in southern Ohio.

No. of Standard Minimum Maximum

Forest component samples Mean1 deviation value value

Woody stems 50 45.52 a 2.69 30.98 48.62

Forest litter 37 44.15 ab 3.18 32.99 47.83

Herbs 35 42.51 b 3.65 31.97 47.05

Fine roots 51 27.80 c 7.00 12.21 42.88

Soil 48 2.27 d 0.80 0.75 4.26

127

1 Means followed by same letter are not significantly different at p=0.05 (Duncan’s MRT)

Published models were used to determine the carbon content of the remaining forest components. Accordingly, the following table lists the carbon content determined for all forest components.

The mean amount of carbon (t/ha) by forest component determined in this study for Tar

Hollow and Zaleski State Forests in southern Ohio.

Std. Minimum Maximum

Forest component N Mean dev. value value

Overstory trees 48 117.84 37.25 54.69 216.81

Forest litter 48 7.35 1.61 4.91 11.96

Woody stems 48 1.68 1.22 0.14 5.57

Herbs 48 0.08 0.14 0.00 0.48

Deadwood 48 1.65 1.38 0.32 8.60

Total aboveground 48 128.59 37.38 69.34 229.46

Soil 48 42.77 5.12 30.70 55.02

Roots 48 29.03 7.94 15.56 49.60

Total belowground 48 71.81 9.61 56.08 99.07

Total carbon 48 200.40 45.84 126.34 328.53

Because of high variability that existed between sites based on slope-facing and slope

position, no significant differences were detected between the forest carbon among these sites. A model to determine the total amount of carbon sequestered over time was developed from the data. The basic model had the form:

C = e

Where C = Carbon (t/ha), and A = Forest Age (years), and b1 and b2 were coefficients to be estimated. Coefficients were estimated for total carbon, aboveground carbon, and belowground

carbon. The 95 percent confidence bounds about the model coefficients indicated that there were no significant differences between models representing the different aspects. Therefore, all data

were pooled to estimate the model coefficients representing all aspects in the model. The model data are presented below:

Model coefficients and statistics of total carbon, aboveground carbon, and belowground

carbon, for oak-hickory forests in Tar Hollow and Zaleski State Forests, southern Ohio.

Model coefficients

Model N b1 b2 MSE R2

Total carbon 48 5.7036 34.6619 1820.6 0.9665

Aboveground carbon 48 5.3878 45.7089 1178.4 0.9422

Belowground carbon 48 4.4476 14.9850 87.1 0.9846

(b1 – b2A-1 )

128

0

50

100

150

200

250

50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Ca

rb

on

(to

ns/

ha

)

Forest age (yrs)

Aboveground Carbon

Belowground Carbon

Total Carbon

The models produced were plotted:

The first derivative of the models provided the model for the rate of carbon sequestration in these forests. This is an important entity to know when one wants to manage forests specifically for

carbon. The rate of total carbon sequestration can therefore be represented by:

Cr = (e )( 34.6619(Age)-2)

5.7036 – 34.6619(Age) -1

129

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130

An

nu

al

seq

uest

ra

tion

rate

(tC

/ha

/yr)

To

tal ca

rb

on

(to

ns/

ha

)

Forest age (yrs)

Total sequestered carbon

Rate of sequestration

Where Cr is the rate of total carbon sequestration (tC/ha/yr) and Age is the forest age (years). These models are plotted below:

The above information is critical to developing forest carbon projects in these forests. Other findings were established, but the main entities presented here are needed in developing quantifiable carbon projects. Other deliverables that were created but not presented here include

a forest carbon management diagram that provides the current amount of carbon in the forests based upon a few common variables measured during standard forest inventories. Having

products such as this now provides forest managers the ability report standing carbon in the forest when forest inventories are made and updated. In addition, they will be able to known how this carbon will change with any change that takes place within the forest whether it be through

management practices, or through natural succession processes. A manuscript reporting these findings, and how to use this information in forest carbon

projects, is being prepared for submission to either the Journal of Forest Ecology and Management (an international journal), or Forest Science (the premier forest research journal in the US). A spin-off study was conducted regarding fuel loading in following different forest

harvest intensities and the resulting carbon release potential from forest fire. A manuscript entitled “Fuel Loading and the Potential for Carbon Emissions from Fire Following Two

Shelterwood Harvest Treatments in Southern Ohio”, authored by Yuhua Tao and Roger A. Williams, has been submitted to the Journal of Environmental Management.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding:

This CWC seed grant has not generated new research or funding at this time. It is anticipated once the findings are finally put together in a manuscript and validated through peer

130

review, then additional opportunities will exist to acquire further funding, particularly in the areas of carbon management, and the use of forest as carbon stocks and for feedstock in

alternative fuels. However, proposals have been submitted and are pending, which include:

1. “Fuel treatments in mixed-pine forests in the Great Lakes Region: A comprehensive guide to planning and implementation”; US Dept. of the Interior Joint Fire Science Program; $151,363; Duration: 06/2009 - 11/2010. I serve as a Co-PI, and this has a forest

carbon evaluation component as it relates to management of fire carbon emissions.

2. “Production of woody biomass fuel stock from mechanized thinning of small diameter forest stands”. Northeast Sun Grant Initiative; $145,743; Duration: 08/2009 – 07/2011. I serve as PI.

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total Funds = $ 54,473.50 Project funds were used to support:

A. Temporary Full-Time Forestry Research Assistant II Position (06/2007 – 05/2008) B. Research Technician (student) position (06/2007 – 12/2007)

C. Cost share the purchase of grinding mill to prepare samples for carbon determinations. D. Acquisition of field and laboratory sampling equipment and supplies

E. Travel to/from and between sampling sites

F. Services of the STAR Lab for processing samples to determine carbon content.

End of First Six Months of Funding (May – Oct. 2007):

Total first six months funds, $36,373.40 1. Hire personnel: Yuhua Tao, Steve Holton, $20,173.4 2. Travel to collect data: $5,500

3. Field supplies: $2,700 4. Equipment match (50/50): Wiley Mill Organic Material Grinder $8,000

End of Second Six Months of Funding (Nov. 2007 – Apr. 2008): Total of second six months of funds, $ 18,100.50

1. Continue to fund personnel: Yuhua Tao $15,700.50

2. Lab processing (STAR Lab): $2,400 3. Finish Lab Work

131

Developing a geochemical database on the Bay of Bengal sediments for the assessment of changes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river discharge

PI: Harunur Rashid; co-PI’s: Leonid Polyak, John Olesik

1. Project Summary: The monsoon climate represents one of the Earth’s most dynamic and synoptic climatic

interactions between atmosphere, oceans and continents. Approximately, one half of the

humanity depends on the regular return of the monsoon for their livelihood in regions ranging from West Africa through Central to East Asia to Australia. The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is the product of the pressure differences between the land-ocean sensible and the tropospheric

latent heating. This pressure gradient sets the stage for the cyclonic summer-monsoon wind and evaporation from the tropical Indian Ocean supplying moisture which intensifies the monsoon.

With the threat of increase in greenhouse gases and the ensuing global warming in this century, most of the climate models predict that the future ISM system may turn into warmer than the present early Holocene climate. At present, there are ~15,000 glaciers in the southern margin of

the Himalaya hosting ~12,000 km3 of freshwaters. If the IPCC (2007) predictions of the global temperature rise become correct, then these glaciers might be in danger of disappear

permanently. As a result, the availability of freshwater resulting from glaciers’ melting and monsoonal rainfall to the agrarian community becomes a serious concern for their livelihood.

We developed a geochemical database about the ISM intensity from the lower reaches of the

Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna outflow to address the following questions: (a) what are the changes in the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna freshwater outflow as a result of the warming

evident from the receding glaciers in the Himalayas?; (b) were the warmer early Holocene Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna discharge similar to the recent outflow?; and (c) were these changes consistent with the other regional high-resolution hydrological variability records such

as Mount Kilimanjaro, Chinese speleothems, etc.? In this study, we addressed some of these questions by making measurements from the sediment samples retrieved from the sea-floor of the

northern Bay of Bengal. Our data generated from the CWC Seed Grant have already been presented in two conferences and submitted for a publication. These data will further be used to

demonstrate the “proof of concept” which will bolster to seek funds from federal and other funding agencies.

2. Products and Deliverables: Our CWC Seed Grant was released in late October/early November of 2008. Since then, we

utilized the funds to perform the following measurements to lay the foundation for detailed research: (i) determined the oxygen isotopes (18O/16O), Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Fe/Ca and Al/Ca values in the calcite of planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white variety) from sediment cores

top; and (ii) reconstructed the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna outflow variability for the Late Glacial to Holocene period. In addition, we have purchased service to acquire 14C-Accelerator

Mass-Spectrometric (14C-AMS) dates from the Keck Carbon Cycle Laboratory of the University of California, Irvine, to constrain the age models of cores used in the study. Further, these 14C-AMS dates allowed us constrain sedimentation rates in other existing records from the Northern

Bay of Bengal at the mouth of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers. These measurements were conducted in the sediment samples which were kindly given by the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) of Columbia University.

132

2.A: Findings from our Seed Grant funded project: Paleoclimatic records from the Bay of Bengal are rare. We reconstruct the sea-surface

temperature (SST) and salinity from paired δ18O and Mg/Ca measurements in planktonic foraminifera Globigerinoides ruber (white) from the western Bay of Bengal core VM29-19. Our

data suggest that SST and seawater δ18O (δ18Osw) were ~3oC colder and ~0.6‰ depleted, respectively, during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the early Holocene. The most enriched δ18Osw values were found between 18.2 and 15.6 ka interval. Depleted LGM

δ18Osw values suggest a wet climate, which freshened the Bay of Bengal sea surface. Our data further indicate that the monsoon was stronger in the Bølling/Allerød and weaker in the Younger

Dryas periods. The most depleted early Holocene δ18Osw values suggest that the monsoon was stronger and wetter resulting in a humid climate. After ~5 ka, the Indian summer monsoon weakened significantly indicating less dilution of the sea surface by the Ganges-Brahmaputra-

Meghna outflow and/or less direct rainfall. We hypothesize that the prevailing late Holocene dry climate may have caused the diminishment and subsequent abandonment of the settlements of

the great Indus Valley Civilizations. The general pattern and timing of monsoon variability in the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea parallels the Arabian Sea, Africa, and Asian ice cores and speleothem records suggesting that a common tropical forcing may have induced these coherent

abrupt climate changes.

2.B: Supports for the PI and other personnel: Funds from the project provided partial salary support for PI-Rashid. Funds from the project

also supported Mary E. Smith, an undergraduate student of the School of Earth Sciences, who

successfully completed her senior thesis this past Spring. Data from Ms Smith’s thesis may be used to provide preliminary results for an NSF proposal. Smith and I are working to acquire

additional data in developing a manuscript. I am happy to report that Ms Smith is moving on to pursue her graduate study in Earth Sciences at Indiana State University and support from the project was vital to choose her career path.

2.C: Other activities related to the grants: We have submitted a manuscript using data collected from this project in February. The

manuscript was favorably reviewed and we are currently revising it for re-submission. Data from this project have also been presented in the Chapman conference on Abrupt Climate Change of

the American Geophysical Union. CWC salary support from this project allowed PI-Rashid to organize the Chapman

conference on Abrupt Climate Change which was held at the Ohio State University from 15-21 June, 2009. One hundred and five scientists covering many sub-disciplines of the abrupt climate change research attended this week-long conference. Funding support for the conference was

provided by the National Science Foundation, Consortium for Ocean Leadership, CWC and Office of the Research-OSU. We expect the Geophysical Monograph volume arising from the

conference to be published by the end of the year.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: PI-Rashid submitted two proposals: NASA-“Fingerprinting the Labrador Sea Water

Formation: A Connection of Paleo-Proxy to Current AMOC Observations” (09-PO09-26), submitted

to the Science Mission Directorate’s Earth Science Division, in response to NASA Research

Announcement (NRA) NNH09ZDA001N: (ROSES-2009), A.7, Physical Oceanography; NSF-

“OCE-0962273: Reconstructing the temperature gradients of the mixed-layer and thermocline

133

waters during the last 25ka: planktonic foraminifers δ18O and Mg/Ca approach”. We were not successful in securing funding from these proposals, however at present we are revising

accounting the criticisms and recommendations from the reviewers. These two proposals will be re-submitted in August in the NOAA’s Climate Program Office, and Marine Geology &

Geophysics program of the NSF. Publications:

Rashid, H., *England, E., Thompson, L. G., and Polyak, L. (2010), Late glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon variability from the Bay of Bengal sediment records, (in revision)

Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences.

Rashid, H. (2009), Understanding the Extent and Causes of Abrupt Climate Change, EOS

Trans. AGU, 90 (44), p.376-377.

Presentation:

*Smith, M. E. (Advisors: Rashid, H., and Krissek, L.), “Oceanographic variability of the subpolar and subtropical North Atlantic from MIS 6 to 5” poster presented at the Denman

Symposium, May 12, 2010.

*-Student.

CWC Seed Grant Final Report

Natural Variability and Sources of Dissolved and Particulate Carbon in

Streams of Various Land-Use Types within the Coshocton, OH Watershed

Investigator: Andréa G. Grottoli Affiliation: School of Earth Sciences, BMAPS Email: Grottoli.1@osu.edu Phone: 614-292-5782 (office) Collaborative with Berry Lyons (SES) and Rattan Lal (SNER)

1. Project Description

This project was designed to directly address the first part of the CWC question #3: How is the carbon cycle being disrupted by human activities? Here, we focused on human activities related to agriculture and land-use practices. Dramatic shifts in land use are altering carbon cycling

on land (e.g.: Starr et al 2008; Lal 2005) at local scales. Yet, the impact of a particular local land-use practice on the transfer of carbon from land to local small streams is unknown despite the fact that

land use practices have the most pronounced impact on stream carbon on these scales. We proposed to determine how specific land use practices in the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed

(NAEW) in Cochocton, OH affect the stable isotopic composition (δ13C) and radiocarbon age (Δ14C) of the three major pools carbon in small streams [dissolved organic carbon (DOC),

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and particulate organic carbon (POC)]. We measured the concentration, stable carbon isotopic value (δ13C), and radiocarbon

value (Δ14C) of the three major carbon pools [DOC, POC, DIC] in fall 2008, during a snow-melt

134

in winter 2009, spring 2009, during a large rain runoff in spring 2009, and summer 2009 in the small streams draining three watersheds each with a different land usage (forested, unimproved

pasture, and mixed-use) in the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed (NAEW) in Coshocton, OH. In addition, we sampled snow-melt runoff and large rain runoff from a no-till

corn field watershed and from a tilled corn field watershed. Stream δ13C-DOC and δ13C-POC values indicated that both of these carbon pools were mainly derived from the present overlying vegetation in the agricultural corn sites, and from both the overlying vegetation and/or the

leaching of soil organic matter in all other sites. Δ14C-DOC was all modern indicating that only the young POC was labile. In addition, Δ14C-POC values of the unimproved pasture watershed

and mixed land use watershed were older compared to the forested watershed indicating deeper pre-agricultural soil organic matter is being leached out of the non-forested watersheds. Finally, at least half of all carbon delivered to streams occurred during the small number of large rainfall-

associated runoff events, and the agricultural sites deliver at least 2-3x more POC and DOC to streams than non-agricultural sites per unit area (Fig. 1G-I). Thus, agricultural practices affect

the isotopic character of carbon delivered to streams and dramatically enhance carbon delivery to streams, especially when tilled. The disproportionate impact of agricultural practices on carbon cycling in small watersheds and the large effect of a few large rainfall events on total carbon flux

needs to be taken into account when scaling up carbon cycle models to the regional and larger scale.

2. Products and Deliverables

All sample collections, sample processing, measurement analyses, and statistical analyses are complete. In total, 23 DIC, DOC, and POC samples were collected from 5 watersheds over

four seasons and 6 sampling trips, and analyzed for concentration, δ13C and Δ14C. In addition, soil pit samples were collected by Dr. Lal’s group and the δ13C of the soil organic matter was determined at three depth intervals by Grottoli’s group. Fluxes of each carbon pool were

determined by multiplying the concentration by the discharge data provided by Dr. Martin (NAEW), divided by the watershed area. Annual flux values were determined by

proportionately summing the annual base flow and runoff event flows over the year. The grant supported one undergraduate student (Teresa Huey, BSc in Environmental Science in SNER), one graduate student (Ryan Moyer), and partially supported my technician (Yohei Matsui). All

three and myself were involved in the fieldwork. In addition, Teresa is conducting her senior thesis research within the scope of this project. The data has been presented on four occasions

and the first manuscript is in preparation (see list below, * indicates my advisees). At least two additional manuscripts are in preparation in collaboration with Drs. Lyons and Bauer.

Grottoli AG, *Huey T, *Matsui Y (in prep) Natural variability and sources of dissolved and particulate carbon in the streams of small watersheds of various land-use types within the

North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Ohio. Geochmicia et Cosmochimica Acta *Matsui Y, Grottoli AG, *Huey T (2010) Natural variability and sources of dissolved and

particulate carbon in the streams of small watersheds of various land-use types within the

North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Ohio. 2009 American Society of Limnology and Oceanography and American Geophysical Union Ocean Sciences

Meeting, Portland, OR

135

*Huey T, Grottoli AG, *Matsui Y (2010) Natural variability and sources of dissolved and particulate carbon in the streams of small watersheds of various land-use types within the

North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Ohio. OSU Denmean Undergraduate Research Forum

*Huey T, Grottoli AG, *Matsui Y (2010) Natural variability and sources of dissolved and particulate carbon in the streams of small watersheds of various land-use types within the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Ohio. BMAPS Undergraduate Research

Forum *Huey T, Grottoli AG, *Matsui Y (2009) Natural variability and sources of dissolved and

particulate carbon in the streams of small watersheds of various land-use types within the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed in Ohio. BMAPS Undergraduate Research Forum

This study provides the first data on the isotopic character and age of carbon in streams in the

Coshocton, OH river watershed, identifies the sources of carbon to the streams, and gives a first order estimate of carbon fluxes from land to small streams under different land use regimes. This work

also provides a baseline for comparison with other small temperate streams and for scaling up to

larger river systems. Such work is critical for enhancing our modern understanding of the effects of different land use practices on the local carbon-cycle in Ohio, in temperate systems in general, and in

small streams. In addition, the parallel work by Dr. Berry Lyons (Byrd Polar) on the stream

chemistry and bank erosion, Dr. Rattan Lal (SENR) on soil carbon pools and fluxes, Dr. Dawn Ferris (OSU-Mansfield) on riparian zone carbon fluxes, and Dr. Martin Shapitlo (NAEW) on the ongoing

stream flow and nutrient monitoring throughout the watershed by the NAEW researchers provided a data rich collaborative environment for interpreting the results of this study, and drew together

faculty across campus and government agencies.

3. How the project generated new research or funding

This project pulled together researchers that had never worked together before in a new

and unique way. As a result of this work, a planning grant has been funded by NIFA

(Environmental Sustainability of Organic Farming Systems: On-Farm, Experimental, and Watershed Assessments, lead-PI Shapitlo) which will allow the PI, in collaboration with a larger

number of researchers, to expand the research and explore the effect of organic farming practices on carbon cycling, weathering, hydrology, etc.. This planning grant includes a large international component that would compare organic farm practices in the US, Canada, and

several European countries. The goal of the planning grant is to establish strong research objectives, define the roles of the collaborators, and submit a large grant for a long-term research

project centered on organic farming. 4.Timeline of accomplishments and related costs

Total funds awarded were $50,000.00. All of the proposed measurements have been

completed, the project was completed on schedule, and all of the funds have been spent. Funds were used to support one undergraduate student (Teresa Huey), partially support two graduate students (Ryan Moyer, Branwen Williams), and partially support my technician (Yohei Matsui).

Additional funds from Grottoli’s other projects were spent to support more Δ14C analyses than the original proposal called for (twice as many Δ14C analyses were performed than budgeted for).

136

As the project evolved, it was clear that to do a thorough evaluation, more Δ14C analyses were needed. Funds were also used to pay for Yohei Matsui to attend the ASLO meeting (see section

2 for details) and present the findings of this research.

Removal of the Greenhouse Gas, Methane, Due to Increased Oxidation in

No-Tillage Agricultural Fields Led by Warren A. Dick, School of Environment and Natural Resources

College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences in collaboration with

Pierre Andre-Jacinthe, Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis

1. Project Description:

Croplands can be net emitters or biological sinks for greenhouse gases depending on land-use and management practices. Land use change and agricultural activities contribute an estimated

25%, 60-65% and 90% of the total anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions, respectively. In recent years, numerous assessments have been made

to evaluate the potential of soil under no-tillage croplands to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. No-tillage farming is a way of producing crops without any tilling of the soil and can provide many ecoservice benefits such as reduced erosion, improved water quality and

improved crop yields. In terms of greenhouse gases, most attention has been on the impact of no-tillage to remove CO2 from the atmosphere and sequester carbon (C) in soils. Major uncertainties

remain with regard to the impact of no-tillage farming on other greenhouse gases.

The Ohio State University has been internationally recognized as having expertise in researching

and promoting no-tillage agriculture. The longest continuously maintained no-tillage plots in the world are in Ohio and these plots have been very instrumental in making important discoveries

about the interaction of soils, crops, climate and tillage for almost 50 years. Long-term no-tillage farming is expected to be beneficial in promoting methane oxidation, and thus its removal from the atmosphere. Until now, however, this has only been a working hypothesis and experimental

data were lacking to assess its validity. In order for our science to continue to inform our policy decisions, it is critical that we generate accurate methane removal rates for no-tillage systems.

This information will also be useful in promoting better modeling, at landscape scale levels, of the impact of no-tillage on the fate of methane. No-tillage agriculture is currently being practiced on about 25% of all farmland in the United States and estimates are that as more marginal lands

are put into production to boost production of food and other raw materials, this percentage will increase.

The main hypothesis of this research is that the longer no-tillage is continuously applied to a

soil to produce crops, the greater becomes the soil’s ability and potential to oxidize methane,

thus removing methane’s greenhouse warming impact. We therefore initiated a study to assess the effectiveness of soils, managed using no-tillage crop practices, to oxidize methane and

remove it from the atmosphere. The studies were conducted on similar soil types and in the same ecoregion, in order to isolate the impact of tillage from other factors.

137

2. Products and Deliverables:

2A. Preliminary Research Results

This Seed Grant supported the development of a sampling protocol to create a greenhouse gas inventory for soils with different number of years of continuous no-till crop production.

► Gas sampling technique: Static chamber technique using chambers made of polyvinyl rings of 20 cm height by 30 cm diameter (Figure 1) were made.

► Measurement of gas samples: Gas samples are taken using a syringe and then analyzed using an automated gas chromatograph (Varian CP 3800) interfaced with a Combi Pal autosampler.

Figure 1. Installing the chambers (A), closing the lids to begin gas flux measurement (B), taking a gas sample (C), and storing air sample in a vial until analysis by gas chromatography (D).

A proposal was submitted to the USDA-Agricultural Food Research Initiative program and funding was received. The money from this seed grant was important in establishing field

research sites and applying the sampling protocol. ► Chronosequence experimental sites: Six locations that include Mount Gilead (7 years no-

till), Mount Gilead (14 years no-till), Bucyrus (11 years no-till), Centerburg (34 years no-till), Wooster and South Charleston (47 years no-till).

► Tillage applications: No-till and moldboard plow tillage (Figure 2). ► Cropping system: Corn-soybean and corn-oat-meadow crop rotations and adjacent forested area (reference site).

► Experimental design: Randomized block design with minimum of three replicates. ► Soil temperatures and moisture: Each plot was instrumented with four static chambers, as

well as soil temperature and moisture probes. ► Data analysis: Greenhouse gas flux data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with years under no-till as the class variable and sampling time as the

repeated-measure factor. Annual flux and global warming mitigation potential of no-till practice at each study site was computed by using a time horizon of 100 years. Relationships between

greenhouse gas fluxes and soil properties were explored using both regression and principal component analysis.

138

Preliminary results revealed (1) highest CO2 fluxes from the soil to atmosphere were observed

from forested soils and lowest CO2 fluxes from no-till soils, (2) Highest CH4 fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere were observed in moldboard plow soils and lowest CH4 fluxes from no-till

soils, and (3) highest N2O fluxes from the soil to the atmosphere were observed from moldboard plow soils and lowest fluxes from the forested soils.

Describe in this section the already realized or future expected outcomes from the seed

grant. This section will contain the bulk of the report, thus it could be a couple of pages, but probably no need for much more than that. Focus on accomplishments such as published papers, manuscripts that have been submitted for review, and new research partnerships formed as a

result of the seed grant funding (e.g., you might be working with a colleague that previously you have not had published interactions). Additionally, it is important to indicate the names of

graduate students, post-graduate researchers, and faculty funded by the seed grant. Include people who have received both full and partial support and indicate their departmental and college affiliations. Be sure to also include media reports about your research, interviews you

Figure 2. No-till (bottom) uses a systems approach to crop production where crops are grown

with minimal soil disturbance and the soil is kept covered with crop residue to conserve soil and water. Moldboard plow (top) uses a system to dig the soil and invert it for quick decaying of surface trash and stubbles. This leaves the soil open to erosion and to loss of valuable organic

matter (i.e humus).

2B. Presentations

1. Bilen1, S., Jagadamma, S.2 and Dick. W.A.2 2001.

Greenhouse gas budget in a widespread tillage chronosequence (poster presentation). 1Ataturk University, Faculty of Agriculture,

Department of Soil Science, 25240 Erzerum, Turkey. 2The Ohio State University, School of Environment

and Natural Resources, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691.

Dr. Serdar Bilen is a visiting scientist from Turkey that was assigned to this project. He was selected to present a poster at the 4th Annual International

No-till

Moldboard Plow Moldboard Plow

No-till

139

Scholar Research Exposition (2009). The poster prepared by Dr. Bilen was displayed immediately outside the office door of President Gordon Gee for several months.

2. Bilen, S.1,2, Jagadamma, S.2, Jacinthe, P.A.3, Shrestha, R.4 and Dick, W.A.2 2010,

Greenhouse gas fluxes in a tillage chronosequence (poster presentation).

1Ataturk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey 2The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 3Indiana Univ.-Purdue Univ. (IUPUI), Department of Earth Sciences 723 W. Michigan Street, SL 122, Indianapolis, IN 46202 4The Ohio State University, School of Environment and Natural Resources

2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH

Abstract submitted and poster paper accepted for presentation at the 2010 Annual Meeting of

the Soil Science Society of America, Long Beach, CA (Oct 31-Nov 4, 2010).

3. New Research Funding:

3A. Funded Jacinthe, P-A.1, Dick, W.A.2 and Lal, R.3 2009. Greenhouse gas budget and methane dynamics in

a no-tillage chronosequence. USDA-NRICGP Air Quality Program 28.0. 1Indian University-Purdue University in Indianapolis ($182,231) and The Ohio State University, 2Columbus ($95,604) and 3Wooster ($122,157), OH. Total amount of funds, $399,992. 3B. In Preparation

Dick, W.A.1, Eivazi, F.2, Islam, R.3, Brown, M.3 and Reeder, R.4 2010. Sustainable production of biofeedstocks: Integrating ecological, environmental and economic components. Proposal to be

submitted to USDA-AFRI Sustainable Bioenergy Research Program. Proposal due date is June 14, 2010. Total request, $1 million. 1School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH. 2Department of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, MO. 3The Ohio State University - South Centers, Piketon, OH. 4Department of Food, Agriculture &

Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Expenditures for first six months (January – June, 2009): 1. Personnel - $7,068 2. Benefits for personnel - $1,850

3. Supplies - $9,591 4. Vehicles (fuel, repair/maintenance/rental) - $237

5. Purchased analytical services in STAR Laboratory - $3303 Total = $22,049

140

Expenditures for second six months (July 1 – December 31, 2009)

1. Personnel - $19,515 2. Benefits for personnel - $6,210

3. Supplies - $329 4. Vehicles (fuel, repair/maintenance/rental) - $191 5. Purchased analytical services in STAR Laboratory - $415

6. Dues and membership - $59 Total = $26,719

Expenditures for third six months (January 1 – June 30, 2010) 1. Personnel - $723

2. Benefits for personnel - $221 3. Supplies - $224

4. Mailing services - $64 Total = $1,232

TOTAL PROJECT = $22,049 + $26,719 + $1,232 = $50,000

Characterizing Black Carbon (BC) Deposition in Arctic Regions

Led by Y-P. Chin, SES, BPRC and J. Barker, SES, BPRC

1. Project Description:

Recent reports of global pollutants and their role in climate forcing in pristine arctic environments highlight the impact of local human activities on global climate. While many climate studies have focused on CO2 derived from fossil fuel combustion other

anthropogenically derived atmospheric constituents may also play an important role. For example increases in black carbon (BC) emissions since 1976 have contributed to

Arctic climate warming and BC is second to increasing CO2 concentrations in contributing to global climate warming (Jacobson, 2001; Bond and Sun, 2005). The incomplete combustion of vegetation and fossil fuels produces BC as char and soot,

respectively, and BC production has increased during the last century due to increased deforestation, agricultural expansion and fossil fuel combustion. BC may be transported

as an atmospheric aerosol for days or weeks before being scavenged by precipitation and deposited, and as such, may be dispersed great distances from its source. BC is the dominant absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols and heats the troposphere,

while parts per billion amounts of BC in snow may reduce snow albedo significantly, thus increasing solar heating and potentially affecting Arctic climate and sea ice stability

(Hegg et al., 2009). As such, BC may play a major role in Arctic warming. The accumulation zone of glaciers function as archives for the chemical composition of the atmosphere as aerosols are deposited onto glacier surfaces and

progressively accumulated in glacier ice. The examination of the chemical and physical properties of ice cores has yielded valuable long-term temporal records of atmospheric

composition. In the case of atmospherically deposited BC, ice cores from Arctic glaciers preserve a record of biomass and fossil fuel burning in North America, Europe and Asia

141

(McConnell et al., 2007). Previous investigations examining BC abundance in ice cores and have employed backward air trajectory analysis to determine BC source area

(Sharma et al., 2006). However, specific sources of BC and their contributions to BC deposition have never been accomplished for the Arctic. BC morphology is dependent

on organic source material and by examining this property and the abundance of BC in ice cores at different depth intervals, it is possible to derive the relative contribution of fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning to the total BC load onto Arctic ecosystems

over time. Thus, using this approach we can address the CWC founding question of how the carbon cycle is being disrupted by human activities (e.g., increased biomass

burning or fossil fuel combustion) specifically at high latitudes, and assess possible measures to re-balance the carbon cycle (e.g., legislation controlling specific activities). The goal of this investigation is to examine shallow ice cores from several Arctic

locations to determine a) temporal and spatial trends in BC abundance, and b) specific sources of Arctic BC.

2. Products and Deliverables:

This grant has funded the establishment of a sample preparation laboratory at Byrd

Polar Research Center. Funds from this CWC Seed Grant has contributed to the purchase of a combustion furnace and drying oven. These are two pieces of equipment

that are crucial to the isolation of BC from ice cores onto filter membranes. Due to logistical constraints, specifically Drs. Wadham and Sharp being on sabbatical in 2009 and 2010, we have been unable to collect the ice core samples and begin our analysis.

J. Barker has made arrangements to travel to Bristol University in September 2010, and University of Alberta in October, 2010 to collect these samples.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding:

No data has been collected yet, but we anticipate that results resulting from this

grant will form the basis for a funding application to the NSF in 2011. 4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

Total funds: = $30,242.00

End of first year of funding (2009-first half 2010): $3,909 = combustion furnace and drying oven for laboratory

Anticipated costs for 2010 (second half): $ 2,309 = travel and accommodation to Bristol (Sept. 2010)

$ 3,206 = travel and accommodation to Edmonton (Oct. 2010) $ 10,000 = salary for Barker (summer 2010)

$ 1,500 = analytical $ 6,850 = hire personnel, M.S. student $ 1,400 = purchase computer

$ 1,000 = dissemination

142

Improving Estimates of Water Resources Stored in Seasonal Snowpack

Led by M. Durand, Byrd Polar Research Center in collaboration with

D. Liu, Department of Geography and Department of Statistics

1. Project Description: This project is designed to directly address the Climate Water Carbon question of “What

is the spatial and temporal variability in terrestrial surface water storage, and how can we predict these variations more accurately?” In the Western U.S., seasonal snow cover is the dominating source of runoff that 60 million people depend on for water. The limitations on our knowledge of

water resources stored as snow arise because ground-based observations are not distributed across a range of physiographic conditions that control snow distribution. Similarly, remotely

sensed capabilities use overly simplistic algorithms to characterize snow using passive microwave (PM) measurements. The objective of this work is to demonstrate the need for prior information for accurately estimating SWE from PM measurements. A Bayesian approach to this

problem is far more suited to our objective, and will be used. Upon demonstrating the need for prior information in this case study using in situ measurements, we will pursue external funding

to improve current estimates of SWE from spaceborne PM measurements.

2. Products and Deliverables:

One of the key deliverables we will produce from this research is an implementation of the complex MCMC algorithm to solve the HBM equations for SWE estimation, which will be

used to evaluate the need for prior information for estimating SWE from PM measurements. This analysis will be useful in writing proposals for new external moneys (on which see below). This will also establish a benchmark for evaluating simpler retrieval data assimilation algorithms.

Another key deliverable from this project will be two regular-length journal articles. The first manuscript will present the algorithm and compare it to existing SWE estimation

algorithms. For the second manuscript, our working title is: “The need for prior information for estimating snow water equivalent from passive microwave measurements.” We aim to submit this paper within nine months of the project start date to the Journal of Geophysical Research –

Atmospheres.

2.A: Implementation of the MCMC algorithm for SWE estimation Thus far, CWC funding has gone to support PI Durand and Co-PI Liu in working to

implement the algorithm. At this time, we have successfully implemented most of the required functionality for the algorithm. We have validated the ability to estimate snow parameters such

as depth and the number of snow layers for many different types of snow. We are still working on a particularly difficult part of the implementation. The difficulty arises because the number of

layers in the snowpack is itself unknown. This means that, ideally, the length of the parameter vector changes from one iteration to the next. There are several ways to proceed. Once the difficulty is surmounted, we will finalize our work, and publish the algorithms, and pursue

external funding.

2.B: Presentation of the algorithm at upcoming meetings We plan for PI Durand to present this work at the American Geophysical Union meeting

in San Francisco in December, and for Co-PI Liu to present this work at the Spatial Statistics March 2011 meeting in Enschede, Netherlands.

143

2.C: Manuscript development We have two manuscripts in progress. Our first manuscript will simply present the

MCMC algorithm in the context of SWE estimation. This is very important, since these methods are very new to the field of hydrology. We are targeting Remote Sensing of Environment for this

manuscript, and it is already in preparation. The second manuscript will utilize this algorithm to demonstrate that prior information is needed for SWE estimation using passive microwave measurements. We are targeting Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres for this

submission.

2.D: New colleagues upcoming proposal and collaborative opportunities During a recent trip to Boise State University, this work was presented to Dr. Alejandro Flores, and to Dr. H. P. Marshall, researchers with interest in data assimilation and snow hydrology remote sensing, respectively. Such presentations are important in developing

partnerships for generating new funding.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: Our strategy at this time is to finish the implementation of our algorithms and to submit

the two manuscripts noted in the previous section before submitting proposals utilizing these algorithms. We are targeting the next fiscal year’s NASA ROSES calls, as well as the NSF

hydrology program, which has a December 2010 deadline. For both projects, we plan to submit three-year proposals of approximately $500,000.

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs: Total Funds = $50,000

End of First Six Months of Funding, late 2009: Total first six months funds, $23,000

1. Estimate conditional probability distributions using the LSM and RTM, Durand, $14,350 2. Implement MCMC algorithm to solve the HBM equations, Liu, $8,650

End of Second Six Months of Funding, mid 2010:

Total of second six months of funds, $27,000 1. Calculate posterior distribution of snowpack states, Durand and Liu, $23,000

2. Present results at American Geophysical Union*, December 2010, Durand, $1500 3. Present results at a statistics professional meeting*, February 2011 Liu, $1500 4. Submit journal article, Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, July

2010, $1000 5. Submit proposal for external funding

* Indicates that expenditures is planned to occur after the second six months of funding.

144

Modeling Coupled Human and Natural Systems in the Chad Basin Led by Mark Moritz, Anthropology, Social and Behavioral Sciences (SBS)

in collaboration with Doug Alsdorf

Ningchuan Xiao

David Kraybill Kostas Andreadis Hahn Chul Jung

1. Project Description: This project examines how human activities and climate change are affecting spatial and

temporal variability in surface water in the Logone floodplain of Cameroon. Located in the Chad Basin, the Logone floodplain is of exceptional ecological and socio-economical importance for agricultural, pastoral, and fishery systems. The hydrological, ecological, and social systems of

these floodplains are very dynamic and highly interconnected. Extent and depth of the yearly flooding determines vegetation productivity and composition. Since yearly flooding extent is

highly variable, the quantity and quality of vegetation also varies considerably. There is evidence that the management system of mobile pastoralists, who make use of the floodplains for dry season grazing, is adapted to this variability in vegetation. Such systems are typically referred to

as Coupled Human and Natural systems (CHANS). The annual flooding is the primary driver in this coupled system, but there is evidence

that the flooding is now strongly affected by human activities, in particular an exponential growth in fish canals. Fish canals connect depressions with the rivers that run through the plain. When the water levels decrease, water flows from the depressions through the canals to the river

where fishermen have placed nets. Because of the thousands of fish canals, the floodplain drains now much earlier and dries much faster with disastrous consequences for the ecological and social systems. Fish populations are collapsing and fishery revenues are declining, while the

pastures can support fewer mobile pastoralists because the decline in soil moisture no longer sustains the important regrowth of pastures after fire. This classic tragedy of the commons is the

result of social and institutional changes, in particular the breakdown of the traditional management systems and a greater individualization of fishing strategies.

Previous studies of the Logone floodplain have focused on the effects of large-scale dams

on the social, ecological and hydrological systems in the Logone floodplain. In 1979 the Cameroonian government with support of the French constructed dams along the Logone River

and between Guirvidig and Pouss to create a reservoir for the irrigated rice cultivation project SEMRY II. The dams changed the hydrology of the Logone floodplain and led to a significant reduction in the flooding, which had devastating consequences for the ecological and social

systems in the floodplain. In order to reverse the ecological degradation and promote sustainable socio-economic development of the floodplain, the Waza-Logone Project started a pilot

reflooding effort in 1994. The limited reflooding was an enormous success: the ecological system rebounded and the pastoral, agricultural, and fishery systems saw a strong economic recovery. However, the reflooding efforts of the Waza-Logone Project are now being undone by

their own success. The economic development in the region has led to an almost exponential growth in the number of fish canals in the floodplain.

While people in the floodplain recognize that there are dramatic changes in the ecology and hydrology, there have been no studies of the impact of the fish canals. Research and development continues to be focused on the large dams of SEMRY II, rather than the thousands

of smaller fish canals of subsistence fishermen that collectively have the same impact on the

145

floodplain. The question is how these coupled social, ecological and hydrological systems in the Chad Basin are affected by the growth of fish canals. The goal of this project is to build an

integrated computer model that simulates the coupled social, ecological and hydrological systems in the Chad Basin. The CHANS model will assess the impact of the fish canals on

hydrological, ecological, and social systems in the floodplains. In addition, the CHANS model will allow us to examine the effects of different climate change scenarios. Climate change will most likely lead to greater variation in inter and intra-annual rainfall and flooding patterns and

exacerbate the impact of the fish canals on the floodplain.

2. Products and Deliverables: There are no products and deliverables yet as we are in the process of developing the

grant proposals. We have assembled an interdisciplinary team of OSU researchers to write the

grant proposal and conduct the research consisting of: Mark Moritz (Anthropology), Doug Alsdorf (Earth Science), Ningchuan Xiao (Geography), David Kraybill (Agricultural,

Environmental, and Development Economics), Kostas Andreadis (post-doctoral researcher in Earth Science), and Hahn Chul Jung (graduate student in Earth Science).

We have also developed collaborations with researchers and administrators at Maroua

University in Cameroon, the Association Camerounaise pour l’Education Environnementale (ACEEN), which is a local NGO aiming at educating communities of the Lake Chad Basin for a

sustainable use of natural resources, and the Centre d’Appui a la Recherche et au Pastoralisme (CARPA), another local NGO that provides support for research on pastoral populations. These international collaborations are critical for the grant proposal and successful completion of the

research. Saïdou Kari, the project coordinator of CARPA, also met with the research team at OSU to discuss the situation in the floodplain. ACEEN provided us with a database with

information about 984 canals, which is most (if not all) of the fish canals in the Logone floodplain, including the location, length, width, owner, yield, costs, and year of construction.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding: This CWC seed grant has not generated new research or funding at this time. The goal of

this CWC Seed Grant is to support the development of a grant proposal that will be submitted to the Dynamics of Coupled Natural and Human Systems (CNH) program of the National Science Foundation in November 2010 (NSF 07-598). We have also identified two other sources of

funding: the Water Sustainability and Climate (WSC) program of the National Science Foundation (NSF 10-524, deadline: March 15, 2011) and the NASA ROSES program, which has

issued a call for proposals that specifically focus on wetlands and integrate a strong social science component of land-cover and land-use change (deadline: December 1, 2010).

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs: Total Funds = $ 33,602

I requested faculty release time for Spring 2010 to work on the grant writing. I used funds from an other grant (NSF BCS-0748594) to travel to the Far North Cameroon and conduct preliminary fieldwork and to develop new collaborations with researchers and administrators at

Maroua University in Cameroon and the Association Camerounaise pour l’Education Environnementale (ACEEN), which is a local NGO aiming at educating communities of the

Lake Chad Basin for a sustainable use of natural resources. I did not travel to Belgium to meet

146

with collaborators because I have developed collaborations with hydrologists at the Ohio State University.

End of First Six Months of Funding, September-December 2009

Total first six months funds, $0

End of Second Six Months of Funding, January-May 2010: Total of second six months of funds, $ 33,602

14. Course release Mark Moritz, $ 33,602

Assessing Mid-Holocene Aridity in the Midwestern United States: A Field-based

Approach Incorporating Regional Climate Model Output

Led by David Porinchu, Geography, SBS

1. Project Description

Best estimates from general circulation models (GCMs) suggest that future

global surface temperatures will be 1.8oC to 4.0oC warmer than at present by 2100 A.D. (IPCC 2007). This increase in surface temperature will increase drought stress, severely impact agricultural production, and increase Midwest vulnerability to severe forest fires

(Wuebbles and Hayhoe 2004). The societal and economic impacts of such increases in drought frequency, persistence and/or intensity in the Midwest would be tremendous.

Improving our understanding of regional climate dynamics would provide a basis for making more informed policy decisions which are aimed at ameliorating the adverse effects of future climate change. This research project involves developing new records

of paleohydrology for central Ohio with the primary objective to improve our understanding of the causal mechanism(s) that sustained drought for thousands of

years in the continental interior of North America during the warmer mid-Holocene (~ 6kyr BP). Although the mid-Holocene is an imperfect analogue of future conditions, improving our understanding of Midwestern U.S. climate dynamics during this interval

will provide valuable insight to the possible nature of future conditions and the potential feedbacks that may be important in future warm climate scenarios.

This project has established an international collaborative team (Aaron Potito, National University Ireland) with relevant expertise to investigate and identify the potential mechanisms responsible for the millennial-scale aridity that characterized the

mid-West during the mid-Holocene. The seed grant has been strategically designed to: 1) further a research program, previously funded by the American Philosophical Society,

that is centered on improving our understanding of climate variability in Ohio; and 2) provide material that can be used to demonstrate proof-of-concept for a January 2011 proposal submission to the Geography and Spatial Sciences program at NSF.

147

IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Summary for Policymakers: A Report of Working Group I of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Secretariat, Switzerland, 18 pp.

Wuebbles, D., and K. Hayhoe, 2004: Climate change projections for the United States Midwest. Mitig. Adapt. Strat. Glob. Change, 9, 335-363.

2. Products and Deliverables

This effort has successfully established a new interdisciplinary research collaboration and strengthened partnerships between international research groups (USA, Ireland) interested in climate modeling and paleoclimatology and water resource management.

Funding for this project was received in late summer 2009. It is expected that the funds provided by the CWC will lead directly to: 1) the development of two new, quantitative,

hydroclimatological records for central Ohio; and 2) the preliminarily comparison of proxy-model simulations of mid-Holocene climate for the region. Fieldwork, undertaken in Autumn 2009, resulted in the recovery of complete Holocene

sediment sequence from a small lake in central Ohio (Brown’s Lake). Laboratory analyses (stratigraphy, organic carbon, sedimentology, biotic proxies) are nearing

completion. This project has exposed graduate (Reinemann) and undergraduate students (Soltesz, Liggett) to global change research, paleoenvironmental fieldwork and laboratory and data analyses. This project will form the basis of Soltesz’s undergraduate

research project. It is expected that this research will be presented at the Denman undergraduate research forum. A submission of a manuscript describing the response

of regional hydroclimatology to large-scale climate forcing during the HTM is planned for the early 2011. Further fieldwork and laboratory analyses will be conducted through summer and fall 2010.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding

The proposed research will serve as a proof of concept to support a January 2011 submission to the Geography and Spatial Sciences program at NSF. The anticipated NSF proposal submission will involve: 1) developing, well-constrained, high-resolution

paleo-records of hydroclimatology for the upper Midwestern U.S. during the mid-Holocene and; 2) using these records to assess and evaluate numerical simulations of

mid-Holocene climate at 20 km resolution for this region. The expected proposal will involve cross-college collaboration with researchers in The Byrd Polar Research Center (Bromwich, Otieno).

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs

Total Funds = $50,000

End of First Six Months of Funding, February 2010: Total first six months funds, $9850

1. Hire personnel: Undergraduate RAs ($1500) 1. Paul Soltesz (Geography)

2. Michael Liggett (Geography) 2. Travel to collect data, $750 3. Field Equipment (Zodiac, GPS, echo sounder), $3340

148

4. Laboratory and Computer Supplies (graphing software, misc. laboratory glassware and reagents, memory cards, coring equipment), $2200

5. Laboratory Analyses (radiocarbon analyses – Beta Analytic), $2400

End of Second Six Months of Funding, August 2010:

Total of second six months of funds, $19,000 1. Continue to fund personnel (Soltesz, Liggett), $4000 2. Travel to collect additional sediment cores, $2000

3. Laboratory and Computer Supplies (core storage, misc. lab supplies), $3000 4. Laboratory Analyses (radiocarbon analyses – Beta Analytic), $10,000

Remaining funds will be used to support continued undergraduate participation, laboratory analyses and fieldwork through 2010.

Developing paleoceanographic proxies for assessing sea-ice change and its impact on

carbon cycle in the Arctic Ocean

Led by Leonid Polyak, Byrd Polar Research Center, OSU

In collaboration with Andrea Grottoli, SES OSU July 2009 – June 2010

1. Project Description:

The project aims at investigating a relationship between Quaternary planktonic and benthic foraminifers with sea-ice conditions and attendant circulation patterns in the Arctic

Ocean, which are related to carbon cycle in the Arctic. Our evaluation of the BPRC collection of sediment cores from the Arctic Ocean allowed us to select sites and stratigraphic intervals most informative for the study of past climate changes. In particular, we focus on intervals with low-

ice conditions such as the Last Interglacial (LIG), and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), when the world climate shifted to the full ‘Icehouse’ mode possibly in connection with a major

step decline in atmospheric pCO2. We have collected and processed samples from four selected sediment cores from the

western Arctic Ocean (Mendeleev and Northwind ridges). Processing included freeze-drying of

sediment, wet-sieving at 63 μm, dry sieving at 125 and/or 150 μm, counting foraminifers and/or specific mineral grains in coarse fractions, and picking planktonic and benthic foraminifers for

stable-isotope (δ18O and δ13C) and 14C measurements. Stable isotopes were analysed at the OSU Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry Lab directed by A. Grottoli; accelerator mass-spectrometry 14C determinations were performed at the Keck AMS Laboratory (University of California, Irvine).

OSU Microscopy and Imaging Facility was used for SEM imaging to facilitate identification of foraminiferal species.

Preliminary results indicate significant changes in planktonic and benthic foraminiferal composition at major paleoclimatic events such as the MPT and the LIG. A turnover in benthic foraminiferal fauna, with the extinction of a number of species was identified in the western

Arctic Ocean at the end of the MPT, co-occurring with a dramatic increase in sediment delivery from the Laurentide provenance sources. These changes are interpreted as a threshold spread of

perennial sea ice over the entire Arctic Ocean, coeval with the expansion of the North American

149

Ice Sheets. The causal relashionship between these events is yet to be investigated. In any case, the establishment of the perennial ice cover had to affect the Arctic carbon cycle. Our data

further indicate that since that time perennial ice conditions prevailed except for short intervals during some interglacials such as Marine Isotopic Stages 11, 5e (LIG), and 5a.

2. Products and Deliverables

Data generated and research interpretations stemming from this project are being

prepared for publication(s). Preliminary results have been used in two proposals submitted by Polyak to the NSF: for the Paleo-Perspective of Climate Change Initiative (P2C2) and for the

Arctic Natural Sciences program of the Office of Polar Programs. Results have been used in several presentations at international conferences:

Crawford, K.A., Polyak, L., Adler, R.E., 2010. Subpolar planktonic foraminifers in the

Quaternary Arctic Ocean and their role for paleoclimatic reconstructions. 40th Annual Arctic Workshop, Winter Park, Colorado, March 2010.

Gray, R., Polyak, L., Crawford, K.A., Council, E.A., Darby, D.A., Grottoli, A., 2010. Depth-dependent sedimentation patterns on the Mendeleev Ridge, central Arctic Ocean. 40th Annual Arctic Workshop, Winter Park, Colorado, March 2010.

Polyak, L., Crawford, K.A., Gray, R., Council, E.A., 2010. Late Cenozoic history of Arctic sea ice: seasonal vs. perennial. 4th Annual Conference on Arctic Paleoclimate

and its Extremes (APEX), Iceland, May 2010. An invited talk has also been given by Polyak at the University of Michigan (January 2010).

Two MS students have been supported from this grant: Kevin Crawford (graduation

2010) and Rachael Gray (graduation 2011-2012). Both students received training in handling sediment core material and participated in various aspects of the laboratory work and research. In

addition, a PhD student from Wright State University, Edward Council (co-advised by Polyak) participated in this project at no expense to the CWC grant.

Project activities and initial results helped foster a collaboration with Brian Haley

(Oregon State University), a young investigator in geochemistry, who became a co-PI on the proposal submitted to the NSF. One of Polyak’s MS students is expected to go to Oregon State to

get a training and perform the anaylses of radiogenic isotopes in Arctic sediment samples under Haley’s direction .

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding

One of the proposals submitted by Polyak to the NSF (P2C2 initiative) in relation to the

CWC grant has been recently recommended for funding. The amount of the expected award to the OSU (BPRC) is $335,814 for the duration of three years. The other submitted proposal is currently under consideration.

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs:

End of First Year of Funding, mid 2010 Total Funds, $49,984 Funds spent or committed, 25,299:

1. Hire personnel (salary and fringes): Leonid Polyak, PI, $6,615

Kevin Crawford, Graduate Research Assistant, $5,857

150

Rachael Gray, Graduate Research Assistant, $5,857 2. Tuition and fees, $6,970

3. Stable isotope analyses (SES OSU), $2,327 4. Radiocarbon analyses (U. California, Irvine), $820

Unobligated funds will be spent within the next six months for salary (PI and undergraduate lab assistant) and miscellaneous supplies and lab expenses.

Progress Report

The Global Impact of Terrestrial Surface Waters on the Distribution of Water-Related Infectious Diseases

Led by

Song Liang, Environmental Health Sciences, CPH in collaboration with

Doug Alsdorf, School of Earth Sciences, BMPS

Carolyn Merry, Civil & Environmental Engineering, CoE Jeff LeJeune, Food Animal Health Research Program, OARDC

1. Project Description:

Infectious diseases remain among the leading causes of deaths and disability worldwide. Great efforts have been made to understand the impacts of environmental, ecological, and socio-economic factors on global patterns of these diseases, while poorly understood is the impact of

hydrological processes, particularly those related to dynamic patterns of terrestrial surface waters. For example, to what extent do wetlands, floodplains, lakes, and reservoirs influence the

distribution and incidence of water-related infectious diseases? Is this a simple relationship where a growing body of water coupled with a pathogen yields an incremental number of infected people? Many complicating factors, such as biology of pathogens, ecological changes,

and status of ecological development, are involved. Through an interdisciplinary approach of epidemiology and hydrology, we propose to examine the relationship between spatial and

temporal variations in terrestrial surface water and the distribution, emergence, and re-emergence of water-related infectious diseases at regional and global scales. OSU is well-suited for this work. We are the hydrologic home for a new NASA satellite mission specifically designed to

measure all of the world’s freshwater bodies. Our hydrology and epidemiology expertise is well recognized, including publications in Nature, Science, and PNAS. The opportunity for future

funding from NASA, NIH, and several foundations is substantial.

2. Products and Deliverables:

In this pilot project our overall objectives are to understand if the changes in the space and time patterns and in the availability of global terrestrial surface waters have any impact on

151

the distribution, emergence, and re-emergence of water-related infectious diseases. Our specific aims are to (1) construct a global database for water-related infectious diseases and

environmental, ecological, and socio-economic parameters; (2) assess of the use of remote sensing to estimate key parameters associated with terrestrial surface water resources at the

global scale; (3) test the hypothesis that changes in spatio-temporal distributions of terrestrial surface water drive the emergence and re-mergence of water-related infectious diseases; and (4) develop a predictive risk model and generate risk maps of water-related infectious diseases.

2.1 Details for Aim 1: Construction of a global database for water-related infectious

diseases and socio-environmental factors

The task for this specific aim is the foundation for the whole project. This work started in

the mid-February of 2009 when Dr. Kun Yang of China CDC joined us to work on the project.

In August 2009 we have completed development of the database based on comprehensive and extensive literature review (primary sources of references are from Taylor et al., 2001; Guernier

et al., 2004; and Jones et al., 2008) and subscription to the Global Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Network database (http://www.cyinfo.com). We have identified 1415 pathogens and 346 diseases and developed structures of the database for both pathogens and diseases,

respectively. The database has three major components – the first contains general information about the pathogens and infectious diseases, the second part relates to epidemiology (e.g.

distribution), and the third is outbreak information about the pathogens and disease. For each pathogen/disease, we review first the general information which includes names

of the specific disease and the causal agent such as genus and species, taxonomic group of disease (e.g., bacteria, virus, fungi, and helminthes), and their emerging or re-emerging status

based on the WHO definitions. The year when the first cluster of pathogen and/or disease was reported is carefully reviewed through literature search and geographical location of the occurrence is derived. For each subject, its transmission pathway (direct transmission, vector

transmission, direct environmental transmission, indirect environmental transmission, zoonotic vector transmission, and non-vector zoonotic transmission based on the classification scheme

developed earlier by us), relationship to water (water-borne, water-based, water-related, and water dispersed, each of them has specific definition), whether a vector (e.g. insects) and/or other animals are part of the pathogen circulation are analyzed and identified. Epidemiological

information includes endemic/epidemic countries and the first or earliest year when the disease/pathogen was reported. Outbreak information includes time and place of the outbreak.

Geographical information (e.g. longitudinal and latitudinal information of each pathogen, disease, and outbreak) are derived. All three components of the database are linked through a common identifier.

In addition, a global socio-environmental database has also been developed. The database

includes information on population and economic status which are derived from various sources. Grid data on world population and population density for 1990, 1995, 2000, 20005, and 2010, global land-cover data for 2000 have been collected.

152

2.2 Details for Aim 2: Development of global water database

The primary structure (for information needed for exploring the disease/pathogen-water relationships) has been developed. The team has been working with Drs. C.K. Shum and

Hyongki Lee in developing specific water parameters that can be estimated from satellite images in certain selected regions. Over the past year through our work, we have found that data for water resources at a global scale which is appropriate for the exploration of the link between

water and infectious disease lacking. However, data at regional and local scales are gradually available from different research groups, institutions, and agencies and we have developed

databases at local scale for specific diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. Information on the global coverage of water distribution and global ecological zones has been collected from Global Lakes and Wetland Database (GLWD) and Global Database for Ecological Zones. Their

utilities have been explored and we have recognized both its strengths and weaknesses, which have been discussed in our upcoming manuscript.

2.3 Details for Aim 3: Analyzing global distribution of water-related infectious diseases

and risk factors

Our first analysis has focused on describing global distribution of water-related infectious

diseases and determining risk factors that may be associated with such distributions. A total of 1,428 outbreak events were included in the study, among which 70.9% (1,012) are associated with water-borne diseases, and 46.7% (667) associated with emerging or reemerging diseases.

Fifty percent of outbreak events (709) with known etiological causes were caused by bacteria, 39.3% (561) by viruses, and the rest by parasites. Outbreak events recorded in this database were

significantly correlated with socio-economic and environmental factors. Population density is a risk factor for all categories of water-related diseases; accumulated temperature is a risk factor for water-related diseases; and the area of water body is reversely related to outbreak events

associated with water-washed diseases; and the relationship between the average annual rainfall and water-borne and water-related diseases are significantly negative. The models show that

west Europe, central Africa special Rwanda and Burundi, north India are the high risk areas for water-borne diseases (e.g. Escherichia coli diarrhea); west Europe, north Africa, and Latin America are more vulnerable to water-washed diseases (e.g., Conjunctivitis - viral), and water-

based diseases (e.g., schistosomiasis) are more likely to occur in east Brazil, north-west African special Mali and Cote d’Ivoire, central African special Ethiopia and Kenya and south-east of

China; and high risk areas for water-related diseases (e.g., malaria and Dengue fever) are focused in central Africa special Ethiopia and Kenya and north India; and high risk areas for water-dispersed diseases (e.g., Legionella) are focused in west Europe. A manuscript coming out of the

study is to be submitted.

Our ongoing analyses have moved from the global analysis to regional and local analyses with a focus on (1) distribution of Opisthorchis Viverrini (a vector-borne parasitic disease) and its snail intermediate host, and environmental risk factors in Southeast Asia; (2) re-emergent

malaria transmission in Anhui Province, China. More grants proposals based on this pilot project are upcoming.

153

3. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs: CWC/PHPID Funding: Jan 2009 – Dec 2010, $ 100,000

Led by Dr. Song Liang (unpaid) Team Members: Dr. Doug Alsdorf (unpaid)

Dr. Carolyn Merry (unpaid) Dr. Jeff LeJeune (unpaid) Dr. Kun Yang (paid)

Dr. C.K. Shum (unpaid) Dr. Hyongki Lee (unpaid)

Mr. Chris Rea (GSA, partially paid)

4. Specific accomplishments:

Publications supported (either full or partial support) by the “Water and Infectious

Disease” sub-project

1. Zhang, W., Wang, L., Fang, L., Ma, J., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, J., Liang, S., Yang, H.,

Cao W. (2008). Spatial analysis of malaria in Anhui Province, China. Malaria Journal 7(1): 206

2. Fang, L.Q., Zhao, W.J., de Vlas, S.J., Zhang, W.Y., Liang, Ss., Looman, C.W.N., Yan, L., Wang, L.P., Ma, J.Q., Feng D., Yang H., Cao, W.C. (2009). Spatiotemporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Beijing, a newly-established endemic region. Emerging Infectious Disease, 15(12):2043-5

3. Fang, L.Q., de Vlas, S.J., Feng, D., Liang, S., Xu, Y.F., Zhou J.P., Richardus, J.H., Cao, W.C. (2009). Geographical spread of SARS in mainland China. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 14( Suppl., I): 1-7;

4. Zhang, J., Zhu, T., Mauzerall, D., Liang, S., Ezatti, M., Remais, J. (2010). Environmental Health in China: progress towards clear air and safe water. The Lancet, 375(9720):1110-1119

5. Fang, L.Qe., Wang , X.Je., Liang, Se,s., Li, Y.L., Song, S.X., Zhang, W.Y., Qian, Q., Li, Y.P., Wei, L,, Wang, Z.Q., Yang, H., Cao, W.C. (2010). Sptatio-temporal trend and climatic factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemic in Shandong Province, China. PLoS NTDs (Revision back)

6. Yang, K., LeJeune, J., Lu., B., Alsdorf, D., Liang, S. (2010). Global distribution of outbreaks of water-related infectious disease and risk factors. BMC Infectious Disease

(To be submitted) 7. Liang, S., Zhong, B., Seto, E., Remais, J., Carlton, E., Qiu, D.C., Xu, F., Spear, R.C.

(2010). Eliminating schistosomiasis transmission in irrigated agricultural environment in Sichuan, China. Bulletin of World Health Organization (To be submitted)

Water and Infectious Disease Presentations

1. Liang, S. (2010). Spatio-temporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in northern China. Statistical Methods for Geographic and Spatial Data in the Management of Natural Resources. Centre De Recherches Mathematiques, March 3-5,

Montreal, Canada 2. Symposium Organizer (2009), “Eliminating the Transmission of Schistosome in China–

Opportunities and Challenges”. Symposium 19, The 58th Annual Meeting the American

154

Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Washington DC, USA (Symposium organizer)

3. Fang, L.Q., Liang, Sc., Wang, X., de Vlas, S.J., Wang, Z., Song, S., Zhang W., Xu, Y., Yang, H., Cao, W.C. (2009). Spatial analysis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

in Shandong Province, Easter China, 1968-2005. The 58th Annual Meeting the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Washington DC, USA

4. Yang, K., LeJeune, J., Lu, B., Alsdorf, D., Liang, Sc,. (2009) Global distribution of

outbreaks of water-related infectious diseases and risk factors. The 58th Annual Meeting the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Washington DC, USA

5. Liang, S. (2009). Linking agricultural development to control water-related infectious diseases. Interntional Conference on Food, Environment and Health. Xi’an, China.

6. Liang, S., Spear, R., Zhong, B., Rea, C. (2009). Controlling schistosomiasis in irrigated

agricultural Region of China: An Integrated Ecosystem Approach. in Exploring the Dynamic Relationship Between Health and the Environment. Milstein Science

Symposium, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History. (Peer-reviewed)

7. Liang, S. (Nov. 2008). Water and infectious disease: an emerging global issue. Yunnan

University of Economics, China (Invited talk)

Funded projects associated with the “Water and Infectious Disease” Pilot Project

1. Pilot Testing: Epidemiological surveillance and investigation of illness reported by

neighbors of biosolids land application and other soil amendments (1/2009 – 12/2010, Franklin County Health Department (Prime: Water Environment Research Foundation,

PI: Liang, Co-PI: Buckley, Wilkins) 2. Designing surveillance strategies in schistosomiasis transmission controlled areas in

Sichuan, China (05/2009 – 4/2013, The Chinese NSF, PI: Qiu, Co-Is: Liang, Zhong)

3. Pilot study of livestock movements and disese epimiology in the Chad basin : modeling risks for animals and humans (9/2009 – 8/2011, TIE, The Ohio State University, PI :

Garabed , Co-Is: Morizt, Liang, Xiao) 4. Livestock movements and disease epidemiology in the Chad Basin: modeling risks for

animals and humans (8/2010 – 7/2015; Co-PI. NSF/Ecology of Infectious Disease

Program. PI: Garabed; Co-PIs: Moritz, Liang, Xiao; in negotiation with NSF).

Pending Proposals Supported through the “Water and Infectious Disease” Pilot Project

1. Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis in the Far North Region, Cameroon

(NIH, 4/1/2011 – 3/31/2013, $ 445,000, PI: S. Liang, Co-PIs: Garabed, Moritz, Xiao) 2. Tracking environmental factors governing the transmission of Opisthorchis Viverrini

(Liver Fluke) in Southeast Asia using Terra/Aqua: An integrated modeling analysis (NASA, 11/1/10-10/31/13, $499,621. PI; S. Liang, Co-PIs: C. Shum, M. Ibaraki, H. Lee.)

3. WSC-Category 3: Joint climatological-social drivers of water quality and supply in China

and Ecuador (NSF, July 2011- June 2016; PI: Remais; Co-PIs: Eisenberg, Levy, Liang) 4. Irrigation water risk assessment for enhanced international competiveness (USDA, July

2010 – June 2013; PI: LeJeune, Co-PIs: Doohan, Gebreyes, Liang)

155

Engaging the Public Health System in Reducing the Societal Carbon Footprint Led by PI J. Mac Crawford, College of Public Health

in collaboration with Co-PI Robyn Wilson, School of Environment and Natural Resources, College of Food, Agricultural and

Environmental Sciences

Co-PI Barbara Polivka from the College of Nursing Co-PI Rosemary Chaudry from the College of Nursing

1. Project Description: This project is designed to, in part, address the CWC question of: “How is the carbon cycle

being disrupted by human activities (e.g., fossil fuel combustion) and how can the cycle be re-balanced to mitigate Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC) and its adverse effects?”

Specifically, the project seeks to identify the most effective ways to move the public health system to adopt strategies aimed at reducing the carbon footprint on a population scale. As ACC

continues, the effects on public health are anticipated to worsen: shortages of food and water are developing and will intensify; the extent and range of disease-carrying insect vectors will broaden; destruction of coastal areas through rising ocean levels and storm-surge flooding will

affect millions; and intensified summer temperature extremes will threaten, directly and indirectly, millions more. The “twin” issue of peak oil, or the world’s reaching the maximum rate

of petroleum extraction, poses different risks than ACC does – depletion of energy resources amplifies all of the previously mentioned threats by limiting societies’ ability to provide resources toward ACC mitigation. These issues all devolve back to the collective carbon

footprint of U.S. citizens and are potentially solvable through society-wide behavior change. This project will begin with a descriptive survey of U.S. state and local health departments to

assess their baseline understanding of the general concept of carbon footprint and its attendant problems as outlined above. Secondly, the experimental arm of the study will be a pilot intervention project. A “tool kit” of resources will be disseminated to facilitate health

departments’ engagement with citizens, the business community, and other governmental agencies with the aim of enhancing public cooperation in reducing the collective carbon

footprint. To measure the effectiveness of this intervention, a control group will receive a packet of

information about the carbon footprint and how it affects linked systems generally under the

purview of the public health system. The two groups will be followed over time to assess the degree of “buy-in” to the issues, the level of involvement in trying to shape community behavior,

and the amount of resources being devoted to the issues. Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovations model will be used to assess the differences between the groups. This project will proceed in 4 phases.

a. We will survey local health departments and public health preparedness centers to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about peak oil and climate change; and the degree to which

they take those issues into account when engaging in preparedness planning and training. b. We will recruit local health departments and public health preparedness centers into an intervention study wherein the control group will receive information about climate change and

peak oil, and some information on the need for public health to take them into account. The treatment group will receive a “tool kit” of training materials that they can use to train their own

workforce and others in the community. They will receive multimedia information on the need for public health to adopt energy conservation as the “new germ theory.”

156

c. We will follow-up with additional knowledge and attitude measures three months, six months, and one-year post baseline to ascertain the degree to which the departments have taken on the

issues. We will use Everett Rogers’ Diffusion of Innovation to model the adoption of the new energy conservation paradigm.

d. We will seek funding from the CDC through a preparedness mechanism, the broader project incorporating chambers of commerce in addition to health departments and preparedness centers.

2. Products and Deliverables: Our undergraduate (Ms. Sana Syal, SENR) has completed her honors thesis (draft version

attached) this past spring quarter using data generated by this project and will be graduating. She successfully defended the thesis with her committee and is now working to prepare a manuscript for publication. Ms. Syal has assisted Dr. Wilson (Co-PI) in her development of baseline

questionnaires for year 1 and the behavioral intervention that will be undertaken in year 2. She also worked with Mr. Lutz in assembling a sampling frame of all state, local, and territorial

health departments in the District of Columbia, the United States, and its territories (see below). Our PhD student (Jonathan Lutz, CPH) has been invaluable in his work leading sampling frame development, on-line survey preparation and release to the study population. Mr. Lutz has passed

his candidacy exam and is beginning his own research. The full IRB application was submitted and approved, and amendments were submitted

and approved after pilot testing the questionnaire. The project’s aim of conducting a nationwide survey of health departments is largely

complete: the assembly of the sampling frame mentioned above was finished in February and the

survey was released to the study population on March 17th. We received ~400 responses, which amounted to a roughly 20% response rate. We have recently released a short non-response

survey to those who did not respond to the original survey. Questions include items about climate change and peak oil, along with demographics. We have received over 100 of these non-response surveys. We hope to strengthen our manuscripts with data showing little difference

between responders and non-responders on important attributes and attitudes. We think that the poor response rate may be related to the release of the survey shortly after the flu pandemic

abated (general fatigue on the part of public health workers), the fact that it’s a census year, and the budgetary constraints, cited by survey respondents, that have resulted in health department administrators being overloaded.

In May, PI Crawford gave a presentation (attached) of the preliminary results of our survey (focusing on the environmental health director data) at the Ohio Public Health

Association annual meeting, the theme of which was energy and the environment.

3. How the Project Generated New Research or New Funding:

PI Crawford worked with Mandy Burkett from the Ohio Department of Health preparing an application to CDC to begin planning the state of Ohio’s public health preparedness efforts with

regard to climate change. The proposal was submitted in April, 2010 and we are awaiting word on funding.

An RFA has been released by USEPA for projects at the local health department level to

fund planning for climate change adaptation and mitigation. PI Crawford has been in contact with Mary Dennis, an environmental health director in northern Ohio, to discuss a possible

response.

157

4. Timeline of Accomplishments and Related Costs: Total Funds expensed =

$4,197

End of First Year:

Total first 12 months funds, $4,197 1. Hired Sana Syal, undergraduate student of Dr. Wilson, $4,197 2. Hired Jonathan Lutz, PhD student of Dr. Crawford at no cost thus far

Because of some accounting issues (the delayed release of PHPID funds and the inadvertent payment of GRA Lutz from another account) I will have to go back and reallocate funds across these accounts. Essentially, the $50,000 from CWC has almost been

completely expensed for students’ efforts, but this is not reflected in the balance sheet yet. I will update you when we get these accounts straightened out. I am working with Roger

Stockdale, our accountant in the College of Public Health, to rectify the accounting errors.

Over the next year we will be recruiting several local health departments to participate in

the behavioral intervention. We are a little concerned that budgetary constraints at the local-government level may affect our ability to recruit.

158

C. CWC Publications:

CWC researchers are productive scholars. The list of publications includes those that

directly result from the CWC funding. Publications include peer-review papers, chapters, and books. The list includes both those published and those in review. The following publications

are summed from the CWC research teams, which provided reports in Appendices A and B. Review of the individual reports provides an indication of each group’s publication history.

A total of 262 Publications resulting directly from CWC TIE funds

A total of 29 Publications related to the CWC

Publications resulting directly from CWC TIE funds

Ahn, Y. and J.E. Box, Ice velocity at west Greenland tidewater glaciers from time lapse photos, J. Glaciology, submitted 10 August, 2009, reviews received 16 Dec, 2009.

Alsdorf, D., S.-C. Han, P. Bates, and J. Melack, Seasonal water storage on the Amazon floodplain measured from satellites, Remote Sensing of Environment, accepted and in press,

2010.

Alsdorf, D., L-L Fu, N. Mognard, A. Cazenave, E. Rodriguez, D. Chelton, and D. Lettenamier, Measuring the global oceans and terrestrial fresh water from space, EOS Transactions

AGU, v88, n24, p253, 2007. [Note: this was on the bottom-front page of the issue.]

Alsdorf, D., P. Bates, J. Melack, M. Wilson and T. Dunne, The spatial and temporal complexity

of the Amazon flood measured from space, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L08402, doi:10.1029/2007GL029447, 2007. [Note: Nature wrote a “News & Views” half-page feature on this paper and it was also on the cover of GRL.]

Alsdorf, D.E., E. Rodriguez, and D. Lettenmaier, Measuring surface water from space, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 45, no. 2, RG2002 doi:10.1029/2006RG000197, 2007. [Note: This is a

“by invitation” journal with the highest Earth science impact rating.]

Andreadis, K.A., E.A. Clark, D.P. Lettenmaier, and D.E. Alsdorf, Prospects for river discharge and depth estimation through assimilation of swath-altimetry into a raster-based

hydrodynamics model, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L10403, doi:10.1029/2007GL029721, 2007.

Arar, J., and D. Southgate, “Evaluating CO2 Reduction Strategies in the United States,” Ecological Modelling, 220 (2009) 582-588.

Baraer, M. *, J.M. McKenzie, B.G. Mark and S. Knox*. Characterizing contributions of glacier

melt and ground water during the dry season in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Advances in

Geosciences 22, 41-49, 2009.

Beighley, R.E, R.L. Ray, Y. He, H. Lee, L. Schaller, M. Durand, K.M. Andreadis, D.E. Alsdorf, C.K. Shum, Comparing satellite derived precipitation datasets using the Hillslope River Routing (HRR) model in the Congo River Basin, Hydrological Processes, in review, 2010.

Biancamaria, S., K. M. Andreadis, M. Durand, E. A. Clark, E. Rodriguez, N. M. Mognard, D. E. Alsdorf, D. P. Lettenmaier, and Y. Oudin, Preliminary characterization of SWOT

159

hydrology error budget and global capabilities, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, DOI 10.1109/JSTARS.2009.2034614, 2010.

Bhang, K. and F.W. Schwartz, 2010. Estimating historic lake stages from one-time, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission of 2000, Hydrological Processes, DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7619.

Bird, B.W., M. Kirby, I.M. Howat, S. Tulaczyk, 2010, Geophysical Evidence for Holocene Lake-Level Change in Southern California (Dry Lake), Boreas, 39, 1, 131-134, DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00114.x

Blanco-Canqui, H. and R. Lal. 2007. Soil Structure and organic carbon relationships following 10 years of wheat straw management in no-till. Soil & Till. Res. 95: 240-254.

Blanco-Canqui, H. R. Lal, W.M. Post, and L.B. Owens. 2007. Aggregate detachment and wettability and their relationships with organic carbon under long-term use and management practices. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 71: 759-765.

Blanco-Canqui, H. and R. Lal 2007. Regional Assessment of Soil Compaction and Structural Properties under No-Till Farming. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1770-1778.

Blanco-Canqui, H. and R. Lal 2007. Impact of long-term wheat straw management on soil hydraulic properties under no-tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71: 1166-1173.

Blanco-Canqui, H. and R. Lal 2007. Soil and crop response to harvesting corn residues for

biofuel production. Geoderma 141: 355-362.

Blanco-Canqui, H., R. Lal and M. J. Shipitalo 2007. Aggregate distintegration and wettability

for long-term management systems in the northern Appalcchian. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:759-765.

Blanco-Canqui, H., R. Lal., F. Sartori, and R.O. Miller. 2007. Changes in soil aggregate

properties and organic carbon following coversion of agricultural lands to fiber farming. Soil Sci. 172:553-564.

Blanco-Canqui, H., R. Lal, L. B. Owens, W. M. Post and M. J. Shipitalo 2007. Soil hydraulic properties influenced by stover removal from no-till corn in Ohio. Soil Tillage Res. 92:144-154.

Braun, A., C. Kuo, C. Shum, P. Wu, W. van der Wal, and G. Fotopoulos, Glacial isostatic adjustment in the transition zone: Models vs. observation the Great Lakes region, J. of

Geodynamics, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2008.03.005, 46, 165–173, 2009.

Buffen*, A.M., L.G. Thompson, E. Mosley-Thompson, and K.-I. Huh*, 2009. Recently exposed vegetation reveals Holocene changes in the extent of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru,

Quaternary Research, accepted and in press. Mountain Research and Development, 28(3/4): 332-333.

Bury, J., A. French, J. McKenzie, B. Mark. Adapting to Uncertain Futures: A Report on New Glacier Recession and Livelihood Vulnerability Research in the Peruvian Andes. 2008. Mountain Research and Development, 28(3/4): 332-333.

Bury, J., B.G. Mark, J. McKenzie, A. French*, M. Baraer*, K.I. Huh*, M. Zapata and J. Gomez. Glacier recession and human vulnerability in the Yanamarey watershed of the Cordillera

Blanca, Peru. Climatic Change, forthcoming.

160

Cattaneo, A., R.S. Wilson, J. LeJeune, and D. Doohan. “Ohio bovine veterinarians knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding antibiotic resistance on Ohio dairy farms”. Journal of Dairy

Science. Vol. 92: 3494-3502.

Cazenave, A., D.P. Chambers, P. Cipollini, L.L. Fu, J.W. Hurell, M. Merrifield, R.S. Nerem,

H.P. Plag, C. Shum, J. Willis, The challenge of measuring sea-level rise and regional and global trends, Geodetic observations of ocean surface topography, ocean currents, ocean mass, and ocean volume changes, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and

Information for Society, Vol. 2, Venice, Italy, 21-25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

Christopher, S. and R. Lal 2007. Nitrogen limitation on carbon sequestration in North America cropland soils. Crit. Rev. Plant Sciences 26: 45-64).

Chen, J., F.C. Michel Jr., S. Sreevatsan, M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). Occurrence and

persistence of erythromycin resistance genes (erm) and tetracycline resistance genes (tet) in waste treatment systems on swine farms. Microbial Ecology, in press.

Cheng, K., C. Kuo, H. Tseng, Y. Yi, and C. Shum, Lake surface height calibration of Jason-1 and Jason-2 over the Great Lakes, Marine Geodesy, in press, 2010.

Choi, S and B. Sohngen. 2009. "The optimal choice of residue management, crop rotations, and

cost of carbon sequestration: Empirical results in the Midwest US." Climatic Change. Published online October, 2009 (DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9680-5)

Chu, V.W, L.C. Smith, A.K. Rennermalm, R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, Niels Reeh, Sediment plume response to surface melting and supraglacial lake drainages on the Greenland Ice Sheet, J. Glaciology, 55(194), 1072–1082, 2009.

Cressman, M.D., Z. Yu, M.S. Lilburn, M.C. Nelson, S.J. Moeller, and H.N. Zerby (2010). Interrelations between the microbiotas in the litter and the intestines of commercial broiler

chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, under revision.

Dai, A., T. Qian, K. E. Trenberth, and J. D. Milliman, 2009: Changes in Continental Freshwater Discharge from 1949-2004. J. Climate, in press.

Das, S. B., I. Joughin, M. D. Behn, I. M. Howat, M. A. King, D. Lizarralde and M. P. Bhatia, in press, Water-Driven Fracture Propagation to the Bed of the Greenland Ice Sheet During

Supraglacial Lake Drainage, Science. 320, 778, doi:10.1126/science.1153360, advanced online publication in Science Express April 17th, 2008

Duan, K., L.G. Thompson, T. Yao, M.E. Davis and E. Mosley-Thompson. A 1000 year history

of atmospheric sulfate concentrations in southern Asia as recorded by a Himalayan ice core. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L01810, doi.10.1029/GL027456, 2007.

Durand, M. N. P. Molotch, and S. A. Margulis 2008: “A Bayesian approach to snow water equivalent reconstruction,” Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres, 113, D20117, doi:10.1029/2008JD009894.

Durand, M., E. J. Kim, and S. A. Margulis 2008: “Radiance assimilation shows promise for snowpack characterization,” Geophysical Research Letters, 36, L02503,

doi:10.1029/2008GL035214.

161

Durand, M., K. Andreadis, D. Alsdorf, D. Lettenmaier, and D. Moller, Estimation of bathymetric depth and slope from data assimilation of swath altimetry into a hydrodynamic model,

Geophysical Research Ltrs., v. 35, L20401, doi:10.1029/2008GL034150, 2008.

Durand, M., L. L. Fu, D. P. Lettenmaier, D. Alsdorf, E. Rodriguez and D. Esteban-Fernandez,

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography mission: Observing terrestrial surface water and oceanic submesoscale eddies, Proceedings of the IEEE, v. 98, n. 5, 766-779, 2010.

Durand, M., E. Rodriguez, D. E. Alsdorf, and M. Trigg, Estimating river depth from remote

sensing swath interferometry measurements of river height, slope, and width, IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, v. 3, n. 1, 20-31,

DOI 10.1109/ JSTARS.2009.2033453, 2010.

Ettema, J., M.R. van den Broeke, E. van Meijgaard, W.J. van de Berg, J.E. Box, and K. Steffen, Climate of the Greenland ice sheet using a high-resolution climate model, Part 1:

Evaluation, The Cryosphere, submitted 30 March 2010.

Fang, L.Q., Zhao, W.J., de Vlas, S.J., Zhang, W.Y., Liang, Ss., Looman, C.W.N., Yan, L.,

Wang, L.P., Ma, J.Q., Feng D., Yang H., Cao, W.C. (2009). Spatiotemporal dynamics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Beijing, a newly-established endemic region. Emerging Infectious Disease, 15(12):2043-5

Fang, L.Q., de Vlas, S.J., Feng, D., Liang, S., Xu, Y.F., Zhou J.P., Richardus, J.H., Cao, W.C. (2009). Geographical spread of SARS in mainland China. Tropical Medicine &

International Health, 14( Suppl., I): 1-7.

Fang, L.Qe., Wang , X.Je., Liang, Se,s., Li, Y.L., Song, S.X., Zhang, W.Y., Qian, Q., Li, Y.P., Wei, L,, Wang, Z.Q., Yang, H., Cao, W.C. (2010). Sptatio-temporal trend and climatic

factors of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome epidemic in Shandong Province, China. PLoS NTDs (Revision back).

Fok, H., B. Iz, C. Shum, Y. Yi, O. Andersen, A. Braun, Y. Chao, G. Han, C. Kuo, K. Matsumoto, and T. Song, Validation of Jason-2 ocean tide corrections in coastal regions, Marine Geodesy, in press, 2010.

Fortner, S., B.G. Mark, J.M. McKenzie, J. Bury, A. Trierweiler†, M. Baraer†, and L. Munk. Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in a tropical proglacial stream.

Applied Geochemistry, accepted; revisions due February 2010.

Galdos, M.V., C.C. Cerri, R. Lal, M. Bernoux, B. Feigl and C.E. Cerri. 2010. Net greenhouse gas fluxes in Brazilian ethanol production systems. Global Change Biol. and Bioenergy 2: 37-

44.

Girmay, G., B.R. Singh, H. Mitiku, T. Borresen and R. Lal. 2008. Carbon stock in Ethiopian

soils in relation to land use and soil management. Land Degrad. & Dev. 19: 351-367.

Gisladóttir. G., E. Erlendsson, R. Lal and J.M. Bigham. 2010. Erosional Effects on Terrestrial Resources over the Last Millennium in Reykjanes, Southwest Iceland. Quaternary

Research, 73, 20–32. doi:10.1016/j.yqres.2009.09.007.

Goebel, P. C., D.M. Hix, and H.L. Whitman. Influence of environmental factors and adjacent

land use on the composition and structure of woody riparian vegetation in northeastern

162

Ohio. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Lexington, KY. (in press).

Goebel, P.C., C.W. Goss, V. Bouchard, and L.R. Williams. How important are riparian forests to aquatic food webs in agricultural watersheds of north-central Ohio, USA? Proceedings of

the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, Sept 21-27, 2010. Bragança, Portugul (in press).

Gore, M., R.S. Wilson, B. Siemer, H. Wieczorek-Hudenko, C. Clarke, P. Hart, L, Maguire and

B. Muter. 2009. “Application of risk concepts to wildlife management: Special issue introduction”. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. Vol. 14, no. 5: 301-313.

Golub, A., T. Hertel, H-L Lee, S. Rose, and B. Sohngen. 2009. “The opportunity cost of land use and the global potential for greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture and forestry.” Resource and Energy Economics. 31: 299–319 (DOI 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2009.04.007)

Grosjean, M., C.M. Santoro, L.G. Thompson, L. Nunez and V.G. Standen. Chapter 3: Mid-Holocene climate and culture change in the South Central Andes: Climate Change and

Cultural Dynamics; In: A Global Perspective on Mid-Holocene Transitions: Anderson, Maasch and Sandweiss, Eds,. pp. 51-115, 2007.

Hall, S.R., D.L. Farber, J.M. Ramage, D.T. Rodbell, R.C. Finkel, J.A. Smith, B.G. Mark and C.

Kassel*. Geochronology of Quaternary glaciations from the tropical Cordillera Huayhuash,Peru. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2991–3009, 2009.

Han, G., P. Shastri, B. deYoung, Y. Yi, and C. Shum, A 3-D Data-Assimilative tidal model of the Northwest Atlantic, Atmosphere-Ocean, 48(1), 39–57, doi:10.3137/C303.2010, 2010.

Han, W. Q., P.J. Webster, J. L. Lin, W.T. Liu, R. Fu, D.L. Yuan, and A. Hu, 2008: Dynamics of

intraseasonal sea level and thermocline variability in the equatorial Atlantic during 2002-2003. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 38, 945-967.

Han, W., A. Moore, J. Levin, B. Zhang, H. Arango, E. Curchister, E. Di Lorenzo, A. Gordon, and J. L. Lin, 2009: Seasonal ocean circulation and dynamics in the Philippine Archipelago region during 2004-2008. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans, 47, 114-137.

Han S-C, I-Y Yeo, D. Alsdorf, P. Bates, J-P Boy, H. Kim, T. Oki, M. Rodell, Movement of Amazon surface water from time-variable satellite gravity measurements and implications

for water cycle parameters in land surface models, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, in review, 2010.

Han, S-C., H. Kim, I-Y Yeo, P. Yeh, K-W Seo, D. Alsdorf, S. Luthke, and F. Lemoine

Dynamics of surface water storage in the Amazon inferred from measurements of inter-satellite distance change, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 36, L09403,

doi:10.1029/2009GL037910, 2009.

Hardy, Scott D. and Tomas M. Koontz. 2010. Collaborative Watershed Partnerships in Urban and Rural Areas: Different Pathways to Success? Landscape and Urban Planning 95: 75-

90.

Hardy, S.D., and T.M. Koontz. 2009. Rules for Collaboration: Institutional Analysis of Group

Membership and Levels of Action in Watershed Partnerships.” Policy Studies Journal 37(3): 393-414.

163

Herrman, K., Bouchard, V. L., and Moore, R. H. 2007. Factors that affect denitrification in agricultural headwater streams in Northeast Ohio, USA. Hydrobiologia, 598:305–314.

Published in 2008.

Herrman, K., Bouchard, V. L., and Moore, R. H. 2008. An assessment of nitrogen removal from

headwater streams in an agricultural watershed, Northeast Ohio, USA. Limnology and Oceanography. In Review.

Hersha, D.K., R.S. Wilson, A. Baird. An expert perspective on citizen decisions to maintain and

restore stream and watershed health in a midwestern watershed. Journal of American Water Resources Association. In review.

Hellström, R.A., B.G. Mark and D. Levia. Observations of Seasonal and Diurnal Hydrometeorological Variability Within a Tropical Alpine Valley: Implications for Evapotranspiration. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. Accepted with major revisions,

November 2008.

Howat, I.M., J.E. Box, Y. Ahn, A. Herrington, E. McFadden, Seasonal variability in the

dynamics of Greenland's marine-terminating outlet glaciers, J. Glaciology, accepted, 2010.

Howat, I.M., K.M. Walsh and B.E. Smith, Continuing Rapid Loss of the Patagonian Ice Fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., in revision, 2010.

Howat, I. M., S. Tulaczyk, E. Waddington and H. Björnsson, Dynamic controls on glacier sliding inferred from surface ice motion, Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface,

113, F03015,doi:10.1029/2007JF000925, 2008.

Howat, I. M., I. Joughin, M. Fahnestock, B. E. Smith and T. Scambos, Synchronous retreat and acceleration of southeast Greenland outlet glaciers 2000-2006; Ice dynamics and coupling

to climate, Journal of Glaciology, 54,187, 646-660, 2008.

Howat, I. M., B. E. Smith, I. Joughin and T. Scambos, Rates of mass-loss from southeast

Greenland from combined ICESAT and ASTER observations, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L17505, doi:10.1029/2008GL034496.

Hyuha, T.S., B. Bashaasha, E. Nkonya, and D. Kraybill. 2008. “Analysis of Profit Inefficiency

in Rice Production in Eastern and Northern Uganda.” African Crop Science Journal, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 243-253.

Inwood, S., Sharp, J., Moore, R. H., and Stinner, D. 2007. “Restaurants, Chefs and Local Foods: Insights Drawn from a Diffusion of Innovation Framework.Agriculture and Human Values. In press--online.

Iqbal, M., A. Ul-Hassan and R. Lal 2007. Nutrient content of maize and soil organic matter under varioud tillage methods and farm yard manure levels. Acta Agric. Scandinavia (B):

Soil & Plant Sci. 57:349-356.

Izaurralde, R.C., J.R. Williams, W.M. Post, A.M. Thompson, W.B. McGill, L.B. Owens and R. Lal 2007. Long-term modeling of soil C erosion and sequestration at the small watershed

scale. Climatic Change 80: 73-90.

Izaurralde, R.C., J. R. Williams, W. M. Post, A. M. Thomson, W. B. McGill, L. B. Owens, and

R. Lal. 2007. Modeling long-term soil organic carbon dynamics as affected by management and water erosion. Climatic Change 80:73-90.

164

Jacinthe, P. and R. Lal 2007. Carbon storage and minesoil properties in relation to topsoil application techniques. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1788-1795.

Jagadamma, S., R. Lal, R.G. Hoeft, E.D. Nafziger and E.A. Adee 2007. Nitrogen fertilization and cropping systems effects on soil organic carbon and total nitrogen pools under chisel-

plow tillage in Illinois. Soil Tillage Res. 95:348-356.

Jimenez, J., R. Lal, R. Russo, and H. A. Leblanc. 2009. Soil organic carbon controls in secondary forests in northeastern Costa Rica. Eur. J. Soil Sci. (In Press).

Jiménez, J.J., R. Lal, H. Leblanc. 2008. The soil C pool in different agroecosystems derived from the dry tropical forest of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Ecol. Eng. 34: 289-299.

Jiménez, J.J., R. Lal, R. O. Russo, H.A. Leblanc. 2008. The soil organic carbon in particle-size separates under different regrowth forest stands of northeastern Costa Rica. Ecol. Eng. 34: 300-310.

Jimenez, J.J., R. Lal, H.A. Leblanc and R.O. Russo 2007. Soil organic carbon pool under native tree plantations in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 24:134-144.

Jenerette, G.D. and R. Lal. 2007. Modeled carbon sequestration variation in a linked erosion-deposition system. Ecol. Modeling 200: 207-216.

Joughin, I., I. M. Howat, R. Alley, G. Ekstrom, M. Fahnestock, T. Moon, M. Nettles, T. Truffer

and V. Tsai., 2008, Ice front variation and tidewater behavior on Helheim and Kangerdlugssuaq Glaciers, Greenland. Journal of Geophysical Research- Earth Surface,

113, F01004, doi:10.1029/2007JF000837.

Joughin, I., S. B. Das, M. King, B. Smith, I. M. Howat and T. Moon, in press, Seasonal Speedup along the western flank of the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, 320,

781,doi:10.1126/science.1153288, advanced online publication in Science Express on April 17th, 2008.

Joughin, I., I. M. Howat, M. Fahnestock, B. Smith, W. Krabill, R. Alley, H. Stern and M. Truffer, in review, Continued Evolution of Jakobshavn Isbrae Following its Rapid Speedup, Journal of Geophysical Research – Earth Surface, 113,

F04006,doi:10.1029/2008JF001023

Jung, H. C., J. Hamski, M. Durand, D. Alsdorf, F. Hossain, H. Lee, A. K. M. A. Hossain, A. S.

Khan, A. K. M. Z. Hoque, Characterization of complex fluvial systems via remote sensing of spatial and temporal water level variations, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, DOI: 10.1002/esp.1914, 2010.

Jung, H-C. and D. Alsdorf, Repeat-pass multi-temporal interferometric SAR coherence variations with Amazon floodplain and lake habitats, Intl. J. Remote Sensing, v.34, no. 4,

pp. 881-901, 2010.

Karnati, S.K.R., Z. Yu, and J.L. Firkins (2009). Investigating unsaturated fat, monensin, or bromoethanesulfonate in continuous cultures retaining ruminal protozoa. II. Interaction of

treatment and presence of protozoa on prokaryotic communities. Journal of Dairy Science, 92:3861-3873.

165

Kang, S., S.E. Denman, M. Morrison, Z. Yu, J. Dore, M. Leclerc, and C.S. McSweeney (2010). Dysbiosis of faecal microbiota in Crohn’s disease patients as revealed by a custom

phylogenetic microarray. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, in press.

Kang, S., S.E. Denman, M. Morrison, Z. Yu, and C.S. McSweeney (2009). An efficient RNA

extraction method for the estimation of gut microbial diversity by PCR. Current Microbiology, 58(5): 464-471.

Kang, D.S., Kuldeep Singh, Dhanwinder Singh, B.R. Garg, R. Lal and M. Velayutham. 2009.

Viable alternatives to the rice-wheat cropping system in Punjab. J. Crop Imp. 23:300-318.

Khan, S.A., L. Liu, J. Wahr, I.M. Howat and I. Joughin, Rapid crustal uplift in west Greenland

due to thinning of Jakobshavn Isbræ, Geophysical Research Letters, in review.

Khan, S.A., L. Liu, J. Wahr, I.M. Howat and I. Joughin, in press, GPS measurements of crustal uplift near Jakobshavn Isbræ due to glacial ice mass loss, Journal of Geophysical Research.

Kindermann, G., M. Obersteiner, B. Sohngen J. Sathaye, K. Andrasko, E. Rametsteiner, B. Schlamadinger, S. Wunder, R. Beach. 2008. "Global cost estimates of reducing carbon

emissions through avoided deforestation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105(30): 10302–10307.

Kehrwald, N. M., L. G. Thompson, Y. Tandong, E. Mosley-Thompson, U. Schotterer, V.

Alfimov, J. Beer, J. Eikenberg, and M. E. Davis (2008), Mass loss on Himalayan glacier endangers water resources, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2008GL035556, in press.

(Kehrwald: graduate student): Paper was highlighted in Nature under Research Highlights in Dec. 11, 2008 issue, p. 679).

Keeler, Andrew G. and Laura German. Hybrid Institutions: Applications of Common Property

Theory Beyond Discrete Property Regimes. The International Journal of the Commons, in press.

Keeler, Andrew G. 2009. "Industrialized-Country Mitigation Policy and Resource Transfers to Developing Countries: Improving and Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets", in Post-Kyoto International Climate Policy: Implementing Architectures for Agreement, Joseph Aldy and

Robert Stavins, editors, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA. Joint with Alex Thompson.

Keeler, Andrew and Alexander Thompson, “Industrial Country Mitigation Policy and Resource Transfers to Developing Countries: Improving and Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets, Discussion Paper 2008-5, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Project on International Climate

Agreements, September 2008

Keeler, Andrew and Alexander Thompson, “Mitigation through Resource Transfers to

Developing Countries: Expanding Greenhouse Gas Offsets” in Implementing Architectures for Agreement: Addressing Global Climate Change in the Post-Kyoto World, Cambridge University Press (forthcoming).

Kim, J., Z. Lu, H. Lee, C. Shum, C. Swarzenski, T. Doyle, S. Baek, Integrated Analysis of PALSAR/Radarsat-1 InSAR and ENVISAT altimeter for mapping of absolute water level

changes in Louisiana wetland, Remote Sens. & Environment, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.06.014., 2009.

166

Kim, M.S., M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). Status of the phylogenetic diversity census of ruminal microbiomes. Environmental Microbiology, under review.

Kim, M.S., M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). Evaluation of different partial 16S rRNA gene sequence regions for phylogenetic analysis of microbiomes. Applied and Environmental

Microbiology, under review.

Kimble, J., C.W. Rice, D. Reed, S. Mooney, R.F. Rollett and R. Lal (Eds). 2007. Environmental and Societal Benefits of Soil Carbon Sequestration. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL,

268 pp.

Kraybill, David S. Climate Change and Natural Resource Management in Sub-Saharan Africa. In

Human Dimensions of Soil and Water Conservation: A Global Perspective. Edited by Ted Napier. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society, in press.

La Frenierre, J.D. *, K.I. Huh* and B.G. Mark. Quaternary glaciations – Extent and chronology:

Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. Invited contribution to: Ehlers, J. & Gibbard, P.L. (eds), ‘Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology, Part IV: A closer look.’ Elsevier,

Amsterdam. Submitted January 2010.

Lal, R., M. Suleimenov, P. Doraiswamy, P. Wall and D. Hansen (Eds). 2007. Climate Change and Terrestrial C Sequestration in Central Asia. Taylor and Francis, Amsterdam, 493 pp.

Lal, R. 2009. Sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 28:1-7.

Lal, R. 2007. Carbon management in agricultural soils. Mitigation and Adaption Strategies for

Global Change, Springer. 12(2): 303-322.

Lal, R., D. Reicosky and J. Hanson 2007. Evolution of the plow over 10,000 years and the rational for no-till farming. Soil & Tillage Res. 93:1-12.

Lal, R. and D. Pimentel 2007. Biofuels from crop residues. Soil & Tillage Res. 93: 237-238.

Lal, R. and D. Pimentel. 2009. Beware crop residues. Science. 326: 1345-1346.

Lal, R. 2008. Crop residues as soil amendments and feedstock for bioethanol production. Waste Management 28:747-758.

Lal, R. 2008. Promise and limitations of soils to minimize climate change. J. Soil Water Cons.

63: 113-118.

Lal, R. 2008. Carbon sequestration. Phil. Trans. Royal Soc. (B) 363 (1492): 815-830.

Lal, R. 2008. Sequestration of atmospheric CO2 in global carbon pools. Energy & Env. Sci. 1: 86-100.

Lal, R. 2008. Black and buried carbon impacts on soil quality and ecosystem services. Soil &

Tillage Res. 9: 1-3.

Lal, R. 2007. Soil science in changing climate. CSA News 52(3): 2-11.

Lal, R. 2007. Constraints to adopting no-till farming in developing countries. Soil & Tillage Res. 94: 1-3.

Lal, R. 2007. World soils and global issues. Soil & Tillage Res. 97: 1-4.

Lal, R. 2007. Managing soils for food security and climate change. J. Prod. Agric. 19: 49-71.

167

Lal, R. 2007. Soils and sustainable agriculture: A review. Agron. Sust. Dev. 27:1-8.

Lal, R. 2007. Anthropogenic influences on world soils and implications to global food security.

Adv. Agron. 93: 70-94.

Lal, R. 2007. Farming Carbon. Soil Tillage Res. 96: 1-5.

Lal, R. 2007. Reconciling food security with environment quality in industrializing India. Analyst, ICFAI Press, India:42-43.

Lal, R. 2007. Soil Science and the carbon civilization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1095-1108.

Lal, R. 2007. Soil degradation and environment quality in South Asia. Int. J. Ecology and Env. Sciences (In Press).

Lal, R., R.F. Follett, B.A. Stewart and J.M. Kimble 2007. Soil carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change and advance food security. Soil Sci. 172: 943-956.

Lal, R. 2009. Potential and Challenges of soil carbon sequestration in Iceland. J. Sust. Agric. (In

Press).

Lal, R. and R.F. Follett. 2009. Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect. Soil

Science of America. Special Publ. #57, Madison, WI, 409pp.

Lal, R., and R. F. Follett. 2008. Soils and the climate change. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett (Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57.

Madison, WI.

Lal, R., and R. F. Follett. 2008. Priorities in soil science research and extension in response to

climate change. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett (Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57. Madison, WI, 1-12pp.

Lansing, D.M. 2007. Informe preliminar: un análisis de la encuesta 2005 del proyecto del

carbono. (Preliminary report: an analysis of the 2005 carbon project survey). Policy report for the Cabécar Development Council, the governing council of the Cabécar Indigenous

Reserve. 9 pp.

Lansing, D.M. 2008. Los impactos socio-económicos de la entrega de la tierra de Villalobos. (The socio-economic impact of the redistribution of the Villalobos land). Policy report for

the Cabécar Development Council, the governing council of the Cabécar Indigenous Reserve. 11 pp.

Lansing, D. Carbon’s calculatory spaces: the emergence of carbon credits in Costa Rica. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. Paper is accepted for publication (pending revisions).

Lansing, S., Viquez, J., Martinez, H., Botero, R., Martin, J. 2008. Optimizing electricity generation and waste transformations in a low-cost, plug-flow anaerobic digestion system.

Ecological Engineering. 34: 332-348.

Lansing, D. P. Bidegaray, D.O. Hansen, K. McSweeney. 2008. Placing the plantation in smallholder agriculture: evidence from Costa Rica. Ecological Engineering. 34(4): 358-

372.

Lansing, S., Botero, R., Martin, J. 2008. Wastewater treatment and biogas quality in small-scale

agricultural digesters. Bioresource Technology. 99: 5881-5890.

168

Lansing, S., Martin, J.F., Botero, R.B., Da Silva, T.N., Da Silva, E.D. Wastewater Transformations and Fertilizer Value When Co-Digesting Swine Manure and Used

Cooking Grease in a Low-Cost Digester. Accepted with minor revisions by Biomass and Bioenergy 6/10.

Lansing, S., Martin, J.F., Botero, R.B., Da Silva, T.N., Da Silva, E.D. 2010. Methane Production in Low-Cost, Co-Digestion Systems Treating Manure and Used Cooking Grease. Bioresource Technology. 101: 4362-4370.

Lee, H., C. Shum, C. Kuo, Y. Yi, and A. Braun, Application of TOPEX altimetry for solid Earth deformation studies, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal Zones:

Challenges and Applications, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. (TAO), 19(1–2), doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2, (SA), 2008.

Lee, H., C. Shum, Y. Yi, M. Ibaraki, J. Kim, A. Braun, C. Kuo, Z. Lu, Louisiana wetland water

level monitoring using retracked TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry, Marine Geodesy, 32:3, 284–302, 2009.

Lee, H., M. Durand, H-C Jung, D. Alsdorf, C.K. Shum, and Y. Sheng, Characterization of surface water storage changes in Arctic lakes using simulated SWOT measurements, Intl. J. Remote Sensing, accepted and in press, 2010.

Lee, H., C. Shum, K.H. Tseng, J.Y. Guo, and C.H. Read, Present-day lake level variation from Envisat altimetry over northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau: links to precipitation and

temperature, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, in review, 2010.

Lee, H., C. Shum, W. Emery, S. Calmant, X. Deng, C. Roesler, C.Y. Kuo, and Y. Yi, Validation of Jason-2 altimeter data by waveform retracking over California coastal ocean, Marine

Geodesy, in press, 2010.

Lin, J. L., 2009: Ocean-atmosphere interaction in the lifecycle of ENSO: The coupled wave

oscillator. Chinese Ann. Math., 30, 715-728.

Lin, J. L., Toshiaki Shinoda, Brant Liebmann, Taotao Qian, Weiqing Han, Paul Roundy, Jiayu Zhou, and Yangxing Zheng, 2009a: Intraseasonal variability associated with summer

precipitation over South America simulated by 14 WRCP CMIP3 coupled GCMs. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2931-2954.

Lin, J. L., Toshiaki Shinoda, Taotao Qian, Weiqing Han, Paul Roundy, and Yangxing Zheng, 2009b: Intraseasonal variation of precipitation over the western United States simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J. Climate, in press.

Lin, J. L., W. Q. Han, and X. Lin, 2008: Geographical distribution of the strength of wind-evaporation-SST feedback over Tropical Oceans. Atmos. Sci. Lett., 9, 231-236.

Lin, J. L., K.M. Weickmann, G.N. Kiladis, B.E. Mapes, S.D. Schubert, M. J. Suarez, J. Bacmeister, and M.-I. Lee, 2008: Subseasonal variability associated with Asian summer monsoon simulated by 14 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J. Climate, 21, 4541-4567.

Lin, J. L., B.E. Mapes, K.M. Weickmann, G.N. Kiladis, S.D. Schubert, M. J. Suarez, J. Bacmeister, and M.-I. Lee, 2008: North American monsoon and convectively coupled

equatorial waves simulated by IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. J. Climate, 21, 2919-2937.

169

Lin, J. L., M.-I. Lee, D. Kim, and I.-S. Kang, 2008: Impact of convective parameterization and moisture triggering on GCM-simulated convectively coupled equatorial waves. J. Climate,

21, 883-909.

Lin, J. L., B. E. Mapes, and W. Han, 2008: What are the sources of mechanical damping in

Matsuno-Gill type models? J. Climate, 21, 165-179.

Lin, J. L., D. Kim, M.-I. Lee, and I.-S. Kang, 2007: Effects of cloud-radiative heating on AGCM simulations of convectively coupled equatorial waves. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D24107,

doi:10.1029/2006JD008291.

Lin, J. L., 2007: The double-ITCZ problem in IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs: Ocean-atmosphere

feedback analysis. J. Climate, 20, 4497-4525.

Lin, J. L., 2007: Interdecadal variability of ENSO in 21 IPCC AR4 coupled GCMs. Geophys. Res. Let., 34, L12702, doi:10.1029/2006GL028937.

Liu, G. and F.W. Schwartz, 2010. An integrated observational and model-based analysis of the hydrologic response of prairie pothole systems to variability in climate. Water Resources

Research, in revision.

Liu, G., F.W. Schwartz, B. Zhang, and Z. Yu, 2010. Modeling the prairie lakes and wetlands response to the climate variability. IAHS Red Book Series Publication: Managing

Groundwater and the Environment, in press.

Liu, K-B., C.A. Reese and L.G. Thompson. A potential pollen proxy for ENSO derived from the

Sajama ice core. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L09504, doi:10.1029/2006GL029018, 2007.

Liu, S.J., J.Q. Wang, D.P. Bu, H,Y. Wei, L.Y. Zhou, and Z. Yu (2010). Impact of ruminal

infusion of polyunsaturated fatty acids on ruminal microbial populations, and duodenal flow and milk profiles of fatty acids. Journal of Dairy Science, in press.

Lorenz, K., R. Lal, C.M. Preston, K.G.J. Nierop. 2009. Soil organic carbon sequestration by biochemically recalcitrant biomacromolecules. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett (Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57. Madison, WI:

207-222.

Lorenz, K., R. Lal, and M.J. Shipitalo. 2008. Chemical stabilization of organic carbon pools in

particle size fractions in no-till and meadow soils. Biology & Fertility of Soils. 44: 1043-1051.

Lorenz, K., R. Lal. 2009. Carbon dynamics in urban soils. In 2nd. Ed. R. Lal and R.F. Follett

(Eds.). “Soil Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Effect”. SSSA Spec. Publ. 57. Madison, WI: 393-400.

Lorenz, K., R. Lal, and C.M. Preston 2007. Strengthening the soil organic carbon pool by increasing contributions from recalcitrant aliphatic bio(macro) molecules. Geoderma 142:1-10.

Lorenz, K., R. Lal and J.J. Jimenez. 2009. Soil organic carbon stabilization in dry tropical forests of Costa Rica. Geoderma 152:95-103.

Lorenz, K. and R. Lal. 2009. Biogeochemical C and N cycles in urban soils. Environ. Int. 35:1-8.

170

Lorenz, K. and R. Lal. 2010. Stabilized soil organic carbon pools in sub-soils under forest are potential sinks for atmospheric CO2. For. Sci. (in press).

Lorenz, K. and R. Lal 2007. Stabilization of organic carbon in chemically separated pools in reclaimed coal mine soils in Ohio. Geoderma 141:294-301.

Lu, Z., J.W. Kim, H. Lee, C. Shum, J. Duan, M. Ibaraki, O. Akyilmaz, C. Read, Helmand River hydrologic studies using ALOS PALSAR InSAR and ENVISAT altimetry, Marine Geodesy, 32:3, 320–333, 2009.

Lv, W., F.L. Schanbacher, Z. Yu (2010). Put microbes to work in sequence: recent advances in temperature-phased anaerobic digestion processes. Bioresource Technology, under

revision.

Lyons, B., J.M. Bigham and R. Lal. Weathering and carbon sequestration. Encyclopedia of Soil Sci. Taylor and Frances, Boca Raton, FL.

Mark, B.G. and H.A. Osmaston. 2008. Quaternary glaciation in Africa: key chronologies and climatic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 23(6-7), 589-608.

Mark, B.G. Tracing Andean glaciers over space and time: some lessons and transdisciplinary implications. 2008. Global and Planetary Change 60, 101–114.

Mark, B.G. and J.M. McKenzie, 2007. Tracing increasing tropical Andean glacier melt with

stable isotopes in water. Environmental Science and Technology 40(20), 6955-6960. This article was accompanied by a cover photo taken by BGM and was featured in an illustrated

news story written by reporter Erika Engelhaupt.

Mark, B.G., J. Bury, J.M. McKenzie, A. French* and M. Baraer*. Climate Change and Tropical Andean Glacier Recession: Evaluating Hydrologic Changes and Livelihood Vulnerability

in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Special Edition on Climate Change, forthcoming.

Mark, B.G. Glaciation and Ice Ages. Invited chapter for: J. Agnew and D. Livingstone (eds), ‘Handbook of Geographical Knowledge.’ Submitted December 2009.

Martin, J., Wastewater treatment and biogas quaity in small-scale digesters, Bioresource

Technology, in press, 2008.

Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. Preparing for hemlock wooly adelgid in Ohio: communities

associated with hemlock-dominated ravines of Ohio's unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. In: Proceedings of the 17th Central Hardwoods Forest Conference. Lexington, KY. (in press).

Martin, K.L., and P.C. Goebel. Impact of hemlock decline on successional pathways and

ecosystem function at multiple scales in forests of the central Appalachians, USA. Proceedings of the IUFRO Landscape Ecology International Conference, Sept 21-27, 2010.

Bragança, Portugul (in press).

McKenzie, J.M., B.G. Mark, L.G. Thompson, U. Schotterer and P.-N. Lin. A hydrogeochemical survey of Kilimanjaro (Tanzania): Implications for water and ages, Hydrogeology Journal,

05 January 2010, DOI: 10.1007/s10040-009-0558-4, 2010.

Moore, Richard. 2009. Integrating the Social and Natural Sciences in the Sugar Creek Method.

In Sustainable Agroecosystem Management: Integrating Ecology, Economics, and Society.

171

Edited by Bohlen, Patrick and Gar House. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. 21-40.

Moore, R. H. 2007. Moore, Richard 2007.Haisuiken Torihiki no Riyou ni yoru Kankyou Hozengata Nougyou no Suishin (ue): Bei Ohaioshu Touhokubu Shugaa Kuriiku Suikei de

no Takumi (The Use of Trading Discharge Rights to Promote Agricultural Conservation of the Environment (Part 1): The Experiment in the Sugar Creek Watershed of Northeast Ohio in the U.S. Nourin Keizai (Agricultural Forestry Economics) No.9848:2-8. Tokyo: Jiji

Tsushinsha.

Morris, A. E.L., W. Fisher, E. Maloutas-Storheim, and P.C. Goebel. On the Need for Stream and

Riparian Restoration in Land Conservation. In Stream Restoration: Halting Disturbances, Assisted Recovery and Managed Recovery. Edited by G.D. Hayes; and T. Flores. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (In press).

Munroe, D.K. 2009. Pattern-Based Evaluation of Peri-urban Development in Delaware County, Ohio, USA: Roads, Taxes and Spatial Externalities. In A. Paez, J. Le Gallo, R. Buliung and

S. Dall'Erba, eds. Progress in Spatial Analysis: Theory and Computation, and Thematic Applications. (Advances in Spatial Science Series). Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp. 149-170.

Murray, B., R. Lubowski, and B. Sohngen. 2009. Including International Forest Carbon Incentives in Climate Policy: Understanding the Economics. Nicholas Institute for

Environmental Policy Solutions, Duke University. Report 09-03. Durham, NC.

Nelson, M.C., M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). A meta-analysis of the microbial diversity observed in anaerobic digesters. Environmental Microbiology, under review.

Oleson, K. W., G.-Y. Niu, Z.-L. Yang, D. M. Lawrence, P. E. Thornton, P. J. Lawrence, R. Stockli, R. E. Dickinson, G. B. Bonan, S. Levis, A. Dai, and T. Qian, 2008: Improvements

to the Community Land Model and their impact on the hydrological cycle. J. Geophys. Res., 113, G01021, doi:10.1029/2007JG000563.

Ortega-Pachecoa, D., Jiang, S. "Climate policy: spatial explicit heterogeneity matters – the case

of tropical deforestation at Northwestern Ecuador." Submitted to: Land Use Policy (November 2009).

Ortega-Pacheco, D. and Andy Keeler, “Ecuador’s Socio Bosque program: reducing transactions costs while streamlining conservation.” Submitted for Review.

Palaniappan, S.P., R. Balasubramanian, T. Ramesh, A. Chandrasekaran, K.G. Mani, M.

Velayutham and R. Lal. 2009. Sustainable management of dryland Alfisols (red soils) in south India. J. Crop Imp. 23:275-259.

Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Developing Participatory Models of Watershed Management in the Sugar Creek Watershed (Ohio, USA). Water Alternatives. 2:82-100.

Parker, J.S., R. Moore and M. Weaver. 2009. Land Tenure as a Variable in Community Based

Watershed Projects: Some Lessons from the Sugar Creek Watershed, Wayne & Holmes County, Ohio. Society and Natural Resources. 9:815-833.

Post ,W., J.E. Amonette, R. Bindsey, C.T. Garten, Jr., R.C. Izaurralde, P.M. Jardine, J. Jastrow, R. Lal, G. Marland, B.A. McCarl, A.M. Thomson, T.O. West, S.D. Wullschleger and F.B.

172

Metting. 2009. Terrestrial biological sequestration: science for enhancement and implementation. In B. McPherson and E.T. Sundquist (Eds) “Carbon Sequestration and Its

Role in the Global Carbon Cycle:. AGU Books: Geophysical Monograph Servier Volume 183, Ch 5, Section 2.

Rajput, R.P., D.L. Kauraw, R.K. Bhatnagar, Manish Bhavsar, M. Velayutham and R. Lal. 2009. Sustainable management of Vertisols (black soils) in central India. J Crop Imp. 23:119-135.

Rashid, H., England, E., Thompson, L. G., and Polyak, L. (2010), Late glacial to Holocene Indian Summer Monsoon variability from the Bay of Bengal sediment records, (in

revision) Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences.

Rashid, H. (2009), Understanding the Extent and Causes of Abrupt Climate Change, EOS Trans. AGU, 90 (44), p.376-377.

Rennermalm, A.K., L.C. Smith, V.W. Chu, R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, Sources of Greenland ice sheet melt water production revealed from in situ measurements and a spatially distributed

hydrologic model, Hydrol. Process, in review, 2010.

Reinemann, S.A., D.F. Porinchu, A.M. Bloom, B.G. Mark, and J.E. Box, A multi-proxy paleolimnological reconstruction of the Holocene climate conditions in the Great Basin,

United States, Quaternary Research, 72, 347–358, 2009.

Rivers, L., R.S. Wilson, and J.L. Arvai. More than just a message: Risk communication and the

decision making process. US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 2008.

Rintoul, S.R., M. Balmesda, S. Cunningham, Dushaw, S. Garzoli, A. Gordon, P. Heimbach, M. Hood, G. Johnson, M. Latif, U. Send, C. Shum, S. Speich, and D. Stammer, Deep

circulation and meridional overturning: Recent Progress and a strategy for sustained observations, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for

Society, Vol. 1, Venice, Italy, 21–25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

Rismani-Yazdi, H., A.D. Christy, S.M. Carver, Z. Yu, B.A. Dehority, O.H. Tuovinen (2010).

Effect of external resistance on bacterial diversity and metabolism in microbial fuel cells. Bioresource Technology, in press.

Rodbell, D.T., G.O. Seltzer, B.G. Mark, J.A. Smith and M.B. Abbott. 2008. Clastic sediment flux to tropical Andean lakes: Records of glaciation and soil erosion. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 1612-1626.

Rodbell, D.T., J.A. Smith and B.G. Mark. Glaciation in the Andes during the Late Glacial and Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 28, 2165–2212, 2009.

Rodríguez, Fabián, Douglas Southgate, and Timothy Haab, “Is Better Drinking Water Valued in the Latin American Countryside? Some Evidence from Cotacachi, Ecuador,” Water International, 34:3 (2009) 325-334.

Sa, J., C.C. Cerri, R. Lal, W. A. Dick, M. Piccolo, and B.E. Feigl. 2009. Soil organic carbon and fertility interactions affected by a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian oxisol. Soil Tillage

& Res. 104 (1): 56-64.

173

Sa, J. and R. Lal. 2009. Stratification ratio of soil organic matter pools as an indicator of carbon sequestration in a tillage chronosequence in a Brazilian Oxisol. Soil Tillage Res. 103: 46-

56.

Sartori, F., R. Lal, M. H. Ebinger and J Eaton 2007. Changes in soil carbon and nutrient pools

along a chronosequence of poplar plantations in the Columbia Plateatu, Oregon, USA. Agric. Ecosyst. & Env. 122(3): 325-339.

Sartori, F., R.Lal, and M. Ebinger et al., 2007. Tree species and wood ash affect soil in

Michigan’s Upper Pennisula. Plant Soil 298: 125-144.

Schumann, G., G. Di Baldassarre, D. Alsdorf, and P.D. Bates, Near real-time flood wave

approximation on large rivers from space: application to the River Po, Northern Italy, Water Resources Research, 46, W05601, doi:10.1029/2008WR007672, 2010.

Sedjo, R.A. and B. Sohngen. 2009. The Implications of Increased Use of Wood for Biofuel

Production. Resources For the Future. Issue Brief 09-04. Washington, DC.

Sedjo, R.A. and B. Sohngen. 2009. An Inconvenient Truth about Cellulosic Ethanol. Milken

Institute Review. 11(4): 50-55. http://www.milkeninstitute.org/

Sharma, R., J. Chen, E. Topp, J. Yanke, F. Larney T. McAllister, M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2009). Detection and quantification of antimicrobial resistance during composting of

bovine manure collected from animals administered sub-therapeutic antimicrobials in Southern Alberta. Journal of Environmental Quality, 38:356-575.

Shinoda, T., and J. L. Lin, 2009: Interannual variation of upper ocean under stratocumulus cloud decks in the southeast Pacific. J. Climate, 22, 5072-5088.

Shrestha, R. and R. Lal. 2007. Soil carbon and nitrogen in 28-year-old land uses in reclaimed

coal mine soils of Ohio. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1775-1783.

Shrestha, B., B. R. Singh, B. Sitaula, R. Lal, R. M. Bajrecharya 2007. Soil aggregates and

particles associated organic carbon under different land uses ui n Nepal. Soil Sci.Soc. Am. J. 71: 1194-1203.

Shrestha, B.M., B. R. Singh, B.K. Sitaula and R. Lal. 2007. Soil aggregate-and particle-

associated organic carbon under different land uses in Nepal. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71: 1194-1203.

Shrestha, R. and R. Lal 2007. “Offsetting carbon dioxide emissions through minesoil reclamation.” In: Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment).

[First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth October 18, 2007; Las revised February 9, 2008; Retrieved March 19, 2008]. <http://www.eoearth.org/article/Offsetting_carbon_

dioxide_emissions_through_minesoil_reclamation>.

Shum, C., and C. Kuo, Observation and geophysical causes of present-day sea-level rise, in Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia, ed. Lal, R., M. Sivakumar, S.M.A. Faiz,

A.H.M. Mustafizur-Rahman, and K.R. Islam, Springer Verlaag, Holland, in press, 2010.

Shum, C., A. Cazenave, D. Chambers, V. Gouretski, R. Gross, C. Hughes, S. Jayne, C. Kuo, E.

Leuliette, N. Maximenko, J. Morison, H. Plag, S. Levitus, M. Rothacher, R. Rummel, J. Schroter, M. Sideris, T. Song, J. Willis, and P. Woodworth, Geodetic observations of ocean

174

surface topography, ocean currents, ocean mass, and ocean volume changes, Proc. OceanObs09: Sustained Ocean Observations and Information for Society, Vol. 2, Venice,

Italy, 21–25 Sept. 2009, Hall. J., Harrison D.E. and Stammer, D., Eds., ESA Publication WPP-306, 2010.

Shukla, M.K., R.Lal, D. Van Leeuwen et al. 2007. The spatial variability of aggregates-associated carbon and nitrogen contents in reclaimed minesoils of Eastern Ohio. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1748-1751.

Smith, J.A., B.G. Mark and D.T. Rodbell. 2008. The timing and magnitude of mountain glaciation in the tropical Andes. Journal of Quaternary Science 23(6-7), 609-634.

Sohngen, B., R. Beach, and K. Andrasko. 2008. "Avoided Deforestation as a Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Tool: Economic Issues." Journal of Environmental Quality 37(July-August 2008): 1368-1375.

Sohngen, B. and S. Brown. 2008. "Extending Timber Rotations: Carbon and Cost Implications." Climate Policy, 8: 435–451.

Sohngen, B. 2008. Paying for Avoided Deforestation – Should we do it? Choices. Volume 23, Number 1. http://www.choicesmagazine.org/2008-1/theme/2008-1-08.htm

Southgate, D., F. Rodríguez, and T. Haab, “Subsistence Farming, Rural Livelihoods, and

Payments for Environmental Services in Ecuador,” Harvard International Review, 31:2 (2009) 54-57.

Southgate, D. and S. Wunder, “Paying for Watershed Services in Latin America: A Review of Current Initiatives,” Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 28:3 (2009) 497-524.

Sun, W., T. Hasegawa, X. Zhang, Y. Fududa, C. Shum, and L. Wang, Simulation of Gaussian

filter applied in processing GRACE data-gravity rate of change at Lhasa, Tibet, Science in China Series D, in review, 2010.

Sun, B. and B. Sohngen. 2009. "Set-Asides for Carbon Sequestration: Implications for Permanence and Leakage. Climatic Change. 96:409–419 (DOI 10.1007/s10584-009-9628-9)

Tan, Z.X., R. Lal, L. Owens and R.C. Izaurralde. 2007. Distribution of heavy and light fractions of soil organic carbon pool as related to land use and tillage practices. Soil & Tillage Res.

92: 53-60

Thompson, L.G. Understanding Global Climate Change and the Human Response: A Paleoclimate Perspective from the World’s Highest Mountains. The Behavior Analyst, in

press.

Thompson, L.G., H. H. Brecher, E. Mosley-Thompson, D. R. Hardy, and B. G. Mark. Response

to Mölg et al.: Glacier loss on Kilimanjaro is consistent with widespread ice loss in low latitudes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, PNAS 2010 107 (17) E69-E70; doi:10.1073/pnas.1001999107 .

Thompson, L.G. Abrupt Climate Change: Past, Present and Future. The Journal of Land, Resources & Environmental Law, 27(1), 101-107, 2007.

175

Thompson, L.G., H.H. Brecher, E.Mosley-Thompson, D. Hardy and B. G. Mark. 2009. Glacier Loss on Kilimanjaro continues unabated. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences, doi:10.1073/pnas.0906029106.

**200+ newspaper articles / wire stories in the first 24 hours after publication of this paper.

Trigg, M.A., M.D. Wilson, P.D. Bates, M.S. Horritt, D. Alsdorf, B.R. Forsberg, and M. C. Vega, Amazon flood wave hydraulics, J. Hydrology, v. 374, pp. 92-105, doi:10.1016/ j.jhydrol.2009.06.004, 2009.

Truffer, M., R.J. Motyka, M. Hekkers, I.M. Howat, M. King, Terminus dynamics at an advancing glacier: Taku Glacier, Alaska, J. Glaciology, 55, 194, 1052–1060, 2009.

Tseng, K.H., C. Shum, H. Lee, J. Duan, and C.-Y. Kuo, Satellite Observed Environmental Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Terrestrial Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, in print, 2010.

Vadrevu, K. P., Cardina, J., Hitzhusen, F. J., Bayoh, I., Moore, R. H., Parker, J., Stinner, B. R., Stinner, D. H., and Hoy, C. W. 2008. Case Study of an Integrated Framework for

Quantifying Agroecosystem Health. Ecosystems. Springer Publishing.

Vieli, A., F. Nick, I. M. Howat, I. Joughin, Large-scale changes in Greenland outlet glacier dynamics triggered at the terminus, Nature Geosciences, 2, 110-114,

doi:10.1038/NGEO394, advanced online publication on January 11th, 2009.

Vimeux, F., P. Ginot, M. Schwikowski, M. Vuille, G. Hoffmann, L.G. Thompson and U.

Schotterer. 2009. Climate Variability during the last 1000 years inferred from Andean Ice Cores: A review of recent results. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, (in press), 2009.

Vuille, M. with contributions from (alphabetically): R.S. Bradley, B. Francou, G. Kaser, and B.G. Mark. Climate Change in the tropical Andes—Impacts and consequences for

glaciation and water resources. Part I: The scientific basis. A report for CONAM (Consejo Nacional del Ambiente, Peru) and the World Bank.

Vuille, M., B. Francou, P. Wagnon, I. Juen, G. Kaser, B.G. Mark, and R.S. Bradley. 2008.

Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers – Past, present and future. Earth Science Reviews 89, 79-96.

Wang, L., Y. Oda, S. Grewal, F.C. Michel Jr., M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). Reduction of resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B and tetracycline during composting and simulated lagoon storage of swine manures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,

under review.

Wilson, R.S. and J. Bruskotter, 2009. “Assessing the impact of issue framing and existing

attitudes on support for wolf reintroduction in the United States”. Human Dimensions of Wildlife. Vol. 14, no. 5: 353-365.

Wilson, R.S., J. LeJeune, and D. Doohan. 2009. “Targeting the farmer decision making process:

Increasing the adoption of integrated weed management”. Crop Protection. Vol. 28: 756-764.

Wilson, R.S. and J.L. Arvai. “Why less is more: Exploring affect-based value neglect”. Journal of Risk Research. In press.

176

Wilson, R.S., C. Goebel and D. Hix. 2009. “Identifying land manager objectives and alternatives for mixed-pine forest ecosystem management and restoration in eastern Upper Michigan.”.

Ecological Restoration. Vol. 27, no. 4: 407-416.

Wilson, R.S., J. Parker, D. Kovacs, D. Doohan, and J. LeJeune. 2009. Contamination prevention

and response related to fresh and fresh-cut produce: An expert perspective on the farmer decision making process. Food Protection Trends. Vol. 29, no. 8: 488-492.

Wilson, R.S. Balancing emotion and cognition: A case fordecision aiding in conservation

efforts. Conservation Biology. 2008.

Wilson, R.S., J.L. Arvai, and H.R. Arkes. Exploring theboundaries of loss aversion for attributed

choice and emotionally significant decision contexts. Risk Analysis, 28: 929-938, 2008.

Wilson, R.S., M.A. Tucker, N. Hooker, J. LeJeune, D. Doohan. Perceptions and beliefs about weed management: Perspectives of Ohio grain and produce farmers. Weed Technology,

22: 339-350, 2008.

Xia, Q., T. Williams, D. Hustead, P. Price, M. Morrison, and Z. Yu (2010). Quantitative analysis

of fecal bacterial populations from term infants fed formula supplemented with fructo-oligosaccharides. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, under review.

Yao, T., L.G. Thompson, K. Duan, B. Xu, W. Yang and X. Guo. Intensifying Indian monsoon

accelerating glacier retreat, Nature, submitted 2008.

Zhang, M., H. Lee, C. Shum, D. Alsdorf, F. Schwartz, S. Tseng, Y. Yi, C-Y Kuo, H-Z Tseng, A.

Braun, S. Calmant, F. Naziano, and F. Seyler, Application of retracked satellite altimetry for inland hydrologic studies, Intl. J. of Remote Sensing, in press, 2010.

Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and D. Tong, 2009. Landsat sub-pixel analysis in mapping impact of

climatic variability on Prairie Pothole changes, Transactions in GIS, 13(2), 179-195.

Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and G. Liu, 2009. Systematics in the Size Structure of Prairie Pothole

Lakes through Drought and Deluge, Water Resour. Res., 45, W04421, doi:10.1029/2008WR006878.

Zhang, B., F. W. Schwartz and D. Tong, 2009, Application of Artificial Neural Computation in

Topex Waveform Data: A Case Study in Water Ratio Regression, The International Journal of Software Science and Computational Intelligence, 1(3), 81-91.

Zhang, W., Wang, L., Fang, L., Ma, J., Xu, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, J., Liang, S., Yang, H., Cao W. (2008). Spatial analysis of malaria in Anhui Province, China. Malaria Journal 7(1): 206

Zhang, J., Zhu, T., Mauzerall, D., Liang, S., Ezatti, M., Remais, J. (2010). Environmental Health

in China: progress towards clear air and safe water. The Lancet, 375(9720):1110-1119

hydrolases from a metagenome library of the rumen of Chinese Holstein dairy cows. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, under revision.

Zheng, Y., T. Shinoda, G. N. Kiladis, J. L. Lin, E. J. Metzger, H. E. Hurlburt, and B. S. Giese,

2009: Upper ocean processes under stratus cloud deck in the southeast Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., in press.

177

Zinn, Y., R. Lal, J. M. Bigham and D. V. S. Resck 2007. Edaphic controls on soil organic carbon retention in the Brazilian Cerredo: texture and mineralization. Soil Sci. Soc. Am.

J.71:1204-1214.

Zinn, Y., R. Lal, J. M. Bigham and D. V. S. Resck 2007. Edaphic controls on soil organic

carbon retention in the Brazilian Cerredo: soil structure. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1215-1224.

Publications Related to the CWC

Barrett, J.E., Virginia, R.A., Lyons, W.B., McKnight, D.M., Priscu, J.C., Doran, P.T., Fountain, A.G., Wall, D.H. and Moorhead, D.L. 2007, Biogeochemical stoichiometry of Antarctic

Dry Valley ecosystems. JRG – Biogeosciences, 112, doi: 10.1029/2005JG000141.

Bindoff, N., J. Willebrand, V. Artable, A. Cazenave, J. Gregory, S. Gulev, K. Hanawa, C. Le

Quere, S. Levitus, Y. Nojiri, C. Shum, L. Talley, A. Unnikrishnan, and 50 contributing authors, Chapter 5: Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level, Intergovernmental Panel Climate Committee (IPCC) Working Group 1 (WG1) Fourth

Assessment Report (FAR), 2007.

Blewitt, G., Z. Altamimi, J. Davis, R. Gross, C. Kuo, F. Lemoine, A. Moore, R.Neilan, H.P.

Plag, M. Rothacher, C. Shum, M.G. Sideris, T. Schöne, P. Tregoning, S. Zerbini, Geodetic Observations and Global Reference Frame Contributions to Understanding Sea-Level Rise and Variability, Proc. the WCRP Workshop 'Understanding sea-level rise and variability',

eds. J. Church, P. Woodworth, T. Aarup and S. Wilson et al., Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2009.

Box, J.E., L.-S. Bai, R. Benson, I. Bhattacharya, D.H. Bromwich, J. Cappelen, D. Decker, N. DiGirolamo, X. Fettweis, D. Hall, E. Hanna, T. Mote, M. Tedesco, R. van de Wal, and M. van den Broeke, Greenland Climate in 2008, in J. Richter-Menge (Ed.), State of the

Climate in 2008. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2008.

Box, J.E., L.-S. Bai, R. Benson, I. Bhattacharya, D.H. Bromwich, J. Cappelen, D. Decker, N.

DiGirolamo, X. Fettweis, D. Hall, E. Hanna, T. Mote, M. Tedesco, R. van de Wal, and M. van den Broeke, Greenland Climate in 2008, in Arctic Report Card 2009. National Climate, 2009.

Box, J.E., J. Cappelen, D.H. Bromwich, Le-Sheng Bai, T.L. Mote, B.A. Veenhuis, N. Mikkelsen, A. Weidick, Greenland Climate in 2007, in Arctic Report Card 2008. National Climate

Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic Report Card 2007, http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/. J. Richter-Menge (Ed.), 2008.

Box, J.E., L. Yang, D.H. Browmich, L-S. Bai, Greenland ice sheet surface air temperature

variability: 1840–2007, J. Climate., 22, 4029–4049, doi:10.1175/2009jcli2816.1, 2009.

178

Burgess, E.W., R.R. Forster, J.E. Box, E. Mosley-Thompson, D.H. Bromwich, R.C. Bales, L.C Smith, A spatially calibrated model of annual accumulation rate on the Greenland ice sheet

annual (1958-2007), a spatially calibrated model, 2010: J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2010.

Chen, Y., B. Schaffrin and C. Shum, Continental water storage changes from GRACE line-of

sight range acceleration measurement, Hotine-Marussi Symposium of Theoretical and Computational Geodesy: Challenge and Role of Modern Geodesy, International Association of Geodesy Springer Series, 132, F. Sano, Editor, 62–66, Springer 2008.

Cheng, C.-M., H.W. Walker, and J.M. Bigham. 2007. Influence of pH on the leaching kinetics of a fixated flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material. J. Environ. Qual. 36:874-886.

Cheng, K., C. Kuo, C. Shum, X. Niu, R. Li, and K. Bedford, Accurate Linking of Lake Erie Water Level with Shoreline Datum Using GPS Buoy and Satellite Altimetry, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal Zones: Challenges and Applications, Terr.

Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 19(1-2), doi: 10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2 (SA), 2008.

Duan, X., J. Guo, C. Shum, and W. van der Wal, Towards an optimal scheme for removing

correlated errors in GRACE data, J. Geodesy, 83, 1095–1106, DOI 10.1007/s00190-009-0327-0, 2009.

Farr, T.G., E. Caro, R. Crippen, R. Duren, S. Hensley, M. Kobrick, M. Paller, E. Rodriguez, P.

Rosen, L. Roth, D. Seal, S. Shaffer, J. Shimada, J. Umland, M. Werner, D. burbank, M. Oskin, and D. alsdorf, The shuttle radar topography mission, Reviews of Geophysics, v. 45,

no. 2, RG2004 doi: 10.1029/2005RG000183, 2007. [Note: This is a “by invitation” journal with the highest Earth science impact rating.]

Guo, J., and C. Shum, Application of the cos-Fourier expansion to data transformation between

different latitude-longitude grids, Computers & Geosicences, doi:10.1016/j.cageo. 2008.09.010,, 2009.

Guo, J., X. Duan, and C. Shum, Non-isotropic filtering and leakage reduction for determining mass changes over land and ocean using GRACE data, Geophys. J. Int., 181, 290–302, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2010.04534.x, 2010.

Hall, D.K. J.E. Box, K. Casey, S.J. Hook, C.A. Shuman, K. Steffen, Comparison of satellite-derived and in-situ observations of ice and snow surface temperatures over Greenland,

Remote Sensing of Environment, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2008.05.007, 2008.

Harris, K., Carey, A.E., Welch, K.A., Lyons, W.B. and Fountain, A.G. 2007, Solute and isotope geochemistry of near-surface ice melt flows in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, Geological

Society of America Bulletin, 119, 548-555.

Kuo, C., C. Shum, J. Guo, Y. Yi, A. Braun, I. Fukumori, K. Matsumoto, T. Sato, and K.

Shibuya, Southern Ocean Mass Variation Studies Using GRACE and Satellite Altimetry, Earth Planets and Space, 60, 1–9, 2008.

Kuo, C., C. Shum, A. Braun, K. Cheng, and Y. Yi, Vertical motion determined using satellite

altimetry and tide gauges, Special Issue: Satellite Altimetry Over Land and Coastal Zones: Challenges and Applications, Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci, 19(1–2), doi:

10.3319/TAO.2008.19.1-2, (SA), 2008.

179

Lee, Y.B., J.M. Bigham, W.A. Dick, F.S. Jones, and C. Ramsier. 2007. Influence of soil pH and application rate on the oxidation of calcium sulfite derived from flue gas desulfurization. J.

Environ. Qual. 35:298-304.

Lyons, W.B., Welch, K.A. and Doggett, J.K. 2007, Organic carbon in Antarctic precipitation,

Geophysical Research Letters, 34, doi: 10.1029/2006GL028150.

McKnight, D.M., Tate, C.M., Andrews, E.A., Niyogi, D.K., Cozzetto, K., Welch, K., Lyons, W.B. and Capone, D.B. 2007. Reactivation of a cryptobiotic stream ecosystem in the

McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: A long-term geomorphological experiment, Geomorphology, 89, 186-204.

Rignot, E., J.E. Box, E. Burgess, and E. Hanna, Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1958 to 2007, Geophysical Research Letters, 35, L20502, doi:10.1029/2008GL035417, 2008.

Seitz, F, M. Schmidt, C. Shum, Signals of extreme weather conditions in Central Europe in GRACE 4D hydrological mass variations, Earth & Planetary Science Lett., 268 (1-2), 165-

170, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.01.001, 2008.

Schmidt, M., Seitz, F., and C. Shum, Regional 4-D hydrological mass variations from GRACE, atmospheric flux convergence and river gauge data, J. Geophys. Res., in review, 2008.

Shum, C., C. Kuo, and J. Guo, Role of Antarctic ice mass balances in present-day sea level change, Polar Science, 2, 149–161, 2008.

Wake, L.M, P. Huybrechts, J.E. Box, E. Hanna, I. Janssens, and G.A. Milne, Surface mass-balance changes of the Greenland ice sheet since 1866, Annals of Glaciology, 50, 178-284. Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Arctic Report Card 2008,

http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/. J. Richter-Menge (Ed.).

Wang, H., J.M. Bigham, F.S. Jones, and O.H. Tuovinen. 2007. Synthesis and properties of

ammoniojarosites prepared with iron-oxidizing acidophilic microorganisms at 22-65 oC. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71:155-164.

Wilson, M., P. Bates, D. Alsdorf, B. Forsberg, M. Horritt, J. Melack, F. Frappart, and J.

Famiglietti, Modeling large-scale inundation of Amazonian seasonally flooded wetlands, Geophysical Research Ltrs., 34, L15404, doi:10.1029/2007GL030156, 2007.

180

D. CWC Proposals:

CWC researchers are routinely submitting proposals to various government agencies. The

list of proposals includes those that directly result from the CWC funding and those that are related to the CWC. The following proposals are summed from the CWC research teams. See

Appendices A and B for their reports. Review of the individual reports provides an indication of each group’s proposal history.

Proposals resulting directly from CWC TIE funds

Total funds won: $15,815,808

Total funds under review: $17,825,571

Proposals related to the CWC Total funds won: $7,508,104

Total funds under review: None are under review

Proposals resulting directly from CWC TIE funds (funded and under review)

Alsdorf, D.E., C.K. Shum, Estimates of Water Storage Changes and Related Determination of

the Height Accuracies and Spatial Resolutions for the SWOT Instrument, NASA Physical Oceanography, Total grant is: $100,000 for one year.

Alsdorf, D., D. Lettenmaier, and D. Moller, A Virtual Mission to Determine the Feasibility of A

Future Surface Water Satellite Mission: Stage-II, NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program, 2007-2010, $694,978 with $317,828 funded to OSU.

Andreadis, K., E. Beighley, and J. Bales, Data assimilation of the Mississippi River Basin: A demonstration of SWOT measurements and capabilities. $612,149. NASA THP, in review

Baker, G., J. Johnson, C. Shum. CMG: Multi-physics modeling to enable the remote sensing of winds on inland water bodies, NSF-CMG, 08/01/10-07/31/13, $599,562. In review.

Box, J. Greenland “holistic” field work support, NASA, PIs: J. Box, I. Howat, $42,000, augumented to J. Box’s NASA New Investigator Program award, with CWC cost-share funds, 2009.

Box, J., Collaborative Research: Greenland Ice Sheet Snow Accumulation Variability: Filling Knowledge and Data Voids, NSF, 9/15/09 -8/31/12, $334,610.

Box, J., Mass Budget Closure on the Global Inventory of Mountain Glaciers and Ice Caps: Past and Future Sea-level Rise and Streamflow Variability, NASA proposal, OSU is a subaward, 04/01/10 -05/31/13, $334,610. In review.

Box, J., Collaborative Research: Understanding melt water export from the Greenland ice sheet using field observations, satellite data, and modeling, NSF, 09/01/10-08/31/13, $57,907.

In review.

Box, J., I. Howat, Collaborative Research: SouthEast Greenland glaciology and geodynamics (SEG3), NSF, 09/01/10-08/31/13, $703,024. In review.

Box, J., M. Bevis, Upgrade of meteorological data infrastructure at the Greenlannd ice sheet margin, NSF, 09/01/10-08/31/13, $393,413. In review.

181

Box, J., Greenland ice sheet snow accumulation from IceBridge airbourne radar, NASA, 12/01/10-11/30/13, $880,684. In review.

Cheng, K., S. Calmant, J.F. Cretaux, C. Hwang, C. Kuo, H. Lee, C. Shum, and H. Tzeng. Absolute calibration for AltiKa altimeter data in Taiwan seas and the great lakes, Data

proposal to SARAL/AltiKa Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal submitted to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 04/15/10-04/14/13.

Dick, W., R. Lal, and Dr. Jacinthe, USDA-CSREES, In collaboration with Indiana and Purdue Universities, “Greenhouse Gas Budget and Methane Dynamics in a No-tillage

Chronosequence”, $399,986, April 2009 to March 2011.

Dick, W.A., Eivazi, F., Islam, R., Brown, M. and Reeder, R., 2010. Sustainable production of biofeedstocks: Integrating ecological, environmental and economic components. Proposal

to be submitted to USDA-AFRI Sustainable Bioenergy Research Program. Proposal due date is June 14, 2010. Total request, $1 million. In review.

Doohan, D., R. Wilson, S. Ernst, et al., "Mental models and participatory research to redesign extension programming for organic weed management." Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Intiative, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, $2,310,780. 2009-

2013.

Durand, M., S. Margulis, N. Molotch, and E.J. Kim, Relating in situ snow cover properties to

multi-scale multi-frequency remote sensing data utilizing the CLPX dataset, NASA Terrestrial Hydrology Program, $449,504. 2009-2012.

Durand, M., S. Margulis, Reducing Uncertainty of Climatic Trends in the Sierra Nevada: An

Ensemble-Based Reanalysis via the Merger of Disparate Measurements, NSF Hydrology, $399,349, 2010-2012.

Durand, M., K. Andreadis, L.C. Smith, Assessing and retiring risk in SWOT discharge products: Two methods for characterizing river depth, NASA Physical Oceanography, $402,951. 2010-2013.

Durand, M., J. Lant, K. Andreadis, A Hydraulic Modeling Framework for Producing Urban Flooding Maps in Zanesville, Ohio, USGS NIWR, $25,000, 2010-2011.

Garabed, Moritz, Liang, Xiao, Livestock movements and disease epidemiology in the Chad Basin: modeling risks for animals and humans, NSF/Ecology of Infectious Disease Program. 2010 – 2015.

Goebel, C., M. Sullivan, and R. Hendrick. Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid to coupled dynamics across riparian and stream ecosystems of the central Appalachians. National

Science Foundation. $383,352. In review.

Hall, D., D. Bromwich, J. Box. Surface melt extent and volume of the Greenland ice sheet 200 through 2009, from MODIS, QuikSCAT, CERES AND MODELING, NASA, 10/01/10-

09/30/13, $297,025. In review.

Hossain, F., with subaward to C.K. Shum and H.K. Lee, Advancing the hydrologic predictability

of riverine deltas: Using Bangladesh as a salable test-bed for the world’s humid deltas, 01/01/11-12/31/13. $136,776. in review

182

Howat, I., Combined GPS/Photogrammetric/oceanographic observations of Greenland outlet glacier dynamics during spring break-up, $37,760, 2 years, NASA.

Howat, I. (PI), CO-PI with I. Joughin (APL/UW), Constraining the causes, mechanisms and impacts of rapid changes in Greenland's outlet glaciers, $533,325 to OSU over 3 years,

NASA Cryosphere.

Howat, I. (PI), CO-PI with K. Matsuoka (UW), Collaborative Research: Controls on the motion of soft-bedded glaciers from hourly to seasonal observations of force budget and basal

conditions at Breiðamerkurjökull, Iceland, $222,000 to OSU over 2 years, NSF-ANS.

Howat, I. (PI), CO-PI with T. Pfeffer (CU), S. O’neel (CU) and H. Conway (UW), IPY:

Collaborative Research: Dynamic Controls on Tidewater Glacier Retreat, $54,000 to OSU over 3 years, NSF-IPY.

Howat, I. (PI), CO-I, PI’s: I. Joughin (APL/UW) and T. Scambos (CU), Greenland Ice Mapping

Program: Observations of Rapid Ice Sheet Change, $186,000 to OSU over 5 years, NASA MeASURES.

Howat, I., The rapid ice sheet change observatory (RISCO) initialization program, NASA, 7/1/10-6/30/13, $1,246,849. In review.

Howat, I., IceBridge science team: Optimization and integration of surface elevation and

elevation change observations, NASA, 06/01/10-05/31/13, $336,976. In review.

Howat, I. Measuring rapid ice sheet change with velocity observations from multiple sensors,

NASA Terra/Aqua, 11/01/10-10/30/13, $424,929. In review.

Howat, I., C. Shum, S. Price. Greenland ice sheet response to outlet glacier acceleration, NASA-CRYO, 11/01/10-10/30/13, $541,698. In review.

Ibaraki, M., J. Daniels, C.K Shum, H. Lee. Multidisciplinary fusion approach for prediction of infectious disease, NGA-NURI, 10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,992, in review.

Jacinthe, P-A., Dick, W.A., and Lal, R. 2009. Greenhouse gas budget and methane dynamics in a no-tillage chronosequence. USDA-NRICGP Air Quality Program 28.0, Total amount of funds, $399,992.

Jung, H-C., D. Alsdorf, Hydraulic Modeling in the Congo Wetland Using Spaceborne Data, NASA Fellowship, $90,000, 2009-2012.

Lal, R., Ohio Coal Development Office, $630,278, November 2008 to October 2011.

Lal, R., MRCSP, In collaboration with Battelle, $420,000 per year, September 2007 to September 2010, a total of $1,260,000.

Lee, H.K., C.K Shum. Satellite data fusion to measure absolute water level changes (2003-present) in the Everglades for restoration monitoring and sea level rise impact

assessment: A Pilot Project, USGS, 07/01/10–06/30/13, $90,269, in review.

Lee, H.K., D. Alsdorf, K. Andreadis, M. Durand, C. Shum, Y. Yi, H.C. Jung, J.W. Kim, K.H. Tseng, S. Calmant, J.F. Cretaux, C.Y. Kuo. Surface water dynamics over the Congo basin

and over arctic lakes using Altika altimeter data, Data proposal to SARAL/AltiKa Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal submitted to Indian Space Research

Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 04/15/10-04/14/13.

183

LeJeune, Doohan, Gebreyes, Liang, Irrigation water risk assessment for enhanced international competiveness, USDA, July 2010 – June 2013. In review.

Liang, Buckley, Wilkins, Pilot Testing: Epidemiological surveillance and investigation of illness reported by neighbors of biosolids land application and other soil amendments, Franklin

County Health Department (Prime: Water Environment Research Foundation). 2009-2010.

Liang, S., C.K. Shum, M. Ibaraki, H.K Lee. Tracking environmental factors governing the

transmission of Opisthorchis Viverrini (Liver Fluke) in Southeast Asia using Terra/Aqua: An integrated modeling analysis, NASA, 11/1/10-10/31/13, $499,621, in review.

Liang, S., Garabed, Moritz, Xiao, Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis in the Far North Region, Cameroon, NIH, 4/1/2011 – 3/31/2013, $ 445,000. In review.

Lin, J., Co-PI: Toshiaki Shinoda Understanding Impacts of Stratocumulus Clouds on CCSM’s

ENSO Simulations, NCAR, 50,000 GAUs of NCAR Supercomputer Resources (equivalent to ~$50,000).

Lin, J., Co-PI: Toshiaki Shinoda, Collaborative Research: Structure and Mechanisms of CGCMs’ Systematic Biases in Southeast Pacific, NSF, Total $298,000, $179,151 for PI Lin, April 2008 – March 2011.

Loerch, S., R. Moore, D. Stinner, and R. Taylor. Impact of organic animal production systems on water quality and quantity in Ohio-an integrated research, extension and education

program." CSREES' Organic Agriculture Research and Extension Initiative. 2010-2012. $659,527.

Lyons, B. (PI), with Schwartz, Mark, Carey and Costa. “Acquisition of an Automated Nutrient

Analyzer”, NSF, 2007, $64,800 to OSU.

Mark, B.G., Jeffrey Bury, Mathias Vuille, Mark Carey, Kenneth Young, Ola Ahlqvist, Jennifer

Lipton. NSF#1019383, EAR – Water Sustainability and Climate: Collaborative Research: WSC-Category 2: Tropical Andean Water Sustainability Under a Changing Climate. Submitted, April 15, 2010. 5 years, $1,799,793, 2011-2016. In review.

Mark, B.G., Jeffrey Bury, Kenneth Young, Mark Carer. NSF #1010550, BCS – BE: DYN COUPLED NATURAL-HUMAN: Collaborative Research: Hydrologic Transformation

and Human Resilience to Climate Change in the Peruvian Andes. Submitted November 17, 2009. 3 years, $322,069, 2010-2013. In review.

Mark, B.G., Nathan Stansell. NSF #1024927, EAR – Geomorphology: Late Pleistocene Glacier

Dynamics in the Humid Northern Tropical Andes. Submitted January 19, 2010. 3 years, $456,847, 2010-2013. In review.

Mark, B.G., National Geographic Society, Committee for Research and Exploration: Assessing the Volume of Recent Tropical Glacier Recession. 13 November 2007. 1 year, $30,000.

Mark, B.G., J. Bury, Collaborative Proposal: Glacier Recession and Livelihood Vulnerability in

the Peruvian Andes. NSF #0752175, BCS – Geography and Regional Science: 2008-2009, $233,488 total with $112,054 funded to OSU.

Mark, B.G., Jeffrey Bury, NSF REU Supplement BCS-0752175: Collaborative Research: Glacier Recession and Livelihood Vulnerability in the Peruvian Andes, $15,220, 2009.

184

Mark, B.G., Nathan Stansell, Donald Rodbell, NSF EAR 1003780, Global Change: Collaborative Research: RUI: Tropical Holocene climatic insights from Andean

paleoglacier dynamics. Submitted October 15, 2009. 3 years, $308,373, 2010-2013.

Moore, R. and B. Sohngen. Ohio Basin Upper Scioto Watershed (HUC 05060001) Water

Quality Trading Feasibility Study. USEPA Targeted Watershed Program. $199,000.00.

Mosley-Thompson, Ellen (PI), Paolo Gabrielli (Co-PI) and Lonnie Thompson (Co-PI), NSF ANT-0820779: MRI: Proposal Title: Acquisition of an Inductively Coupled-Sector Field

Mass Spectrometer (IC-SFMS) to Extract Atmospheric Trace Element Histories from Ice Cores and Assess Contemporary Water Quality, Major Research Infrastructure, National

Science Foundation, $337,250, 07/01/2008 - 06/30/2009.

Nino, F., L. Rivera, D. Hancock, B. Legresy, H. Lee, C. Shum, S. Calmant. Radar altimetry waveform inversion for continental water bodies, Data proposal to SARAL/AltiKa

Announcement of Opportunity (AO) proposal submitted to Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)/Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 04/15/10-04/14/13.

Partridge, Mark, E.G. Irwin and H. Stephens. Leveraging natural amenities for sustainable development in the Great Lakes region.NOAA/Ohio Sea Grant, 2010-2012. Amount: $177,313.

Polyak, L., Paleo-Perspective of Climate Change Initiative, NSF, 2010-2013. $335,814.

Qiu, Liang, Zhong, Designing surveillance strategies in schistosomiasis transmission controlled

areas in Sichuan, China, The Chinese NSF, 2009 – 2013.

Remais, Eisenberg, Levy, Liang, WSC-Category 3: Joint climatological-social drivers of water quality and supply in China and Ecuador, NSF, July 2011- June 2016. In review.

Rodriguez, E., L-L Fu, P. Vaze, and D. Alsdorf, SWOT Task Plan for FY 2009, NASA HQ, Total grant is $2,062,500 with $110,361 for OSU. 2009.

Rodriguez, E., L-L Fu, P. Vaze, and D. Alsdorf, SWOT Task Plan for FY 2010, NASA HQ, Total grant is $2,200,000 with $112,500 for OSU. 2010.

Rodriguez, R., D. Alsdorf, Y. Chao, D. Esteban-Fernandez, L-L. Fu, S. Hensley, A. Mousessian,

D. Moller, T. Pavelsky, L. Smith, A Calibration/Validation Platform for the SWOT Mission, $4,500,000, NASA IIP, in review.

Saalfeld, A., New tools for intelligence analysis: Order theory for data fusion and more, NGA-NURI, 10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,989. In review.

Schwartz, F., and 4 others, Acquisition of a Liquid Isotope Analyzer for Hydrological,

Glaciological and Geochemical Research, $57,800, NSF, 2009-2010.

Schwartz, F., C.K Shum, M. Durand, H. Lee.Space-based revierine depth estimation in remote

regions, NGA-NURI, 10/22/10-10/21/15, $749,997, in review.

Schwartz, F., Impacts of Climate Variability on Prairie Potholes, $377,437, NSF, 12/30/10 to 12/29/13, in review.

Schubert, S., Co-I: Lin and 6 others, Simulating and Predicting Sub-seasonal and Longer-Term Changes in Tropical Storm Characteristics using High Resolution Climate Models,

Funding agency: NASA (MAP), April 2009-March 2013, $163,036 for Lin.

185

Shapitlo, M., Grottoli, et al., NIFA, Environmental Sustainability of Organic Farming Systems: On-Farm, Experimental, and Watershed Assessments, planning grant.

Shinoda, T., Jialin Lin, Understanding air-sea coupled processes in the southeast Pacific. NOAA CPO. $300,000. August 2010-July 2013

Shum, C.K., Integrated analysis of interferometric SAR and altimetry to monitor Louisiana wetland dynamics, NASA-NESSP Fellowship (Jin-woo Kim), 09/01/10-08/31/13, $90,000.

Shum, C., I. Howat, H.K. Lee, C.Y. Kuo, Improved Antarctic Ice-Sheet Mass Balance Integrating ICESat/CryoSat Altimetry, Gravimetry and Modeling, NASA,

NNX10AG31G, 04/01/10–03/31/13, $375,899.

Shum, C.K., Improving topography and Boussinesq approximations in OGCM for studying ocean-earth interactions and assimilating GRACE data, JPL 1384376, 09/01/00–

09/30/10, $70,000, #60023327.

Shum, C., K. Jezek, H. Lee, H. Rashid, J.S. Won, S. Baek. Refining Asian high mountain glacier

mass balance through multi-sensor data fusion, 11/01/10-10/31/13, $623,716. In review.

Thompson, Lonnie G. (PI) and Ellen Mosley-Thompson (Co-PI), NSF ATM-0823586: Proposal Title: Collaborative Research: Reconstructing Tropical Pacific Climate Variability

(ENSO and Monsoon Systems, and Abrupt Changes) from Ice Cores on Irian Jaya, Indonesia and Hualcán, Peru. Paleo Perspectives on Climate Change Program at the

National Science Foundation. $1,094,433, 08/01/2008 - 07/31/2011.

Thompson, L., M. Makou, T. Eglington, NSF BCS-0921509, Collaborative Research: Development of high-resolution biomass burning records for tropical South America

from Andean ice cores, $172,005, 2009-2012.

Thompson, L., H. Rashid, NSF OCE-0928601, Chapman Conference on Abrupt Climate

Change: June 15-19, 2009, Columbus, Ohio, $20,000, 2009-2010.

Thompson, L., Broxton Bird. NSF #1023547, EAR – Sed Geo & Paleobioogy, 1500 Years of Indian Summer Monsoon Variability Reconstructed from High-Resolution Tibetan Lake

Sediments: An EAGER Proposal, submitted 1/16/2010, $52,141, 2010- 2011. In review.

Thompson, L., Matt Makou, NSF 1029098 , EAR , Acquisition of a gas chromatograph/time-of-

flight mass spectrometer and thermal desorption system for high-sensitivity, high-resolution ice core paleoclimate investigation, $293,485, 2010-2011. In review.

Williams, R., “Production of woody biomass fuel stock from mechanized thinning of small

diameter forest stands”. Northeast Sun Grant Initiative; $145,743; Duration: 08/2009 – 07/2011. in review.

Williams, R., “Fuel treatments in mixed-pine forests in the Great Lakes Region: A comprehensive guide to planning and implementation”; US Dept. of the Interior Joint Fire Science Program; $151,363; Duration: 06/2009 - 11/2010. In review.

Willis, M., I. Howat. Collaborative Research: SEG3 – Southeast Greenland glaciology and geodynamics, NSF, 10/10/11-12/31/13, $1,210.000. in review.

186

Wilson, R. USDA Forest Service Cooperative Research Agreement, Assessing the impact of positive and negative outcomes on wildfire management decision making among federal

fire managers, $39,377. 2008 – 2009.

Wilson, R. and A. Baird, USDA CSREES National Integrated Water Quality Program,

Designing watershed-based education and extension efforts through a mental models research approach, $390,000, 2008 – 2011.

Wilson, R., "Developing a fire science network and delivery system to enhance the management

and restoration of fire-dependent forest ecosystems of the northern Lake States." US Department of the Interior Joint Fire Sciences Program. $20,709. 2009 – 2010.

Wilson, R., "Fuel treatments in mixed-pine forests in the Great Lakes Region: A comprehensive guide to planning and implementation." Joint Fire Science Program. $151,363.00. 2009-2011.

Wilson, R., "Fire-science network and delivery system for fire-dependent ecosystems of the northern Lake States." US Fish and Wildlife Service Joint Fire Sciences Program.

$397,827. 2010 – 2012.

Yu, Z., Identification of microbial and gut-related factors driving bird performance. Australia Poultry CRC., $426,334, 9/1/2010-8/30/2014. In review.

Yu, Z., Strategies for controlling pre-harvest bacterial contamination and enhancing the nutritional value of pasture reared organic broilers. NIFA. $878,564, 10/1/2010-

9/30/2014, in review.

Yu, Z., Microbial population dynamics of solid-state anaerobic digesters. Ohio Third Frontier. PI, $87,992 (out of a total of 2 mln). 1/1/2010-12/20.2010.

Yu, Z., Proprietary research on molecular microbial ecology of human intestinal tracts (AK53 part). $44,250. 1/2010 - 12/2010.

Yu, Z., Anaerobic microbiology: Population dynamics & metabolism in anaerobic digesters. DOE. PI, $471,405. 8/1/2009 - 7/31/2010.

Zicheng Yu, Robert Booth, Joan Ramage, B.G. Mark, NSF EAR-0819756, Collaborative

Research: ETBC: Peatlands as Carbon and Water Sinks under Warm Climates in the Susitna Basin, South-Central Alaska, $269,810, 2009-2012.

Proposals related to the CWC (funded and under review) Dick, W. A., Rajashekara, G. , Moore, R. H. "Upper Sugar Creek Watershed: A Model

Watershed for Study of Pathogen Origin, Fate and Transport" USDA NRI $399,953 2007-2010.

LeJeune, J., D. Doohan, M. Tucker, H. Cho, S. Miller, L. Mederos, R. Wilson, and L. Rivers. National Integrated Food Safety Initiative Special Emphasis Grant, Minimizing microbial food safety hazards of fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables, 2007, $2,500,000.

Lyons, B. (PI), “Collaborative Research: Drivers of Metazoan Distribution and Dispersal in the Trans Antarctic Mountain Range,” negotiating with NSF for SGER Award, 2007.

187

Moore, R. H., Williams, L. R., Hoy, C. W., Bouchard, V. L., Goebel, P. C., Rodewald, A. D., Grewal, P. S. "Linking watershed research and GK-12 education within an ecosystem

context." National Science Foundation $2,958,177 2007-2012.

Moore, R. H., McCartney, D. A., Williams, L. R. "A Plan to Reduce Phosphorus Loading and

Improve Stream Ecological Function in the Middle Fork and Adjoining Watersheds of the Sugar Creek Watershed: Joint Recommendations for the Alpine Cheese Phosphorus Nutrient Trading Plan. " Alpine Cheese Company NDPES Permit $300,000. 2006-2011.

(contract).

Shum, C.K., and C. Kuo, Satellite monitoring of the present-day evolution of the Atlantic

Meridional Overturning Circulation, NASA-Physical Oceanography, #60017711, 3/1/09-2/28/13, $599,974.

Shum, C., M. Ibaraki, Y. Yi, and Z. Lu, Towards high-resolution rapid monitoring and prediction

of hydrologic change, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency University Research Initiative (NGA/NURI), 9/26/07–9/25/2012, $750,000 (with 3 option years).

188

E. Budgets for Individual Core Projects and Seed Grants

Each core project and seed grant has a budget noted in the OSU General Ledger. Budgeting

numbers are pulled from this OSU Financial Reporting system and are dated June 18, 2010. Commitments, however, are not thoroughly recorded in the OSU system, thus the available

balance for each project is likely less than noted here.

189

190

MCITE CORE PROJECT Yr. 1 Funding (07) $92,500.00 Lal et al.

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $543,000.00 Total MCITE funding $1,545,500.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Total MCITE commits $122,441.62

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $450,000.00 Total MCITE expenses $585,536.44

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $274,866.62 Free Balance $837,521.94 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $460,000.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $310,669.82

Current Commits $122,441.62 Balance $837,521.94

GLACIAL RETREAT CORE PROJECT Thompson et al. Yr. 1 Funding (07) $75,612.00 Total Glacial funding $1,584,926.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00 Total Glacial commits $458,025.75

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $494,188.00 Total Glacial expenses $738,663.15 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $124,654.20 Free Balance $388,237.10

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $473,320.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $214,218.13 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $541,806.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $399,790.82

Current Commits $458,025.75 Balance $388,237.10

191

SATELLITE HYDROLOGY CORE PROJECT Alsdorf et al.

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $105,000.00 Total Satellite funding $1,040,000.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00 Total Satellite commits $442,101.73 Yr. 2 Funding (08) $445,000.00 Total Satellite expenses $536,990.30

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $46,885.04 Free Balance $60,907.97

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $390,000.00 Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $192,823.26

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $100,000.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $297,282.00 Current Commits $442,101.73

Balance $60,907.97

ECOSYSTEMS CORE PROJECT Sohngen et al.

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Total Ecosystem funding $508,536.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00 Total Ecosystem exp $103,954.10 Yr. 2 Funding (08) $167,348.00 Total Ecosystem commits $14,917.21

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $26,890.60 Free Balance $389,664.69

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $174,374.00 Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $32,461.69

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $166,814.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $153,046.37 Current Commits $71,852.67

Balance $224,284.67

192

SEA LEVEL RISE CORE PROJECT Shum et al. Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Total Sea Level funding $787,500.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00 Total Sea Level expenses $328,974.50

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00 Total Sea Level commits $12,869.16 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Free Balance $445,656.34

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $530,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $43,590.81 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $257,500.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $285,383.69

Current Commits $12,869.16 Balance $445,656.34

OHIO RIVER BASIN CORE PROJECT Wilson et al. Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Total River funding $787,500.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00 Total River expenses $132,025.79

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00 Total River commits $58,072.54 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Free Balance $597,401.67

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $530,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $257,500.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $132,025.79

Current Commits $58,072.54 Balance $597,401.67

193

OH RIVER BASIN SEED GRANT Allen Yr. 2 Funding (08) $34,520.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $26,340.31

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $8,179.69 Current commits $0.00

Current Balance $0.00

ANDEAN ICE SEED GRANT Mark

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $40,000.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $28,442.36 Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $11,557.64

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $0.00

BAY OF BENGAL SEED GRANT Rashid

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $52,677.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $3,425.89

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $42,320.33

Current Commits $30.00

Balance $6,900.78

GREENHOUSE GAS SEED GRANT Dick

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $50,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $50,000.00

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $0.00

194

COSHOCTON WATERSHED SEED GRANT Grottoli Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $52,973.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $200.72 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $52,772.28

Current Commits $0.00 Balance $0.00

SEASONAL SNOW PACK SEED GRANT Durand Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $50,000.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $24,930.23

Current Commits $1,980.00 Balance $23,089.77

ARCTIC REGIONS SEED GRANT Chin Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $30,242.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $3,989.22

Current Commits $0.00 Balance $26,252.78

195

ARCTIC OCEAN SEED GRANT Polyak

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $49,984.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $5,070.92

Current Commits $25,374.19

Balance $19,538.89

CHAD BASIN SEED GRANT Moritz

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $45,602.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $0.00

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $45,602.00

MID-HOLOCENE ARIDITY Porinchu

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $50,000.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $9,855.72

Current Commits $2,987.60

Balance $37,156.68

196

PHPID PILOT GRANT Crawford

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $25,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $11,039.47

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $25,000.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $1,767.75

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $37,192.78

PHPID PILOT GRANT Liang

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $0.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $25,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $16,647.46

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $25,000.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $22,497.85

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $10,854.69

CWC ADMIN FUNDS Director - Alsdorf

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $56,847.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $7,047.52

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $112,898.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $104,389.80 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $75,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $46,861.76

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $75,000.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $50,883.81

Current Commits $13,638.53

Balance $96,923.58

197

FACULTY STARTUP Howat

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $135,000.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $11,746.08 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $67,616.16

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $28,220.33

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $27,417.43

MAPS FACULTY STARTUP TBD

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $250,000.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $0.00 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $0.00

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $0.00

Current Commits $0.00

Balance $250,000.00

FAES FACULTY STARTUP Wilson

Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00 Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $45,000.00

Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $820.16 Yr. 3 Funding (09) $0.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $6,962.65

Yr. 4 Funding (10) $0.00 Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $4,073.11

Current Commits $646.00

Balance $32,498.08

198

CWC SPEAKERS/SEMINAR Alsdorf Yr. 1 Funding (07) $0.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $0.00

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $10,000.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $108.44

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $22,510.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $17,937.63 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $10,000.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $0.00

Current Commits $0.00 Balance $24,463.93

ROLLUP FUND General Funds Yr. 1 Funding (07) $1,283,800.00

Yr. 1 Expenses (07) $46,468.10

Yr. 2 Funding (08) $2,450,000.00 Yr. 2 Expenses (08) $1,493,638.17

Yr. 3 Funding (09) $2,250,000.00

Yr. 3 Expenses (09) $4,051,282.75 Yr. 4 Funding (10) $2,350,000.00

Yr. 4 Expenses (10) $2,190,701.11

Current Commits $56,106.51 Balance $495,603.36