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# http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/08/climate-concerns-ignite-search-next-gen-energy/78386470/#[2/9/2016 10:10:50 AM] Climate concerns ignite search for next-gen energy Donnelle Eller, The Des Moines Register 8:13 a.m. EST January 11, 2016 234 20 76 DES MOINES, Iowa — Emily Heaton says clean energy from the 12-foot tall miscanthus she grows at an Iowa State University farm can help cut the carbon that's warming the planet. "I should be able to start my truck or turn on my lights at home, and it makes the air cleaner," said Heaton, a 37-year-old agronomy professor who is researching how to use perennial grasses to cost-effectively generate electricity and fuel. At Caltech, 30-year-old Sonja Francis searches for a catalyst that will turn sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into a fuel that can power our cars, trucks and Sonja Francis, a postdoctorate scholar at Caltech’s Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis speaks about making fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide. USA TODAY (Photo: Zach Boyden-Holmes/The Register) 234 CONNECT TWEET 20 LINKEDIN 76 COMMENT EMAIL MORE MORE STORIES Watch 2016 Mardi Gras parade LIVE STREAM Live Video 37° MORE NEWS SPORTS LIFE MONEY TECH TRAVEL OPINION CROSSWORDS ELECTIONS 2016 INVESTIGATIONS AD METER VIDEO

Climate concerns ignite search for next-gen energy concerns... · ... Climate concerns ignite search for next ... Nation is a series

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    http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/08/climate-concerns-ignite-search-next-gen-energy/78386470/#[2/9/2016 10:10:50 AM]

    Climate concerns ignite search for next-gen energy

    Donnelle Eller, The Des Moines Register 8:13 a.m. EST January 11, 2016234

    20

    76

    DES MOINES, Iowa Emily Heaton says cleanenergy from the 12-foot tall miscanthus she grows atan Iowa State University farm can help cutthe carbon that's warming the planet.

    "I should be able to start my truck or turn on mylights at home, and it makes the air cleaner,"

    said Heaton, a 37-year-old agronomy professor who is researching how touse perennial grasses to cost-effectively generate electricity and fuel.

    At Caltech, 30-year-old Sonja Francis searches for a catalyst that willturn sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into a fuel that can power our cars, trucks and

    Sonja Francis, a postdoctorate scholar at Caltechs Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis speaks

    about making fuels from atmospheric carbon dioxide. USA TODAY

    (Photo: Zach Boyden-Holmes/TheRegister)

    234CONNECT TWEET

    20LINKEDIN

    76COMMENT EMAIL MORE

    MORE STORIES

    Watch 2016 Mardi Gras paradeLIVESTREAM Live Video

    37 MORENEWS SPORTS LIFE MONEY TECH TRAVEL OPINION CROSSWORDS ELECTIONS 2016 INVESTIGATIONS AD METER VIDEO

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    http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/08/climate-concerns-ignite-search-next-gen-energy/78386470/#[2/9/2016 10:10:50 AM]

    USA TODAY Network's OneNation is a series of 10forums in 10 cities on topicsshaping the presidentialelection. (Photo: USA TODAY)

    other vehicles. "There was a time when we couldnt fly airplanes. We didn't havecars," Francis said. "What seems impossible won't always remain impossible."

    Or maybe the next generation of energy will come from river or ocean tides, from"windmills" floating 2,000 feet high in the sky, or from spent nuclear waste. Or theanswer might lie with removing carbon from the air and reusing it.

    The world's leading nations and some of its richest business leaders propose investing billions of dollars to find technology that can transform how wepower our countries.

    "Energy drives the economy. But the world has beenrelying on with the exclusion of nuclear a seriesof technologies that we were using in the late19th and early 20th century," said Josh Freed, vicepresident for clean energy at Third Way, a politicalthink tank based in Washington, D.C.

    "There are any number of big, even seemingly smallideas, that could have dramatic impact on our energysystem," Freed said. "We need to put money intothem to determine which one works and which onesfail."

    Growing concern about climate change has ignited amassive effort to develop new energy technologiesthat are dramatically cleaner than fossil fuels, which make up most of the world's energy portfolio. Last

    month in Paris, 195 nations pledged to lower greenhouse gases that are believed tocause climate change.

    But Scott Tinker, director of the Bureau of Economic Geology at the University ofTexas at Austin, said major new energy sources are "multiple, multiple decadesaway." And enchantment with them diverts attention from a more pressing climatechange challenge: reducing carbon pollution that will come with exploding energydemand from developing countries, home to half the world's population.

    "They need coal and are using coal, and they need natural gas and are using naturalgas," said Tinker, producer of the documentary, "SWITCH." "Theyre not going to stopdoing that. We need to deal with that, rather than just try to legislate ... their fuelsources away."

    Fox News slams Beyonc's'outrageous' Super Bowlperformance7:47 a.m.

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    Broncos CB on postgamepress conference setup: 'Iwould have been mad if I wasCam too'8:28 a.m.

    Cam Newton is going to owethe state of California tons ofmoney after the Super BowlFeb 7, 11:31 a.m.

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    Bill Gates: Speed 'energy miracles'

    Scientists warn that human activities are creating carbon dioxide and other

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    http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/08/climate-concerns-ignite-search-next-gen-energy/78386470/#[2/9/2016 10:10:50 AM]

    greenhouse gases that get trapped in the atmosphere. The gases are raising theaverage global temperature, which in turn triggers more frequent extreme weatherevents, including droughts, flooding and hurricanes.

    Power generation leads the list of human activities that create the most carbonpollution, followed by transportation, industrial production, homes and businesses,farming and land use changes.

    In emerging countries, about 1.3 billion people have no access to electricity. Microsoftfounder Bill Gates sees the rising electricity demand from those nations as a call tovastly increase investment that will accelerate the discovery of "energy miracles."

    He has pledged to invest $2 billion over five years to drive the effort and hascampaigned for countries and other investors to join him.

    Gates and President Barack Obama announced at the Paris talks that 20 nationswould double their research and development investment to $20 billion, and30 private investors would pour billions of dollars into the public-private initiative,although an exact amount wasn't released.

    The investment is long overdue, some experts say, especially in the United States,which has failed to fully embrace the idea that carbon is heating the planet. "We havefelt the energy R&D budget has been woefully underfunded for years," said PhyllisCuttino, director of the clean energy initiative at The Pew Charitable Trusts. "Its prettyremarkable because energy is our third-largest sector here in the United States,but we have only dedicated about $5 billion to it annually."

    By comparison, the U.S. government spends about $30 billion on health researcheach year and $80 billion annually on defense research. Federal investment helpspush promising energy technology in universities or national laboratories, Cuttinosaid. Then it has languished. Ramping up energy technology requires significantinvestment, she said. "It's not like Google, where it can be developed by two guys in agarage," she said. "It has to be scaled."

    The Gates investment group "has really targeted that valley of death" wherepromising technologies perish for lack of investment, Cuttino said. Some scientistshave to "rent out a factory" to determine if their idea is commercially viable, she said."They just dont have the infrastructure to do it themselves."

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    Changes sought in government policy

    Another vital piece to the puzzle: government policies that support low- or carbon-freeenergies, said Robert C. Brown, an engineering professor at Iowa StateUniversity. "We have to make sure that renewable fuels don't just complementpetroleum. They need to actually displace them," said Brown, who is developing aprocess that can turn biomass like Heaton's miscanthus into renewable fuels andchemicals. It creates a carbon byproduct called biochar that can be used toenrich depleted soils.

    Brown said a carbon tax, for example, could discourage consumers from using fossil-based fuels and generate money to develop new technologies. But even a "whiff ofa tax" could spark a voter rebellion, "which is why politicians stay away" from that

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    idea, he said. "I haven't a clue how you convince voters that its worthwhile."

    Tinker, the Texas energy expert, said politicians rarely get policy right when it comesto energy. "Every time governments try to legislate energy changes, unintendedconsequences happen," he said.

    And even with government support, energy changes happen slowly, Tinker said,noting that wind and solar are still only a small portion of the U.S. electric generationmix after three decades of development. Wind and solar provided about 5 percent oftotal U.S. electricity in 2014, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

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    Tinker sees next-generation technology taking the same path. "It would take atremendous amount to alter that path," Tinker said. "It's changing slowly, but notbecause of politics."

    Heather Zichal, a former assistant to Obama on energy and climate change, said the

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    president's Clean Power Plan is already pushing utilities to shift to cleaner fuels tonatural gas, for example, over coal and to add wind and solar. The controversialplan requires states to cut carbon pollution emissions by an average of about 30percent below 2005 levels.

    Costs are falling for renewable energy, solar in particular, and improvements instoring power will broaden its adoption, said Zichal, a senior fellow at the AtlanticCouncil, a Washington think tank. "We have to stop acting like this is aninsurmountable challenge.

    "It's not going to happen overnight ... but there are great opportunities," she said,adding that Americans also will see energy efficiency gains in smart technologythat manages the grids that deliver electricity to consumers, who also canmonitor energy use in their homes. "Some of those technologies exist today andsome are still in the heads of our great innovators," Zichal said.

    Accelerating the pace of success, and failures, will be critical to getting to the rightanswers, said Third Way's Freed. Private investors can "rigorously demand successor fast failure, much better than government can do," he said.

    Fast failure is a big piece of Francis' job at Caltech.

    She's trying to find the catalyst that will turn sunshine, carbon dioxide and water intofuel such as methane or ethanol. The process seeks to replicate what happensnaturally in plants through photosynthesis.

    "One of my mantras is: Its OK to fail, but you need to fail fast," Francis said. "Youdont want to spend a lot of time on something that ultimately wont work. You have towork quickly, learn from your mistakes, and go back to the drawing board.

    "You don't know when youre going to find" a breakthrough, Francis said. But whenyou do, "then it's full steam ahead."

    One Nation forums

    A forum Thursday Jan. 14 in Iowa, on the future of energy, kicks off the USA TODAYNetwork's One Nation series 10 events in 10 cities on key topics shapingthe presidential election.

    Thursday's forum in Des Moines will come less than three weeks before the Iowacaucuses. The second One Nation forum, focused on health care, will be held inFebruary in Reno, Nevada, ahead of that state's caucuses. The third forum, in Marchin Phoenix, Arizona, will focus on immigration.

    For information on the One Nation forums, go to onenation.usatoday.com.

    Calculate your carbon footprint

    Are you helping or hindering the effort to reduce carbon emissions? Here's where youcan go to calculate your carbon footprint:

    http://onenation.usatoday.com/.

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    http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2016/01/08/climate-concerns-ignite-search-next-gen-energy/78386470/#[2/9/2016 10:10:50 AM]

    EPA Carbon Footprint Calculator

    CoolClimate Network calculator

    Lehigh University carbon emissions calculator

    More from One Nation:

    USA TODAYMeet 3 researchers looking to transform energy

    USA TODAY'Flying wind mills' and nuclear waste: The future of energy?

    USA TODAY5 worst ways you're hurting the planet, 5 best ways you canhelp it

    USA TODAYAt students' behest, colleges add efforts to address climatechange

    For more information on this exciting series of live events, visit onenation.usatoday.com USA TODAY

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