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Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
Chapter 7
Core Case Study: Connections between Wind, Climate, and Biomes
Wind • Indirect form of solar energy
Circulates • Heat • Moisture • Plant nutrients • Soil particles • Long-lived air pollutants
Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by solar radiation, the earth’s rotation, global patterns of air and water movement, gases in the atmosphere, and the earth’s surface features.
The Earth Has Many Different Climates (1)
Weather
Climate
Air circulation in lower atmosphere due to • Uneven heating of the earth’s surface by the sun • Rotation of the earth on its axis • Properties of air, water, and land
The Earth Has Many Different Climates (2)
Currents • Prevailing winds • Earth’s rotation • Redistribution of heat from the sun
Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes
Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate Zones
Global Air Circulation
Fig. 7-3, p. 142
Cold deserts 60°N
Air cools and descends at lower latitudes.
Westerlies Forests Northeast trades Hot deserts
30°N
Warm air rises and moves toward the poles.
Equator Forests 0° Solar energy
Air cools and descends at lower latitudes.
The highest solar energy input is at the equator.
Southeast trades Hot deserts 30°S
Westerlies Forests
Cold deserts 60°S
Energy Transfer by Convection in the Atmosphere
Fig. 7-4, p. 143
Heat released radiates to space Cool,
dry air
Condensation and
precipitation
Falls, is compressed, warms
Rises, expands,
cools
Warm, dry air
Hot, wet air
Flows toward low pressure, picks up moisture and heat
HIGH PRESSURE
Moist surface warmed by sun
LOW PRESSURE
LOW PRESSURE
HIGH PRESSURE
Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents
Fig. 7-5, p. 143
Warm, less salty, shallow current
Cold, salty, deep current
Global Air Circulation, Ocean Currents, and Biomes
Fig. 7-6, p. 144
Moist air rises, cools, and releases moisture as rain Polar cap
Arctic tundra Evergreen coniferous forest 60° Temperate deciduous forest and grassland
30° Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Equator 0° Tropical rain forest
30° Desert
60° Temperate deciduous forest and grassland
Tropical deciduous forest
Polar cap
Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
Greenhouse gases • H2O • CO2
• CH4
• N2O
Greenhouse effect
Human-enhanced global warming
Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
Heat absorption by land and water
Effect of • Mountains
• Rain shadow effect
• Cities • Microclimates
Rain Shadow Effect
Fig. 7-7, p. 145
Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.
On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.
On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture.
Active Figure: Biomes map
Active Figure: Climate and ocean currents map
Animation: El Nino Southern Oscillation
Animation: Air circulation
Animation: Greenhouse effect
Animation: Increasing greenhouse gases
Animation: Coastal breezes
Animation: Seasonal variation
Animation: Upwelling along western coasts
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.
Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
Major biomes
Latitude and elevation
Annual precipitation
Temperature
The Earth’s Major Biomes
Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes
Fig. 7-9, p. 147
Elevation Mountain ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Latitude
Tropical Forest
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)
Polar ice and snow
Latitude
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)
Polar ice and snow
Fig. 7-9, p. 147
Elevation Mountain ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest
Deciduous Forest
Tropical Forest
Stepped Art
Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
Fig. 7-10, p. 147
Polar
Tundra Subpolar
Temperate Coniferous forest
Desert
Deciduous forest
Grassland Chaparral Tropical
Hot
Desert Rain forest Savanna
Tropical seasonal
forest Scrubland
Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert
Plant adaptations
Animal strategies and adaptations
There Are Three Major Types of Deserts
Tropical deserts
Temperate deserts
Cold deserts
Fragile ecosystem • Slow plant growth • Low species diversity • Slow nutrient recycling • Lack of water
Climate Graphs of Three Types of Deserts
Fig. 7-11, p. 149 Stepped Art
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (1)
Tropical
Temperate
Cold (arctic tundra)
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (2)
Tropical • Savanna
• Grazing animals • Browsing animals
Temperate • Tall-grass prairies • Short-grass prairies
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands (3)
Arctic tundra: fragile biome
Adaptations of plants and animals
Permafrost
Alpine tundra
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Grasslands
Fig. 7-12, p. 151 Stepped Art
Monoculture Crop Replacing Biologically Diverse Temperate Grassland
Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
Chaparral
Near the sea: nice climate
Prone to fires in the dry season
Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
Fig. 7-14, p. 152 Stepped Art
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (1)
Tropical
Temperate
Cold • Northern coniferous and boreal
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (2)
Tropical rain forests • Temperature and moisture • Stratification of specialized plant and animal
niches • Little wind: significance • Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients • Impact of human activities
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (3)
Temperate deciduous forests • Temperature and moisture • Broad-leaf trees • Slow rate of decomposition: significance • Impact of human activities
There Are Three Major Types of Forests (4)
Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas • Temperature and moisture • Few species of cone: bearing trees • Slow decomposition: significance
Coastal coniferous forest
Temperate rain forests
Climate Graphs of Tropical, Temperate, and Cold Forests
Fig. 7-15, p. 154 Stepped Art
Some Components and Interactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem
Fig. 7-16, p. 155
Blue and gold macaw
Harpy eagle
Ocelot
Squirrel monkeys
Climbing monstera palm
Katydid Slaty-tailed trogon
Green tree snake
Tree frog
Ants
Bacteria Bromeliad Fungi
Producer to primary consumer
Primary to secondary consumer
Secondary to higher-level consumer
All producers and consumers to decomposers
Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest
Fig. 7-17, p. 156
45 Harpy eagle
Emergent layer
40
35 Toco toucan
30 Canopy
25
Hei
ght (
met
ers)
20 Wooly
opossum Under story
15
10
Brazilian tapir
Shrub layer 5
Black-crowned antpitta
Ground layer 0
Temperate Rain Forest in Washington State, U.S.
Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
Majority of the world’s forests
Habitats for endemic species
Help regulate the earth’s climate
Can affect sea levels
Major storehouses of water • Role in hydrologic cycle
Mount Rainier National Park in Washington State, U.S.
Video: Caribou on tundra
Video: Desertification in China
Video: Eagle fishing
Animation: Prairie food web
Active Figure: Rainforest food web
Video: Sequoias
Video: Tundra flyover
7-3 How Have We Affected the Word’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?
Concept 7-3 In many areas, human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
Humans Have Disturbed Most of the Earth’s Lands
Deserts
Grasslands
Forests
Mountains
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems Deserts Grasslands Forests Mountains
Large desert cities Conversion to cropland
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development
Agriculture
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Timber extraction Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland Conversion of
diverse forests to tree plantations
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Soil salinization from irrigation Increasing tourism
Overgrazing by livestock Depletion of
groundwater Damage from off-road vehicles
Urban air pollution Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Land disturbance
and pollution from mineral extraction
Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra
Pollution of forest streams
Soil damage from off-road vehicles
Mountains
Agriculture Timber extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Increasing tourism Urban air pollution Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Soil damage from off-road vehicles
Forests
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban development Conversion of diverse forests to tree plantations Damage from off-road vehicles Pollution of forest streams
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Deserts
Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of groundwater
Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Grasslands
Conversion to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grassland
Overgrazing by livestock Oil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra Stepped Art
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems
Video: Gopher
Video: Grizzly bears
Video: Owl hunting
