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ClickBiology
Cambridge IGCSE BiologyExtended Level
Classification
Plants, Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi
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You should be able to:
• List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
• List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment
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Flowering plants are classified into two groups:Monocotyledonous plants
1 cotyledon
strap like leaves
parallel veins
flower parts divisible by 3
example: kaffir lily
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Flowering plants are classified into two groups:Dicotyledonous plants
2 cotyledons
broad leaves
branching veins
flower parts divisible by 4 or 5
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Comparing monocotyledons and dicotyledons:
Feature monocotyledon dicotyledon
Number of cotyledons 1 2
Leaf shape strap like broad
Vein pattern parallel branching
Flower parts divisible by: 3 4 or 5
Example Kaffir lily Hibiscus
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You should be able to:
• List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
• List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment
ClickBiology
Bacteria are single celled organisms
• Bacteria cells are about 1/1000th the size of animal or plant cells.
cell membrane
cytoplasm
DNA
cell wall
slime capsule
made of peptidoglycans
no nucleus, DNA is one long strand kept in the cytoplasm
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Viruses are not classified as living things as they are not made of cells• Viruses are very small, approximately 100nm
across (1nm = 1/1000 000 of a mm)
proteins of the virus coat
RNA
cross section of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
10nm
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Viruses reproduce by invading other cells
1. Virus attaches to cell membrane
2. Virus RNA enters cell
3. DNA copy of the RNA is made
4. Nucleus makes copies of the virus RNA
5. Virus cores are made in the cytoplasm
6. New viruses leave the cell
White blood cell (lymphocyte)
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The main body of a fungus is the mycelium, which is made of hyphae• Fungal cells have cell walls made of substances
such as chitin
Mucor growing on moist bread
hyphae of Mucor mycelium:Secrete digestive enzymes
sporangium containing sporesmushroom
spores produced here
hyphae of mushroom mycelium
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Now you should be able to:
• List the main visible features of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous flowering plants.
• List the main features of viruses, bacteria and fungi, and their adaptations to the environment