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Incorporating and Monitoring of SD Goals in CDM Projects
Kalipada ChatterjeeClimate Change Centre
March 25-26, 2004
An Orientation Workshop on CDM Opportunities in the Small Scale Sector
India Habitat Centre, New Delhi
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Rapid industrialistion since the last century has led to an alarming rise in the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
The resultant global warming leading to climate change has many adverse impacts on our life supporting systems, such as water, agriculture, health. This may also increase the frequency of extreme events such as droughts, floods and cyclones.
Global leaders have largely accepted the fact that climate change is one of the most pressing and dangerous threat to our life on earth today.
INTRODUCTION
(Contd...)
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As a response to climate change the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in June 1992 at Rio
The Climate Convention was further strengthened by the Kyoto Protocol that has drawn precise ground rules to combat and mitigate climate change.
INTRODUCTION (Contd...)
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CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of the three flexibility mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change
The purpose of CDM is to : assist developing countries in achieving sustainable
development
contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention i.e. stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and
assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction Commitments (QELRCs)
(Contd...)
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The CDM was established to explore cost effective options to mitigate climate change by the industrialised countries
Opportunities to reduce emissions through CDM project activities in developing countries are enormous at a fairly low cost particularly in the energy, transport, building materials (brick, cement and steel), municipal waste, animal husbandry sectors
CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL (Contd...)
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It is the perogative of the host country (e.g. India) to ensure that a CDM project activity addresses the SD goals of the country (Marrakech Accord)
The Ninth Five Year Plan (1997-2002) of India has set the sustainable development goals of the country such as : agriculture and food security rural development adequate employment poverty eradication accelerating economic growth safe drinking water primary health care
SD GOALS AND CDM PROJECTS
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universal primary education
population control
environmental sustainability of the development process
women empowerment
national security
building self reliance
strengthening participatory institutions
SD GOALS AND CDM PROJECTS(Contd...)
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The concept of sustainable development was first introduced by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1950.
A definition of sustainable development was first given by the World Commission of Environment and Development, popularly known as Brundtland Commission in 1987 as a development process that “meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”.
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
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Brundtland Commission considered population control, food security, energy supply as critical components of sustainability.
Since the Rio Summit in June 1992, and adaptation of Agenda 21 by the global community, many nations have set sustainability as a key goal of their development
Concept of Sustainable Development is quite distinct from economic growth and recognises the limitations of economic indicators like GNP in measuring the true well being of nations.
WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT(Contd...)
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Measuring sustainability is not an easy task. Therefore a concept of sustainable development indicator (SDI) has been introduced to assess, measure and monitor sustainability of a development process
For measuring sustainability of a development process, a useful way is to select and organise indicators in a pressure (cause), state (linking effects), impacts and response (policy action) framework.
MESURING PROGRESS TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Issue Pressure State Impact ResponseClimate Change
GHG Emissions
Atmospheric conc. of GHGs
Sea Level Rise
Climate Change Mitigation Projects, UNFCCC & KP
Ozone Depletion
Use of CFCs/HFCs
Chlorine in the stratosphere; UV-B
Human Immune system, Food Production, Cataracts
Phasing out of CFCs
Example of Pressure-State-Impacts Response Framework
(Contd...)
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Sustainability Dimension
Goal Driving Force/Pressure Indicators
State Indicators Response Indicators
Economic Poverty alleviation
Inadequate means of livelihood
Poverty Index(long and healthy life, knowledge, decent standard of leaving)
Employment generation
Social Access to basic services
Inadequate public infrastructure
Electricity consumption per capita
Electricity services from Renewable energy sources
Environmental Reduction in health effects from indoor air pollution
Inadequate access to clean cooking fuel
Morbidity from particulate concentrations
Provision of fuel with lower emissions and efficient chullas
Technological Capacity to improve technological base
Inefficient production technologies
Energy use per unit of output
Training and investment to adopt improved technologies
(Contd...)
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
CDM Projects have to have a sustainability screening. Development Alternatives have identified a six stage sustainability screening process. This is as follows :
First Step : Setting the Sustainability Criteria
Set a criteria for SDIs - for a CDM project the criteria has to be project based (Such criteria must be based on the four pillars of Sustainable Development and the criteria laid down under the Article 12 of the Protocol).
The four pillars are economic / social /environmental and technological well beings
(Contd...)
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Candidate CDMProjects
economic screen
environmental screen
social screen
projects qualifying as sustainable
national screenprojects selected by
host country
technological screen
(Contd...)
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
Second Step : Methodologies for SDIs
Choose a proven methodology for developing indicators Participatory : Involve the Stakeholders [Tell me and
I will forget ; show me and I may remember; involve me and I shall understand - Andrew Campbell]
A careful scrutiny of the Climate Change Mitigation Project proposal to develop indicators
A Ready Reckoner (RR) on SDIs under preparation in DA. Such a RR will be useful for the business sector. Otherwise developing SDIs for each individual Project may increase transaction costs
(Contd...)
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MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
SDIs must be :
Driven by host country’s development priorities
User friendly
Simple & robust
A few in number, but as many as
required
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Third Step : Monitoring and Verification of SDIs
Emission reductions Improvement in air and water quality / local
environment Employment generation and rise in per capita
income, etc. Other social benefits
Lack of database in developing countries for setting up baselines and monitoring net changes is a
major hurdle
MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Contd...)
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Fourth Step : Measuring Sustainability
Choose eight SDIs : two from each pillar of sustainability
Construct baselines : compare the benefits offered by the project against baselines
Evaluate SDIs for net changes against baselines
MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Contd...)
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+ve changes indicate sustainable development ; -ve changes indicate an unsustainable project
The goal
-1
0
-10
-1
0
0-1
The worst
The baseline
1
MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Contd...)
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Fifth Step : Certification of Sustainability
An approved independent sector organisation, like a national NGO with necessary expertise, may take up such certification, based on monitoring and verification of sustainability through SDIs
Sixth Step : A time Dimension, that is required to meet the SD criteria
MESURING SUSTAINABILITY OF A DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (Contd...)
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Conclusion Since it is the prerogative of the host country to
ensure (e.g. India) if a CDM project has addressed to the sustainable development priorities of India before endorsement by the DNA such process can be facilitated by e.g. the Climate Change Centre, Development Alternatives in view of their considerable work done in this field.
CDM is a golden opportunity for country like India to choose a green development path and make our development process sustainable, which is also one of the objectives of the UNFCCC
MONITORING AND VARIFICATION OF SUSTAINABILITY
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