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1
CLIMATE CHANGE GOES SOAP
A
RADIO DRAMA DESIGN WORKSHOP
HELD ON DECEMBER 10 – 18, 2007 AT GODAB PLAZA, AREA 3,
ABUJA
Organized by: ARDA, FRI, WOFAN & The University of Guelph
Sponsored by:
International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Canada)
2
Acknowledgement
Our heartfelt appreciation goes to all our collaborating partners; Farm Radio International (FRI), University of Guelph, Women Farmers Advancement Network (WOFAN) who have contributed immensely to the success of the Radio Program Design Workshop. We also give our warm thanks to the Nigerian Environmental Study Action/Team (NEST) and IITA/PROSAB, and particularly to management and staff of the Federal Ministry of Environment, Special Climate Change Unit, FHI/GHAIN, Abuja for their support and free use of their conference rooms and facilities for the workshop. For financial support we are grateful to the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada for its grant towards the realization of the 26-episode radio program on Climatic Change Adaptation of which the Radio Design and Scripting workshop was one of the activities.
The African Radio Drama Association (ARDA)
3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………........................... ..... 2
Acronyms and Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................. 4
Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………............................ ... 5 - 7
APPENDIX i. Radio Design Workshop Pictures …………………………………………............................. 8
ii. List of Workshop Participants …………………..………………………................................ 9
iii. Report on Abuja Radio design workshop by Prof. John Fitzsimons (University of Guelph) 10 -22
iv. Radio Partner’s Profile ................................................................................................ ...... 23 - 26
v.. RDD Daily Report …………………………………….………………………………………… 27 - 32
vi. Pre & Post Test Questionaire ………………………………………………………………… 33
vii Evaluation Report by Prof. Helen Hambly Odame (University of Guelph)……............ 34
viii. Radio Station Map……………………………………………………………………………... 35
4
1. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ARDA - African Radio Drama Association
IDRC - International Research Development Centre
FRI - Farm Radio International (formerly Developing
Countries Farm Radio Network--DCFRN)
WOFAN - Women Farmers Advancement Network
CCAA - Climate Change Adaptation in Africa
IITA/PROSAB - International Institute of Tropical Agriculture’s
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture in Borno
State program
NEST - Nigerian Environmental Study/Action Team
FMOE, H & UD - Federal Ministry of Environment, Housing and
Urban Development
GMC - Gombe Media Corporation
BRTV - Borno Radio Television
FRCN - Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria
VMP
VVMP
5
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION GOES SOAP!!!
A radio drama design workshop held
December 10 – 18, 2007 at GODAB Plaza, Area 3, Abuja.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
RDA in collaboration with its project partners and CCA collaborating organization
convened and facilitated a radio drama design and scripting workshop December 10 - 18,
2007 at the Godab Plaza, Area 3, Abuja. Participants were lodged at the Sharon Ultimate
Hotel and were shuttled to the workshop venue daily.
Participants included producers from the six prospective
radio stations to air the programs, female and male
scriptwriters, WOFAN staff and farmers, ARDA staff and
resource persons from the University of Guelph (UoG).
The federal Ministry of Environment also attended.
All stakeholders got together on the above dates to
formalize and actualize the aim of taking climate change
adaptation to the radio and making a soap opera out of
this serious and unnerving problem to the rural and small
holder farmer. This project brought the resource persons
and academia to meet with the script writers who needed
to be sensitized about this problem and its attendant
worrying effects so as to appreciate and create a drama
that will both educate and entertain the rural farmer. The
radio producers of the stations that have been marked
down to broadcast the 26 episodes soap have been invited
both because of their knowledge of their listeners and also
to get sensitized about the climate change issues as to be
able to become passionate about these dramas when they
are to be aired.
Writers and producers as well as program managers increased their knowledge on Climate
Change adaptation issues particularly in northern Nigeria and were sensitized. Following the
technical information sessions, the creation of stories and characters took precedence and the
radio drama was designed to be a vehicle for the critical issues and messages identified.
At the end of the workshop, a design document was drafted.
A
Lucky of IITA facilitates at the workshop
6
he Report
Participants: (see participants’ list, appendix II)
Twenty-seven people assembled in the FHI/GHAIN conference room at GODAP Plaza on
December 10, 2008 to participate in a climate change adaptation radio drama design and
scripting workshop. Participants were carefully selected to represent the stakeholders of the
project which proposes to show how useful radio dramas are in passing adaptation information to
small holders and getting them ready to adapt to climate change. Radio producers, scriptwriters,
project staff, including two professors from the UoG who led the technical resource team,
including NEST and IITA/PROSAB personnel.
The following were the workshop objectives as revealed by ARDA’s Program Director:
Workshop Objectives
The Purpose is to sensitize radio scriptwriters and producers to the main issues of climate
change in the country, especially northern Nigeria
To use the knowledge to design a 26 episode radio drama series on CC adaptation for
smallholder farmers in this region.
Specifically,
To define the message content of the radio program
To create a enter-educate drama series with CCA content
To develop a design document for the series
orkshop kicked off with Mrs
Data Phido, Project
Director of ARDA, giving a brief
history about the whole project. She
titled her presentation quite dramatically as
“CLIMATE CHANGE GOES
SOAP!” She got the attention of all
participants with this and went on to read
excerpts from the Nigerian author
Chinua Achebe’s classic novel “Things
fall Apart” about climate variability
and the disastrous impact it can have on
farmers’ livelihoods and life. This dramatic narration resonated with participants and set the
stage for discussing climate change vulnerability and adaptation. She welcomed all
participants to the workshop and expressed the hope that the workshop will achieve its
desired aims which is both to produce a good design document and to sensitize the
T
W
A Plenary Session
7
participants especially the radio producers on the need to see the drama as their product
which they will passionate about promoting and airing on their stations.
s Mojefe- Asst Project Director, ARDA, processed an ice-breaker to lighten the
mood and get participants to introduce themselves and get to know each other. She
did this by using the talents of the
youngest participant at the workshop, Alex
Odame, Helen Hambly Odame’s son to draw
and color various objects which were then
halved and shared to participants who were
instructed to find partners to complete the
pictures. When partners were found, they spent
fifteen minutes with each other and Alex again
was our time keeper and after fifteen minutes
together participants were told to introduce their
partners to the group. This was an interesting
and innovative method of carrying out
participants’ introduction and kept things fun.
ater that morning the duo of Dr. Helen Hambly Odame and Dr. John Fitzsimons
(professors at the UoG) led the technical presentations. They had also brought along
copies of the Tool/Resource kit derived from our research to distribute to all
participants, The NEST and IITA representatives had the floor later that evening to talk about
the issue and what their respective organizations were doing about CCA in Nigeria especially
in the north. Mrs. Grace Ogolo, a representative of the Federal Minister on Environment and
the special climate change unit had encouraging words for the project team.
A pretest of knowledge of CCA was conducted prior to the start of the workshop (see
attached).
Subsequent days continued in the same vein of lectures, group work and plenary sessions.
After three days of technical sessions on climate change, the work of creating the drama
commenced on the fourth day. All participants suggested storylines and characters and the
group sifted through these to arrive the final draft plots and characters for inclusion in the
design document.
The workshop ended on December 18, 2007 to enable the Muslim participants to travel back
for the Sallah holiday feast. A post test conducted at the end of the workshop showed a
marked increase in the knowledge of participants. (see attached Daily Report of workshop).
M
L
Groups still working
8
Appendix 1
RADIO DESIGN WORKSHOP PICTURES
Helen Hambly-Odame and her son Alex, John
Fitzsimons, Associate Professors from the University of Guelph, Canada with Abubakar
Ladan (FRCN, Kaduna) and Nzegbule E.C , NEST, Ibadan
Some radio participants with Helen Hambly-Odame
and John Fitzsimons
A group photograph of participants at the radio design workshop held in Abuja
9
List of Workshop Participants
Workshop Participants
S/no. Name Designation Organization Contact 1. Helen Hambly-Odame Associate Professor University of Guelph,
Canada
2. John Fitzsimons Associate Professor University of Guelph, Canada
(519) 824-4120, 56786
3. Yahaya Labib Extension Officer WOFAN, Kano 0805 443 2887 4. Ishaya D. Jockson Extension Officer WOFAN, Kano 0803 650 5743 5. Data Phido Program Director ARDA, Lagos 0803 315 1790 6. Mojefe N. Ozeghe Program Coordinator ARDA, Lagos 07025284893 7. Eka Dolor Project Admin. Officer ARDA, Lagos 0802 314 4199 8. Awwal Nasir Imam Program Officer (North) ARDA, Kaduna 0806 552 1665 9. John Essien Umoh Logistics Officer ARDA, Lagos 0803 715 8754
Content Experts
10. Grace Edison-Ogolo Environmental Scientist FMOE, H & UD 0803 309 1345 11. Lucky Omoigui Research Associate IITA/PROSAB 0803 617 8814 12. Nzegbule E. C Program Director NEST, Ibadan 0802 870 6502 13. Elizabeth Nyager Lecturer University of Jos 0803 701 0702 14. Julian Orupabo Research Advisor Independent 0805 662 2427 15. Adam Doran Research Advisor University of Guelph,
Canada 07057247842
16. Melissa Yule Research Advisor University of Guelph, Canada
07039383356
Radio Station Representatives
17. Adamu Idris Warawa Producer Radio Kano 0806 542 6947 18. Sadisu B. Imam Producer Radio Katsina 0802 663 4783 19. Adamu Musa Producer GMC, Gombe 0802 818 1032 20. Shehu H. Ahmed Producer Pyramid Radio, Kano 0703 588 3078 21. Abubakar Yusuf Ladan Producer FRCN Kaduna 0803 208 1039 22. Usman Lawan Producer BRTV Maiduguri 0802 087 6399
Scriptwriters
23. Zainab G. Bayero Scriptwriter Zee Karatu Workshop 0803 786 8159 24. Mansir Nasir Imam Scriptwriter Freelance 0803 354 6639 25. Seember Nyager Scriptwriter Freelance 0802 945 5583
10
Appendix 2
Report on Abuja Radio Design Workshop
Prepared by John Fitzsimons, SEDRD & Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph with
review comments by Helen Hambly, SEDRD, University of Guelph
Submitted to: African Radio Drama Assocation and Developing Countries Farm Radio
Network
This report details activities undertaken during the ARDA organized Radio Design Workshop on
Climate Change held 10th
Dec – 18Th
Dec in Abuja, Nigeria. I was only able to attend the first
three days of the Workshop (10th through 12
th Dec), which focused on the “technical” rather than
the “Script Writing” component. Observations thus limited to that component.
A list of Workshop participants is provided in Annex 1 and the Schedules for the first three days
in Annex 2.
Day 1:
The morning session began with a welcome and outline of the workshop objectives provided by
Mrs Data Phido (ARDA) followed by an ice-breaker/ participant introduction session chaired by
Mrs Mojefe Ozeghe (ARDA).
Following a break Dr Helen Hambly (University of Guelph) made a presentation on the project
objectives. John Fitzsimons then made a presentation designed to provide an overview of climate
change and its impact on West Africa and northern Nigeria as well as an introduction to the
issues that will be faced by rural households in pursuing their livelihoods and some of the key
actions which might be pursued to mitigate the impact of climate change on agricultural
production systems and rural livelihoods.
Key impacts in Northern Nigeria involved changes in
– Precipitation (-) and temperature (+)
– Length of Growing Season (-)
– Water availability (-)
– Incidence of extreme weather events and flooding (+)
– Desertification (+)
– Distribution and prevalence of human diseases and plant pests
The presentation stressed that:
• Dealing with climate change is more than just an issue of rainfall and temperature.
• The way of life of many farm households is already difficult
• The uncertainty caused by climate change will require farmers to adopt new practices.
• Household activities to produce food and earn income will need to become even more
flexible and diverse.
– Improve the use of natural resources
– Improve agricultural productivity under reduced and variable rainfall conditions
11
– For the poor, increase the amount of income from off-farm activities
• Northern Nigeria has a wide range of conditions and issues.
• Issues and Opportunities will vary a great deal within the region.
Following the lunch break Mr Lucky Omoigui, (IITA/PROSAB, NIMET) made a technical
presentation on the PROSAB project’s approach to improving crop/livestock productivity in
Borno State and the relation of their activities to climate change. The Project’s participatory
approach involves using PREA to identify and address production problems. This involves
(1)social mobilization, (2) problem Identification (3) biophysical characterization (4) adaptive
research and on-farm trials (5) monitoring and evaluation and (6) community capacity building.
The main problems facing the Project area were:
Poor soil fertility
Striga infestation of cereal and legume fields
Drought
Crop pests and diseases
Poor access to inputs (seeds, agro-chemicals)
Poor access to information
Post-harvest losses
Possible solutions to these issues being implemented by the Project were
• Crop diversification to improve soil fertility and increase income
• Cereal-legume rotation and Micro-dosing of fertilizer
• Deployment of Striga-resistant crop varieties
• Deployment of drought-tolerant and drought escaping crop varieties
• Deployment of insect-resistant crop varieties
• Introduction of post-harvest technologies
This was being accomplished by:
Using lead farmers and secondary lead farmers
Establishment of community-based seed multiplication schemes
Working through CBOs/farmers’ groups
Production of foundation seeds
Dissemination of seeds of improved varieties
Addressing post-harvest processing problems
A second technical presentation was provided by Dr Emmanuel Nzegbule, of the Nigerian
Environmental Study/Action Team (NEST), which leads a 4.5 year Project to Build Nigeria’s
Response to Climate Change (BNRCC) funded by the Canadian Government and involving
NEST, CUSO and Marbek. BNRCC is attempting to “build capacity of the citizens and
government of Nigeria to respond in the area of climate change, using what we have in form of
resources to improve livelihoods, health, and achieve more equal access to natural resources for
men and women.”
This involves:
12
• Doing research works on how to improve the knowledge about climate change and ways
to cope /take action on climate change.
• Doing practical projects that are community-based, to show people how to survive and
improve their lives as climate change affects their lives.
• BNRCC engaging in outreach, communications and networking activities
• Help produce National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy with equal participation and
benefit for women and men,
• Mainstreaming a gender perspective into Climate Change.
Dr Nzegbule outlined the nature, causes and some of the consequences of climate change in the
Nigerian context and indicated the mechanisms which ARDA might use to improve awareness
on climate change issues in the country.
In a final presentation, Mrs Grace Ogolo, Federal Ministry of Environment, provided a Welcome
to participants and a brief outline of the Federal Government’s activities in relation to climate
change issues.
The day’s session finished with a discussion and feedback on the day’s activities.
Day 2
Identification of Issues and Opportunities
The main activity on Day 2 were activities lead by Dr John Fitzsimons designed to identify
climate change issues and practical adjustment/ mitigation opportunities to serve as a basis for
radio drama script development. The need for the identification of clear issue messages to make
listeners ask questions and stimulate interest in opportunities was stressed.
John presented a preliminary list of issues to serve as an initial basis for discussion. The
workshop broke into four groups, each electing a raporteur and was charged with producing a list
of messages they viewed as crucial. Dr John Fitzsimons, Dr Emmanuel Nzegbule, Mr Lucky
Omoigui and Mrs Grace Ogolo acted as floating facilitators to the groups.
At the end of the morning session, each group reported in a plenary session and discussed the
various group findings.
In the afternoon working session, the groups reconvened and attempted to identify opportunities
for each of the issues defined in the morning session. The working session finished with a
plenary session for workshop discussion of identified opportunities. The issues and opportunities
identified by each group in the morning and afternoon sessions are presented in Annex 3.
To complete the day’s activities, Mrs Grace Ogolo elaborated on the Federal Government’s
activities in relation to climate change issues.
Given the duplication of many of the items identified in the Issues and Opportunities session and
the need to prioritize these issues for the script generating process, John Fitzsimons took the
13
session flip-charts summarized in Annex 4 and consolidated them into a combined list to serve as
a basis for discussion on Day 3.
Day 3
Following the Daily Recap, Reports and News of the previous day’s activities, John Fitzsimons
lead a plenary session to harmonize and rank the Issues, Messages and Opportunities generated
during Day 2 and summarized by John overnight. Each Issue and its associated Opportunities
were discussed, modified as required and ranked by consensus as being Very Important,
Important or Not Important. The number of attendees, the number of Issues and the multiple
Opportunities of many Issues precluded use of more sophisticated participatory ranking
techniques.
The final list of Issues and Opportunities produced by this activity is presented in Annex 4.
The remainder of the day involved presentations by Julian Orupabo on the rationale behind the
desired change in individual behavior and social norms to be sought by the radio dramas, the
justification for the chosen medium and format by Mojefe Ozeghe and the Seven C's of
Communication by Data Phido.
Following administration of technical workshop evaluation questionnaires prepared by Dr
Hambly to participants by John Fitzsimons, he requested the cooperation of those participants
directly involved in agriculture to complete a seasonal calendar to provide more detailed
information on farming and off-farm work activities in the project area.
The afternoon session finished with the Daily Feedback and Action session.
14
Group Reports on Climate Change Issues and opportunities
Group 1
The Nature of Climate Change
Climate change will cause a decline in crop yields
Help plants germinate by increasing organic matter.
Climate change will result in a reduction in water supply
Always re-use wastewater from the kitchen and bath in the home-garden
Climate change will cause herdsmen and their animals to suffer because of lack of water.
Water harvesting is a good source of water during dry periods for home-gardens, fruit
trees and livestock. Build a small tank to catch water in the rainy season
Climate change will cause an increase in human animal and plant diseases.
Tell other farmers if you notice a new pest or disease in your crop. Share ideas on how to
stop damage due to pests and diseases.
There is a lack of information on weather
Natural Resources
There is a high level of infestation of legumes and cereals by striga and Alectra
Low crop yields lead to low incomes and an increase in poverty
Start a lending circle of credit in your farmer or women’s group
It is difficult to integrate crop and livestock production
Grow a green fence around your animal kraal and your compound
Climate change will result in an increase in animal diseases
Protect small livestock from high temperature by building or improving their houses
Climate change will result in a decrease in the quality of farm products
Use fertilizers from trusted sources.
Some species of animals and crops may disappear from the region as a result of higher
temperatures.
Re-planting is not possible because farmers have used all the seed saved from the previous
harvest and there is no money to buy more.
Farmers need to store enough seed in case the first planting fails
Farmers lose up to one fifth of their harvested crop because of poor storage
15
Store your seed in clean, dry containers. Light a candle in the container before sealing the top
to remove air from the container.
Improving soil organic matter increases soil nutrients (NPK) and retains water in soils
Dig the compost into the soil to increase organic matter. Compost is good for vegetables
and home gardens
Marketing Credit and Livelihoods
Transportation costs will increase
A lack of good roads (makes marketing difficult)
There is a lack of farming implements
Group 2
Natural Resource Management
Climate change will add to problems of declining soil fertility.
Farmer should use of compost and farmyard manure will improve soil fertility
Climate change will speed the rate of desertification
Agroforestry will help to reduce the rate of desertification.
Planting of shelterbelts will help reduce the rate of desertification
Zero or minimum tillage practices will reduce soil erosion and help slow the rate of
desertification
Climate change will result in increased levels of soil erosion
Farmers should reduce the possibility of soil erosion by avoiding bush burning.
People can reduce or prevent soil erosion by re-forestation (planting trees)
Intensification of Cropping Systems
Climate change will change the types of pests, disease and weeds that attack crops and pastures.
Improved indigenous knowledge on pest and disease management will reduce pest and
disease problems
Climate change will increase conflict between farmers and herders
Exchange of harvested crop residue by farmers for the manure of herders animals will
reduce conflict.
Agreement between farmers and herders on rangeland preservation will reduce herder
conflicts
Climate change will result in an increase in migration by people from the north.
Access to credit facilities and improved seed varieties that withstand lower rainfall
conditions will reduce the pressure to migrate.
16
Livelihoods and Communities
Climate change will cause a reduction in the water supply of communities.
Community coalitions should be formed to provide water for household consumption.
Climate change will increase the vulnerability of women and children.
Empowerment of women to engage in food processing, poultry and small ruminant
production to increase their incomes.
Increasing the level of education for children will provide them with more opportunities.
Other
Continuous action on public awareness.
Group 3
The rainy season will be shorter and the dry season longer
Farmers should multi-crop
Farmers should plant crops that mature early
Harvest water during the rainy season for home gardens fruit trees and livestock.
Farmers are not sure of when to plant
Farmers should plant crops that mature early
All plants will die without enough rain.
Farmers need to save enough seed in case the first planting fails
Some types of plants will disappear from the community
Natural Resources Management
Exposed and drier soils wash away more readily
Encourage woody shrubs to grow on bare soil
Use grasses for a cover crop
Every year the desert eats away more farmland
Massive tree planting activities should take place in the frontier states paid for by the
States and Federal Government and undertaken by local people.
Occasions should be used as opportunities to plant trees in schools and at homes
Farmlands become unfit for crop cultivation
Farmers will lose their seeds or seedlings due to lack of rainfall at the beginning of the planting
season.
Farmers are no longer farmers but hired labourers due to lost farm crops
Low income and poverty will increase
Streams will dry up if trees and forests are cut down.
Protect trees from cutting
17
Intensification of Cropping Systems
Drought tolerant varieties will give better yield.
Farmers must plant drought tolerant varieties
Growing more than one crop at a time will reduce the loss by the farmer.
Plant maize-cowpea or millet-groundnuts
Soils are losing their organic matter (or soils are low in organic matter)
Adding more composted domestic wastes to the soil will increase water retention in the
soil
Fadamas will begin to dry up
Plant more trees and shrubs around fadamas
New forms of crop pests and diseases and weeds will appear as a result of climate change
Report new appearances of insect pests, weeds to your neighbours and to the authorities.
Crop losses will increase as a result of pests, diseases and weeds.
Farmers should use appropriate herbicides and insecticides
Farmers lose a lot of their crops as a result of poor storage
Use new techniques to protect stored crops
Use wood ash to protect stored seeds
New forms of pests and disease will affect livestock.
Lack of water for livestock will cause conflicts within and between communities
Farmers should harvest and store water in the rainy season
Some breeds of livestock may suffer or die as a result of higher temperatures
Plant trees near farm and animal houses to keep them cooler.
Pastoral farmers may become impoverished as a result of reduced animal weight, milk
production and fertility.
Farmers should practice crop-livestock integration (preserve fodder and apply manure to
the soil)
Marketing Credit and Livelihoods
Farmers are complaining about the quality of fertilizers
Farmers are complaining about the cost and availability of fertilizers
Smallholder farmers especially women lack access to credit
Farmers risk selling their product at less than market prices without up-to-date price information
Women face difficulties in organizing self help organizations
The balance between on-farm and off-farm work and earnings will change
18
Group 4
There would be decrease in crop production as a result of less rain.
Able-bodied young men should be encouraged to embrace dry season farming through
rain water harvest.
Increased length of the dry season.
Zero/minimum tillage should be encouraged to preserve soil moisture.
The rainy season will become shorter leading to poor harvest.
Farmers should source for drought resistant and early maturing crops.
Activities of too many middlemen prevent farmers from getting cheaper fertilizer.
Encourage farmers’ associations to be able to buy fertilizers directly from the
producers/major dealers.
Lack of information or awareness of market prices lead to low selling price.
Media should be used constantly in disseminating relevant information as they arise.
Inadequate rainfall at the beginning of the planting season causes plants not to germinate or put
down roots.
The use of newly improved seed variety for optimum yield
Desert encroachment is on the increase annually.
People are challenged to establish private wood lots.
The feeding pattern of livestock change with climatic change which is risky to their health and
livelihood.
Reduce animal mortality through trained para-vets.
Farmers may not be sure when the rains will begin or end.
Media focus on extension workers to keep farmers in the rural areas informed on climatic
changes and mechanisms to cope with the change.
Lack of co-operative societies among farmers.
Farmers to embrace the culture of co-operatives formation in order to access bank loans
and other credit facilities.
Small farmers are unable to expand and deal with matters arising due to inadequate finances.
Through associations, farmers can make regular contributions to enable them tackle
issues that arise.
Encourage proper record keeping of finances in the associations.
19
Combined Group Lists
The Nature of Climate Change
IMP (Important)
Climate change will result in a reduction in water supply
Always re-use wastewater from the kitchen and bath in the homegarden
VIMP (Very Important)
There is insufficient information on weather for farmers and farmers are not sure of when to
plant
Provide better access to weather information for farmers
Media and extension workers to keep farmers in the rural areas informed on climatic
changes and mechanisms to cope with the change.
Natural Resources
Lack of water for livestock will cause conflicts within and between communities
IMP
Climate change will cause herdsmen and their animals to suffer because of lack of water.
Water harvesting is a good source of water during dry periods for homegardens, fruit
trees and livestock. Build a small tank to catch water in the rainy season
Farmers should harvest and store water in the rainy season
VIMP
Climate change will cause a decline in soil fertility and crop yields
Farmer should use compost and farmyard manure to improve soil fertility
VIMP
Every year the desert eats away more farmland and climate change will speed the rate of
desertification.
Agroforestry will help to reduce the rate of desertification.
Planting of shelterbelts will help reduce the rate of desertification
Zero or minimum tillage practices will reduce soil erosion and help slow the rate of
desertification
Massive tree planting activities should take place in the frontier states paid for by the
States and Federal Government and undertaken by local people.
Occasions should be used as opportunities to plant trees in schools and at homes
People are challenged to establish private wood lots.
Farmers should be encouraged to plant appropriate fruit trees for consumption and sale
VIMP
Exposed and drier soils wash away more readily and this will result in increased levels of soil
erosion
Encourage woody shrubs to grow on bare soil
Use grasses for a cover crop
Farmers should reduce the possibility of soil erosion by avoiding bush burning.
People can reduce or prevent soil erosion by reafforestation (planting trees)
20
VIMP
Improving soil organic matter increases soil nutrients (NPK) and retains water in soils
Dig the compost into the soil to increase organic matter.
Compost is good for vegetables and home gardens
Adding more composted domestic wastes to the soil will increase water retention in the
soil
Farmers tend to over-use (waste) inorganic fertilizers (NPK)
Farmers should use Micro-dosing techniques in the application of inorganic fertilizers.
IMP
Streams and Fadamas will begin to dry up if trees and forests are cut down.
Protect trees from cutting
Plant more trees and shrubs around fadamas
VIMP
Climate change will cause a reduction in the water supply of communities.
Community coalitions should be formed to provide, protect and preserve water for
community use
Intensification of Production
VIMP
Inadequate rainfall at the beginning of the planting season causes plants not to germinate or put
down roots.
The use of newly improved seed variety for optimum yield
VIMP
The rainy season will be shorter and the dry season longer
Farmers should multi-crop such as maize-cowpea, millet-groundnuts
Farmers must plant drought tolerant varieties that will give better yield
Farmers should plant crops that mature early
Harvest water during the rainy season for home gardens fruit trees and livestock.
Zero/minimum tillage should be encouraged to preserve soil moisture.
VIMP
All plants will die without enough rain.
Farmers need to save enough seed in case the first planting fails
VIMP
It is difficult to integrate crop and livestock production
Farmers should use residue from crops for animal feed and manure to fertilize the soil.
Grow a green fence around your animal kraal and your compound
VIMP
Climate change will change the types of pests, disease and weeds that attack crops and pastures.
Improved indigenous knowledge on pest and disease management will reduce pest and
disease problems
21
Report new appearances of insect pests, weeds to your neighbors and to the authorities
Share ideas on how to stop damage due to pests and diseases.
VIMP
Climate change will result in an increase in human and animal diseases
Protect small livestock from high temperature by building or improving their houses
Report any signs of new diseases immediately to the nearest PHC
Reduce animal mortality through trained para-vets.
VIMP
Crop losses will increase as a result of pests, diseases and weeds.
Farmers should use appropriate herbicides and insecticides
Farmers should learn how to appropriately use and dispose of
cans by burying them in an appropriate location (not too deep and not near water)
VVIMP (Very very Important)
Farmers lose up to one fifth of their harvested crop because of poor storage
Store your seed in clean, dry air-tight container. You can also use double or triple bagging.
For long storage phostoxin (Bom) in an envelope or piece of rag in the container.
For short time storage use oil or other traditional methods.
Use new techniques to protect stored crops
Use wood ash to protect stored seeds
VIMP
Re-planting is not possible because farmers have used all the seed saved from the previous
harvest and there is no money to buy more.
Farmers need to store enough seed in case the first planting fails
VIMP (Re-visit)
Climate change will increase conflict between farmers and herders
Exchange of harvested crop residue by farmers for the manure of herders animals will
reduce conflict.
Farmers should not establish farms on established stock routes.
Agreement between farmers and herders on rangeland preservation will reduce herder
conflicts
(Leave for Discussion)
Some breeds of livestock may suffer or die as a result of higher temperatures
Plant trees near farm and use animal houses to keep animals cool.
VIMP
There would be decrease in crop production as a result of less rain.
Able-bodied young men should be encouraged to embrace dry season farming through
rain water harvest.
Techniques such that conserve soil moisture should be shared with farmers.
Marketing Credit and Livelihoods
Low crop yields lead to low incomes and an increase in poverty
22
Start a lending circle of credit in your farmer or women’s group
Cooperative societies for farmers can assist in providing access to bank loans and other
credit facilities
Activities of too many middlemen prevent farmers from getting cheaper fertilizer.
Encourage farmers’ associations and cooperatives to link to NGO’s to be able to buy
fertilizers directly from the producers/major dealers.
Lack of information or awareness of market prices lead to low selling price.
Media should be used in disseminating relevant market information as it arises .Use
mobile phones as a means of sharing market information with farmers.
There is an issue of poor quality of farm produce
Encourage the use of mulching, zero-tillage, micro-dosing, developing soil organic
matter to improve the quality of produce.
There is an issue with the poor quality of farm inputs such as fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides
Use fertilizers and other inputs from trusted sources.
Climate change will result in an increase in migration by people from the north.
Access to credit facilities and improved seed varieties that withstand lower rainfall
conditions will reduce the pressure to migrate.
Climate change will increase the vulnerability of women and children.
Empowerment of women to engage in food processing, poultry and small ruminant
production to increase their incomes.
Women should have the opportunity to train in skills which can help them to earn income
off the farm. Increasing the level of education for children, especially girl children, will
provide them with more opportunities.
23
Appendix 3
RADIO PARTNERS’ PROFILE Activities
Name Position Organization Description of Activities in Past 12 months
Human Resources/ Equipment
Audience Hours on Air
Hours of Music/Day
Hours of Spoken Word/Day
Paid prog. Cost
Content sources Key issues
Adamu Musa Producer Gombe Media
Corporation
Broadcasts farm progarm "Noma Tushin Arziki" and drama series
"Duniya Rufar Kara"
transmitter, mini recorders,
recording studio
1.5 million / program
broadcast in 5 states
18 4 14 30 mins twice/wk =
N246K for 13 episodes
in 1 qrtr.
meet farmers at farm level and
problem specific experts advice
How to use
agricultural chemicals; technical aspects of modern
farming
Usman Lawan
Principal Producer
Borno Radio Television
Agricultural programmes in Hausa "Noma Tushin Arziki";
Youth Forum
National Youth Service
volunteers; linear (digital?) editing
75% (?) 18 10 8 N15K / 30 mins.
episode
materials obtained through direct
contact with farmers and academics and
NGOs such as IITA
access to fertilizer, availability of
modern farming implements; more information and
availability on modern seedlings
Abubakar
Yusuf Ladan
Producer Radio
Nigeria Kaduna
Live programming in Hausa; 6
programs:Kunnenka Nawa (storytelling programme); Gizago (drama); Hautsi Ya Dubi Ludayi
(Anchorship); Gwani wa Gwanaye (Moderator); Taskira Asirin mai daki (Anchorship);
Zamani Riga ne (Anchorship); Wani Kaya San Amale (Documentary); Obituaries
no answer West Africa 24 / 7
days per week
15 5 30 mins.
N40K
see transcript-
programming schedule cited
desertification
Mansir Nasir Freelance Scriptwrite
r/Producer
n/a Creating and writing programming mostly for radio;
projects include COMPASS/USAID Interactive Radio Instruction; Developed
and scripted 52 episodes of radio drama (Mu Hada Hamnu); John Hopkins Univ.
CCP/Packard scriptwriter for Kusaurara
Laptop; internet access
24
Adamu S. Idris Warawa
Producer Kano State Radio
Broadcasts include Tami (Our World) drama programme; Iya
Ruwa (Clean Yourself) political programme; Raya Karkara (Rural Development) rural
programme
no answer Kano State; neighbourin
g states such as Katsina,
Kaduna, Tagawa, Borno and
some parts of Niger Republic
20 hrs/da
y; all programme
s are weekly; 15
or 30 mins durati
on
? ? unsure - rate
charged at each qtr
political programming
involves discussions with representatives of
different political parties; phone programme invites
personalities to discuss and later gives audience
chance to contribute on a particular topic
Sadis B Imam
Producer Katsina State Radio
Produces a farmer centered weekly programme (Ma Salamu Alaikom); also producing the
farmer response angle each week (Daga Manoman Mu) and an agricultural extension
programme (Raya Karkara)
120 staff; 50 hired or part-time artists,
National Youth Service or students on
attachments; computers, generators and
recording equipment
1 million (3.5m in State); area
includes Kano, Kaduna.
Sokoto, Zanfora States and
Niger Republic
18 2 16 15 mins repeat = N500K; 30
mins repeat N750K per
qrtr; volume discount of
15%
internet; international stations; BBC
World Service Trust; John Hopkins Univ.
Shehu Hussaini Ahmed
Producer/ Presenter
Pyramid Radio, Kano
Duty continuity announcer and produces Mallani Na Gona (A Peasant Farmer); Lafiya Jarin Iyari (Health Matters)
not legible 5million; dominate the state and some
other neighbouring such as
Jagafoa, Katsina, Kaduna
30 minutes in progr
amme; as duty
continuity annou
ncer 8hrs (for
him)
5 14 30 mins N35K; 60 mins N65K
Mallani Na Gona (A Peasant Farmer) involves discussion and
interviews with farmers; Lafiya Jarin Iyari (Health
matters) is sponsored by PATH; involves
discussion and inteviews and voxpop
Awwal Nasir
Imam
Program
Officer (North)
ARDA Scriptwriting and producing a
reproductive health programme supported by John Hopkins Univ.; currently working on
Climate Change Drama Programme; independent consulting as a writer
Mojefe Ozeghe
Senior Program Officer,
Deputy
ARDA produces "When Breezes Blow" a 26 episode drama on HIV/AIDS in the Niger Delta
sponsored by Shell;Kusaurara- a
10 full time staff; computers; desktops;
laptops;
25
Director reproductive health programme supported by John Hopkins Univ.
photocopiers; projectors; video
Yahaya
Muhammed Labib
Agric. &
ICT Officer
WOFAN Mobilization, awareness,
capacity building for farmers; documentation and WOFAN newsletter; follow up with
farmers on aired WOFAN radio programmes by Radio Kano and participation in research projects;
Current projects include: demonstration and field trials with 4 farmers groups on strip
cropping of cowpea, groundnut, sorghum and maize in Kano (partnership with IITA); trials on
3 cowpea varieties on early maturing and striga resistance for climate change adaptation;
monitoring of sorghum alliance project of 900 farmers in 4 states (Bauchi, Kaduna, Kano and
Plateau); baseline survey on climate change adaptation in Kano and Kaduna States;
Awareness programme and use of radio and GSM to track market prices for farmers in
Kano state: Sustainable agriculture through irrigation farming and marketing for
income and nutrition in 4 LGAs in Kano; Water and sanitation facilities in 6 LGAs and 18
communities in Kano state
15 staff (9
females; 6 males), 24 volunteers (4 in
each LGA- 2 females and 2 males), WOFAN
has all required office equipment
Isahyi David Jackson
Extension Officer
WOFAN as above as above
Lucky O. Omoigui
Research Officer
IITA/PROSAB
Work in PROSAB; develop crop varieties for adaptation to climate change; organize workshop to
disseminate improved farm practices to farmers; conduct research to identify suitable crop
varieties that can adapt to climate change
24 staff (all full time) and collaborators in
universities and ADPs; funds limited
Zainab G. Bayero
Coordinator / Lead Trainer
Zeekaratu Workshop Kaduna
facilitated 12 focus group discussions on effective communication between
stakeholders in the community;
2 full time staff; 6 volunteers; office equipment
operate from
26
facilitated and trained market women in five localities in
Tarabu State on rights and responsibilities to self, family and community
home
Elizabeth Nyager
Senior Lecturer
Dept. of Theatre and Communicati
on Arts, University of Jos
teaching and research; resource person to this workshop
27
Appendix 4
ARDA Daily Workshop Report DAY 1 DECEMBER 10, 2007 ‘’Climate Change Adaptation Goes Soap!’’ This is how the project director, ARDA’s Data Phido described it. In her welcome speech, she encouraged the excited participants to shout the festive title in a chorus, ‘’Climate Change Adaptation Goes SOAP!’’ The radio drama series design workshop began on the 10th of December, at Abuja. Venue of the workshop is ‘GODAB Plaza in Area 3, Garki, Headquarter Office of FHI/Ghain in Nigeria. Participants all of whom were lodged at the Sharon Ultimate Hotel were transported to the place of the workshop by 8.35 am that morning in a bus.
Among the participants are radio network personnel from some northern states, male and female scriptwriters, representatives of the partner NGO WOFAN, resource persons from the project’s collaborators (NEST, IITA-PROSAB). In addition the Ministry of Environment was represented by Ms Grace Ogolo who came to the workshop with 6 freshly employed environmental officers. There was added expatriate interest in the proceedings, in the persons’ of Prof. Helen Hambly, and Prof. John Fitzsimons, both of the University of Guelph, Canada. Helen Hambly was accompanied on this trip by her son Alex Hambly. For the young boy, it was a first time visit and his talents in drawing made him fully able to assist ARDA’s Deputy Project coordinator Mojefe Ozeghe, with her pictorial props for the ”Ice Breaker” session this morning.
Having thanked the participants for honouring the invitations to the workshop, Data formally introduced Mrs. Grace Ogolo, standing in for the Minister for Environment. In her turn Mrs. Ogolo thanked ARDA. And she explained through this workshop and the calibre of representation, the project director would succeed in internalizing the work of her climate change unit, which is to prepare Nigerians for dealing with the impact of climate change on environment and their livelihoods. Prof. Helen Hambly Odame and Prof. Fitzsimons had paid a courtesy call on the Ministry of Environment and met Mrs. Ogolo. She expressed her delight at the visit and found, according to her, so much opportunity in the radio programs.
When asked by Zainab, a long-time collaborator and a scriptwriter for ARDA, what in specific terms the government has since done for Nigerians to deal with the effects of Climate Change, the minister’s representative took time to list some of the efforts by her ministry. For a start, Mrs. Ogolo said there is an effort to strengthen the Climate Change unit under the ministry of environment. This has been done by the removal of the position
28
of adviser on climate change from under the presidency and placing this directly under the climate change unit of the ministry of environment. She pointed out that it means that there is a minister directly at the top hierarchy of decision-making on environmental and climate change issues. She declared that the ministry desired to partner with ARDA on this project. At 10.30 am participants had a short break for tea and coffee. Earlier they had the Program director, Ms Data Phido explaining the objectives of the workshop and the schedule. She included a reading of relevant sections in ‘Things fall apart’, which capture the descriptions of ‘Umofia’ during a period of drought. Workshop Objectives The Purpose is to sensitize radio scriptwriters and producers to the main issues of
climate change in the country, especially northern Nigeria
To use the knowledge to design a 26 episode radio drama series on CC adaptation
for smallholder farmers in this region.
Specifically, To define the message content of the radio program
To create a enter-educate drama series with CCA content
To develop a design document for the series
To develop stronger relationships with radio stations and Gov’t and NGOs working
on CCA;
To formulate an action plan for more collaborations and engagements among smallholder
farmers, radio producers and NGOs
On resumption at 10.45 am after the tea break, Prof. Hambly and Prof. Fitzsimons covered two subjects ‘Drought and Informal Survey’, and ‘Setting the context of the Project’. Between 13.00 and 14.00 pm another break in the proceedings was announced and the participants were able to enjoy a buffet lunch. At resumption, the day’s concluding presentations were made. NEST and IITA represented by Emmanuel Ezegbule, Executive Director and Lucky Omoigui Scientist on the PROSAB project. The workshop scheduled to end at 5.30pm ended rather later than planned. It is as a result of the level of enthusiasm of the participants more than anything else.
29
DAY 2 DECEMBER 11, 2007 We started the workshop with the deputy Project Director, Mojefe overseeing the segment on Daily News Reporting which is performed each morning by a pair of participants. Today’s presentation, though brief was quite entertaining. The first lecture for the day began with Prof. John Fitzsimons. He spoke on ‘Some Issue Messages’. The subject should explain the nature of climate change, natural resource management, intensification of cropping system, and the marketing credit and livelihoods. Another subject John covered was the one on ‘Sample Messages and opportunities’ there was not enough time to continue this, as the tea break is announced. And the participants left for the adjoining room to fetch refreshments. On resumption the participants were divided into four groups. The first break-out session was used to reflect on ‘sample issues and messages’ and find opportunities for each of the sample issues they select as important. A rapporteur appointed by each group presented their work one after the other for input at the plenary session. There was a break for lunch at 1pm. The only break after resumption past lunch hour is the one by the Muslims in the group. And it was agreed to wait for them as they left to do their prayers at about 4 pm. All of the resource work is done by Prof. Fitzsimons today. Prof. Hambly and her young son Alex left for Ghana in the morning. But they made out time to wait in the lobby of the hotel, to say their bye byes to each and every one of us. We were then on our way to join the bus that will take us to the venue of the workshop at Godap Plaza. Finally I should mention, Ms Phido, the program facilitator, just before the close of the workshop every day, makes the effort of asking each participant if they learnt any thing useful and what their impressions and comments of the workshop were. DAY 3 DECEMBER 12, 2007 On the third day of the Radio drama design workshop, the weather was noticeably mild, and the humour, geniality and friendliness of participants and resource persons was remarkable. Today we left the hotel at exactly 8.am. Despite what I have said about the mildness of the temperatures, the wind felt dry and cold on the face. And presages the coming of the type of harmattan chilliness you expect in the Christmas month Prof. John Fitzsimons took up on the same subject where he left off. Group leaders had dropped off their work with him last night and he had typed them up to share with everyone. There was a plenary with every one contributing and airing their views. Today, we have the edited, matched list of ‘ISSUES’ and ‘OPPORTUNITIES’. We spent a lot of time indicating the ‘VIMPs’ (very important opportunities) and deleting the lower ranked issues.
30
DAY 4 DECEMBER 13, 2007 The day started with a news recap by Seember and Yahaya after which the participants were divided into groups by Ms. Mojefe. Every group was expected to develop a profile for the listening audience. The exercise was geared towards giving the writers a good understanding of the people whom they’ll be writing for so as to develop characters that they (the audience) can strongly identify with. After the exercise was completed, a representative of each group presented the developed audience profile to the hearing of all the participants and corrections were made. Mrs. Data Phido took over with power point presentation of the 7 C’s of content messages. She demonstrated that in developing messages, the messages must be correct, clear and logical, concise, complete, consistent, culturally appropriate and compelling. She subsequently made the participants work in groups to develop specific message content for the writers to insert in their scripts. The participants worked on their message content for the rest day. Just before the day’s business ended, Ms. Mojefe requested feedback from the participants on the day’s activities. Some of the participants requested for transportation to the mosque for the next day, while others said they had to walk to the venue and therefore, would like the commuter bus to be more reliable. Some others complained about the poor quality of the pastries. The working day closed at 6:00 p.m. and the bus conveyed people back to the hotel. DAY 5 DECEMBER 14, 2007 Friday began at 9:00a.m with a news recap by Mansir and Ishaya. The news report covered all the events of the previous day. Soon after, the participants returned to their groups to finish developing the message content for the identified issues. Mrs. Data Phido gave a presentation on non-traditional education. She explained that from time immemorial, folk tales and stories were told in the villages in Nigeria. These stories, she said were not only entertaining but also carried important messages for the listeners. ARDA, therefore, uses radio as a medium towards entertaining as well as educating the listening audience. She added that the listening audience were also appreciative of the oral media because it is in line with the familiar oral tradition of yesteryears. After lunch and prayers, she continued her session by explaining that in developing stories, the participants must grasp the objectives and the purpose for the stories. They must ensure that the objectives are specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time bound. For this project, it was agreed that the overall measurable objectives can be grouped under the following heads: KNOW, DO and ATTITUDE:
To have confidence in the ability to change things To be conscious and concerned towards conserving the environment To have an aggressive attitude towards conserving the environment
31
In addition, the purposes of the project were identified to take the following structure: To educate To motivate To sensitize
Thereafter, all the participants began to brainstorm ideas in order to construct a main plot. Participants worked steadily until they were dismissed for the day and asked to do further brainstorming towards coming up with a story. At the close of the day, Mrs Phido announced that proper breakfast will be served at the hotel the next morning. Being Saturday, it was agreed to begin the proceedings a bit later. The meeting ended at 6:20p.m. DAY 6 DECEMBER 15, 2007 The meeting began at 10:00a.m with a news report by Ms. Zainab Bayero. The main plot for the intended drama was reviewed so far after which participants returned to their groups to continue brainstorming on the main plot. A while later, the participants prayed together for God to grant them creative minds. Soon after, the participants came up with a main plot for the intended drama. The drama was centred on the life of Mallam Kallamau, his family and the other indigenes and settlers in the village of Karkaran Jatau. Sub-plots were also explored and Ms. Mojefe gave different people different sub-plots to develop. After lunch and prayers, a plenary session was held to develop character profiles for the drama. Ms. Data questioned some of the profiles to make sure that they were suited for the desired audience. Later, a map was drawn out showing the different locations in the drama as mentioned in the main plot. Mr. Mansir was asked to draw a more detailed map to be presented on Monday. Various participants were also asked to create more character profiles as homework. Ms. Data expressed appreciation for all the work that had been put into the radio design. All the participants were happy with the meals and requested for a repeat of Saturday’s type of breakfast on Monday. The meeting concluded on a note of prayer by Mallam Shehu. The workshop day ended at 7:00p.m. DAY 7 DECEMBER 17, 2007
The day began at 9:30a.m with a news report by Mallam Usman and Mr. Julian. Participants read out the stories they had developed and another main plot emerged. Ms. Mojefe took down all the stories and they were revised one after the other in a plenary session. Then, the new characters were developed. After lunch, Ms. Data’s story was narrated and merged into the existing story. The participants once again worked in plenary to come up with an events list. The participants had a very lively dance recess. Ms Data made an observation that the developed community was somewhat homogenous which isn’t very realistic. A church was therefore, included in the map and more generic names were generated for the characters. An argument ensued as to whether the storyline is appropriate and realistic after which it was decided that it would remain unchanged for now. It was also resolved that the “mai anguwar” character remain an ex-soldier. A quick evaluation was held and participants thought the day had been very productive. The workshop ended at 6:30p.m.
32
DAY 8 DECEMBER 18, 2007
The day began at 9:45a.m with a news report by Mr. Auwal and Mallam Adamu. The participants demanded for a more comprehensive news report after lunch. Immediately after, more character profiles were developed. A glossary of words was also compiled. Ms. Data asked the participants some of the values that are being promoted. The values were identified to be adaptation to climate change, resilience, promotion of girl child education, vocational skill empowerment, conflict resolution, and courage to face life situations. Overall, the overriding themes are: adaptation, courage and resilience. Given the identified themes, the participants brainstormed on a suitable title for the drama. Finally the group narrowed down to “In kida ya chanza……” and “Wuyar wuta sai karfe”. The participants were asked to pre-test both titles in their communities in order to choose the best. The producers were asked what they were going to do back at their stations. Mallam Abubakar said he was already working on a similar project and would want to air weather reports alongside his project. Ms. Data encouraged him to keep in touch with Mr. Lucky from Prosab. She encouraged all of radio producers to make effective use of the skills and knowledge acquired. Most complained about the quality of their studios and facilities for production which were poor. Ms. Data encouraged everyone to check their mail boxes often and to keep in touch. A post test for evaluating the workshop was conducted. Mansir, one of the scriptwriters, speaking on behalf of the participants, expressed appreciation to ARDA and all the funding agencies on a wonderful workshop. The target for broadcast was set for July, 2008. On behalf of ARDA, Ms. Data expressed appreciation to all the participants and wished them compliments of this season. The workshop ended with a communal prayer.
Appendix 5
33
PRE- & POST- TEST QUESTIONAIRE
CCAA Technical and Scriptwriting Workshop
- Participant Pre-Test 1
1. Please define Climate Change (as it applies to Nigeria)
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
2. What issues will exist for farmers that require them to adapt to climate change?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
3. What opportunities will exist for the future of farming in Northern Nigeria?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________
4. List organizations you know in Nigeria or Africa who can provide information about climate
change.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
5. List any studies, reports or documents that you know that provide evidence of climate change in
Northern Nigeria.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________ 2
Appendix 6
34
EVALUATION REPORT APPENDIX 8
RESPONDENT PRE-TEST GRADE POST-TEST GRADE NOTES R1 4 9 R2 7.7 10 R3 7 9.5 R4 6 9 R5 3 9 R6 3 7.5 R7 5 9.5 R8 4.5 7.5 R9 5 5 R10 5 8 R11 2.5 10 R12 2 8.5 R13 2.5 6.5 R14 8.5 10 R15 0.5 6 R16 5.5 7
71.7 125 Average 4.5 7.8
% Increase 57% Overall results have improved from a C- to B+
Signed tests Unsigned tests
35
APPENDIX 9 RADIO STATION MAP
