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Evaluation of yearly and geographic variation in early male maturation in hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon from the Yakima River, Washington. Don Larsen, Brian Beckman, Paul Parkins - NOAA Fisheries Deb Harstad, Kathy Cooper, Dina Spangenberg - University of Washington - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Evaluation of yearly and geographic variation in early male maturation in hatchery and wild spring Chinook salmon from
the Yakima River, Washington.
Don Larsen, Brian Beckman, Paul Parkins - NOAA Fisheries
Deb Harstad, Kathy Cooper, Dina Spangenberg - University of Washington
Dave Fast, Charles Strom, Mark Johnston, - Yakama Nation Fisheries
Cle Elum Hatchery Staff
USFWS Pathology Lab, Olympia, WA.- Ray Brunson, Joy Evered, Sonia Mumford, Chris Paterson-
WDFW-Todd Pearsons (now with Grant PUD) and staff, Steve Schroder, Craig Busack
Yakama Nation Fisheries-Bill Bosch
Oncorh Consulting-Curt Knudsen
Instats Consulting-Doug Neeley
Bonneville Power Administration, NOAA Biop Funding
Acknowledgments
SmoltingSmolting
Sub-adultsSub-adults1+ yr1+ yrSpringSpring
OceanOcean
Spring Chinook SalmonSpring Chinook SalmonSpawning - FallSpawning - Fall FryFry
Age-4 Age-4
Age-5Age-5Ocean
to r
iver
in s
pri
ng
Ocean
to r
iver
in s
pri
ng
Age-3 MAge-3 M
JackJack
ParrParr
Age-1 “Precocious parr”Age-1 “Precocious parr”
Age-2 “Minijacks”Age-2 “Minijacks”
Variation in Age of Male Maturity
Factors Affecting Age of Maturation
Mature male salmon
Genetics Environment
• temperature• food availability• food quality
Growth &
Body energy stores
The Hatchery environment can significantly influence age of maturation
We’ve been monitoring the physiology of Cle Elum Hatchery Spring Chinook since implementation in
1997
BYBY Release #Release # % of males% of males # Minijacks# Minijacks
On average 50% of male Cle Elum hatchery On average 50% of male Cle Elum hatchery spring Chinook precociously matured at age-2spring Chinook precociously matured at age-2
19971997 386,048 386,048 44% 44% 84,93184,931
19981998 589,683 589,683 72% 72% 211,107211,107
19991999 758,789 758,789 50% 50% 189,697189,697
20002000 834,285 834,285 37% 37% 153,508153,508
20012001 370,236 370,236 52%52% 95,520 95,520
Avg. 50%Avg. 50%
Larsen, D.A., Beckman, B.R., Cooper, K.A., Barrett, D., Johnston, M., Swanson, P., and Dickhoff, W.W. (2004). Assessment of high rates of precocious male maturation in a spring Chinook salmon supplementation hatchery program. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 133, 98-120.
Consequences of high levels of precocious maturation
Ecological impactsEcological impacts Genetic impactsGenetic impacts
Increased strayingIncreased straying
Skewed gender ratioSkewed gender ratio
Alters accuracy of SARAlters accuracy of SAR
Loss of adult productionLoss of adult production
How do we assess precocious male maturation?
Plasma 11-Plasma 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT)ketotestosterone (11-KT)
Major androgen in teleost fishMajor androgen in teleost fish Instrumental in the regulation of spermatogenesisInstrumental in the regulation of spermatogenesis
OO
OOOHOH
Every March the Cle Elum Chinook are screened for pathology just prior to volitional
release48%48%52%52%
Threshold Threshold (0.8 ng/ml)(0.8 ng/ml)
N = 541N = 541
0055
10101515
202025253030
35354040
45455050
Cou
nt
Cou
nt
-1.75-1.75 -1.25-1.25 -.75-.75 -.25-.25 .25.25 .75.75 1.251.25 1.751.75
LogLog1010 11-KT (ng/ml) 11-KT (ng/ml)
Immature Maturing
Plasmacollection
Life-history monitoring protocol
Every March, just prior to release, we sample 60 fish per raceway
Measure length, weight, condition factor, gender
Measure 11-KT in plasma of all males to determine maturity status
Previous Yakima Science and Management Conferences
Annual Report
…….This year
Big Picture summarizing 6 years of data
Weig
ht
(g)
Low
High
Month
F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J
2004 2005
0
10
20
Pond4/14/05
A Production Scale Growth Modulation Experiment (BY 2002-2004)
Alteredration
Sameration
Minijack rates have been variable
Pre-release gender ratios are near 50:50
Release size has varied modestly
Minijack are the biggest fish
Yakima hatcherySpring Chinook
Minijack rates correlate significantly with release size (March)
N=300-600 fish/pt.
2 cm
6 f
old
What happens to the minijacks after release?
“The migrating minijack”
The Yakima River Basin
Columbia River
Chandler
John Day Dam
Prosser (Chandler smolt by-pass) collections
Throughout the spring we collect approximately 300-600 wild (Yak.+Natches) and Cle Elum hatchery migrants
Measure length, weight, condition factor, gender, maturation status (males)
There are more migrating minijacks in the hatchery population and rates are
variable
Gender ratios favor females among both wild and large
hatchery fish
SmoltingSmolting
Sub-adultsSub-adults1+ yr1+ yrSpringSpring
OceanOcean
Spring Chinook SalmonSpring Chinook SalmonSpawning - FallSpawning - Fall FryFry
Age-4 Age-4
Age-5Age-5Ocean
to r
iver
in s
pri
ng
Ocean
to r
iver
in s
pri
ng
Age-3 MAge-3 M
JackJack
ParrParr
Age-1 “Precocious parr”Age-1 “Precocious parr”
Age-2 “Minijacks”Age-2 “Minijacks”
Migrating minijack rate correlates with length but not weight
Condition factor is higher in migrating wild than hatchery fish
The proportion of minijacks at release is strongly correlated with
the proportion of migrating minijacks
Conclusions
• Minijack rates at release and Prosser vary annually and are highly correlated
• Rates are strongly correlated with size at release
• Rates are 10-20 fold lower in Wild fish• Female biased gender ratios are
found in both wild and hatchery fish
Hi/Lo Treatments, BY02-04
0
50
100
150
200
250
Age-3 Age-4 Age-5 Combined
PIT Detections at Bonn.
High
Low
All Years Combined
Bosch 2008