CLCV 1008 Archaeology The Early Years [Ch. 1]

8/12/2019 CLCV 1008 Archaeology The Early Years [Ch. 1]

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Archaeology:

The Early Years

CLCV 1008A[from Renfrew & Bahn ch. 1,

Fagan passim , Bahn The IllustratedHistory of Archaeology , and elsewhere]


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Nota Bene : READ the Introduction p. 12 - 18the Nature and Aims of Archaeology

Archaeology is both a physical activity out in thefield, and an intellectual pursuit in the study orlaboratory.

It is the past tense of cultural anthropology. the distinction between Prehistory and History the scientific nature of Archaeology

the new Archaeologies specializations the ethics of Archaeology explanation and interpretation of material culture

[traditional vs recent approaches]


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Tutankhamun[p. 64 65 and 437 & Nat. Geog. June 2005]


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The Gold of TroyFound by Heinrich Schliemann (1822 1890)


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The Lion Gate at Mycenaein the Greek Peloponnese


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The Ruins of the Mayain Central America


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Machu Picchu in Perua suggestion: read Turn Right at Machu Picchu


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The work of Louis and Mary Leakey inthe Olduvai Gorge of East Africa


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Some People and Places of HistoricalImportance in Archaeology

Nebuchadnezzar &Nabonidus of Babylon

Herodotus in Egypt Pausanias in Greece

Laocoon in Rome The Antiquarians inEngland

John Aubrey at Avebury William Stukeley at

Stonehenge & Avebury Discovery of Pompeii &

Herculaneum

Napoleon in Egypt Thomas Jefferson Catherwood & Stephens

& the Maya

Schliemann at Troy &Mycenae General Pitt Rivers Sir Flinders Petrie Sir Mortimer Wheeler Decipherment of scripts:

Rawlinson cuneiform& Champollion -hieroglyphics


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The Cuneiform script in Mesopotamiaand its decipherment


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The Archives at Ebla in ancient Syria
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Ebla.jpg


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Behistun, Rawlinson,& the decipherment of cuneiform
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Creswicke_Rawlinson.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Behistun_sassanid_relief.jpg


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The Behistun inscription
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great's_inscription.jpg


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The Hanging Gardens of Babylon[one artists impression]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon.jpg


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The Ziggurat of Ur, a Mesopotamian citystate on the Euphrates River


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Pausanias

Pausanias [ fl .160 AD] Greek traveler &

geographer

Author of PeriegesisHellados , in 10 booksbased on his own travels

In English titled:Description of Greece [orGuide to Greece ]


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Zeus and his temple at Olympia
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Statue_of_Zeus_(Hermitage)_-_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg


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The Temple of Apolloat Bassae in Greece


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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtK1OoHHUhw Bassae under the archaeologists tent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtK1OoHHUhwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtK1OoHHUhwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtK1OoHHUhwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PtK1OoHHUhw


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Mycenae

rich in gold


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HeinrichSchliemann

1822 - 1890 Excavated at Troy 1870 -

73, 1878 - 79, 1881 Excavated at Mycenae

1876 and Tiryns 1884 His tomb in Athens


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The acropolis of Mycenae[from the parking lot]


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Herodotus [c. 490 c. 425 BC]

The Father of History


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Herodotus in Egypt


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The Colossi of Memnon in Egypt[the legs & base are covered in graffiti from antiquity]


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The Acropolis of Athens


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The Parthenon in ruinsa film to watch: Secrets of the Parthenon


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The Pantheonin Rome


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The Baths of Diocletian in Rome, 1774


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Santa Maria degli Angeli in Rome- within the Baths of Diocletian


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Christianized megalith or menhirat St. Duzec in Brittany, France


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Castel Sant Angelo in Rome,originally the Mausoleum of the Emperor Hadrian


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The Piazza Navona in Rome


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Portchester Castleon the South Saxon Shore of England


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Laocon and his sonsfound in Rome 14 January 1506


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The harbour of Rhodes


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The Trojan War & Horse[more to come on Troy]


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The Vatican Museums in Rome


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The Third of Many Maps


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Avebury, England


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Within the henge of Avebury


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Stonehengewith the encircling henge


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A giant helps Merlin buildStonehenge.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg


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William Camden [1551-1623]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/WilliamCamden.png


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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Roman_Roads_in_Britannia.svg


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Crop marks [further on p. 80 - 81]

Hadrians Wall d ib d b th V bl B d
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Diagramm_bewuchs.jpg


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Hadrian s Wall described by the Venerable Bedein the 8 th cent. AD and recorded by Antiquarians in

the late 16 th to 18 th centuries.


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John Aubrey[1626 1697]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/John_Aubrey.jpg


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Avebury in August 2012


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William Stukeley [1687 - 1765]British Antiquarian


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Stukeley

s

ground plot

of Avebury[a more detailed drawing than that on p. 22]


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One of Stukeleys drawings of Stonehenge


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Stukeley on Stonehenge:

As you advance nearer, especially up theavenue, the greatness of its contours fills theeye in an astonishing mannerAs you enter the

building, whether on foot or horseback and castyour eyes around, upon the yawning ruins, youare struck into an exstatic [sic] reverie , whichnone can describe, and they only can be

sensible of it, that feel it.Nothing in naturecould be of a more simple idea than this vastcircle of stones, and its crown work or corona attop; and its effect is truly majestic and venerable,which is the main requisite in sacred structures.


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Compare photos of Stonehenge today
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg


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Silbury Hill c. 2800 BC, south of Avebury

l h


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Early excavations near Stonehenge 1805by Colt Hoare and Cunnington [p. 23]


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Ole Worm

s

Cabinet of Curiosities

Th A f Di 15 th 17 th C )
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Musei_Wormiani_Historia.jpg


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The Age of Discovery 15 th to 17 th Cent.)(or the Age of Exploration)
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Columbus_Taking_Possession.jpg


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The Route of Corts, Mexico 1519
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Conquest_mexico_1519_21.png


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Corts & Moctezuma

l
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cortes-Hernando-LOC.jpg


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Moctezuma Aztec RulerBritish Museum 24 Sept. 2009 24 Jan. 2010

The Gr nd To r in E rope
http://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/future_exhibitions/moctezuma/previews_in_the_press.aspx


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The Grand Tour in Europe17 th 18 th centuries AD

The Discovery of Pompeii &


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The Discovery of Pompeii &Herculaneum [17 th & 18 th cent.]


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In the history of archaeology, the sites of Pompeii and

Herculaneum, lying at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius in the Bayof Naples, Italy, hold a very special place. Even today,when so many major sites have been systematicallyexcavated, it is a moving experience to visit thesewonderfully preserved Roman cities.

[textbook, p. 24]


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Above these places lies Mt. Vesuvius, which,save for its summit, has dwellings all round, onfarm lands that are absolutely beautiful.

Strabo[c. 64 BC AD 24 ], Geography 5.4.8

Tabula Peutingeriana


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Tabula Peutingeriana[Peutinger Table]

Early exploring at Pompeii


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Early exploring at Pompeiiin the 18 th century


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Plan of Pompeii [in colour on p. 24]

Late August 79 AD:


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Late August, 79 AD:the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius


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Inside Pompeii


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Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum
http://cpart.byu.edu/images/HerculaneumScrollBefore_Web.jpghttp://cpart.byu.edu/images/HerculaneumScrollAfter_Web.jpg


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I stood within the City disinterred; And heard the autumnal leaves like light footfallsOf spirits passing through the streets; and heard

The Mountain s slumberous voice at intervalsThrill through those roofless halls.

from Ode to Naples by Percy Bysshe Shelley [1792-1822][as quoted by Renfrew & Bahn, p. 25]

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.html


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features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-features/9556419/Pompeii-at-the-British-Museum.html


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Pompeii and Herculaneum

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-s This is a 5 minute video about theHerculaneum Conservation Project that illustrates theongoing project to restore and conserve the site [nospeaking, just some Italian text, and pleasant music].

There is a BBC program, Pompeii: Life and Death in aRoman Town, hosted by Mary Beard (Cambridge). This

documentary is one hour in length and was available onYoutube. It may be elsewhere on the internet.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-shttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHAQBa8Wj-s


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Herodotus in Egypt

Mortuary temple of Ramesses II


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Mortuary temple of Ramesses II[1279 1213 BC] at Abu Simbel

On the recent GIS mapping of the Giza


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On the recent GIS mapping of the GizaPlateau see p. 90- 91


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Napoleon in Egypt 1798
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_003.jpg


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The Rosetta Stone


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Description de l

Egypte


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Description de l Egypte1809 - 1821

The abduction of Ramesses II;
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Description_de_l%C2%B4Egypte_1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EgyptFrontispiece.jpg


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The abduction of Ramesses II;from the Nile River to London


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The Mound Builders


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of North America [p. 23, 30 31]

E l E i f M d [ 31]


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Early Excavation of a Mound [p. 31]

The Augustine Mound in New Brunswick


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gforthcoming in ch. 5 & 9

A Micmac burial mound

Associated with theOxbow site, the longestcontinuously inhabitedaboriginal site in North

America Artifacts including copper

found in the 1970s mayindicate contact withpeople in Ohio.

Visit the MetepenagiagHeritage Park in Red

Bank, N.B.

Location on an island in

the Miramichi River

And recall the excavations of burial moundsS h 1805


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near Stonehenge 1805by Colt Hoare and Cunnington [p. 23]

Th A ti it f H ki d 26 32


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The Antiquity of Humankind p. 26 - 32

Geology as anevolving science

James Hutton William Smith & The

Map That Changedthe World

Sir Charles Lyell

Sir Charles Darwin &The Origin of theSpecies

Manmade tools &animal bones

Excavation atCocherel, France

Boucher de Perthesin France

The biblical Creationquestioned

Thomsens Three AgeSystem

Willi

St t

S ith [1769 1839]


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William Strata Smith [1769 1839]

The Somme
http://www.unh.edu/esci/lgec_area.jpg


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in France

Jacques Boucher de Perthes [1788 1868]
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/1940FranceBlitz.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boucher_de_Perthes.jpg


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qat Abbeville, France

Charles Darwin


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[1809 1882]

Darwins On The Origin of the Species 1859
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Charles_Darwins_Weltumseglung_mit_der_HMS_Beagle_1831-1836.png


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Darwin s On The Origin of the Species 1859

C. J. Thomsen &
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Darwin_ape.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Origin_of_Species_title_page.jpg


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the Three Age System [p. 26, 28]

Discovering the Early Civilizations


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in the 19 th & early 20 th centuries

The Egyptian civilization[Petrie post Napoleon andChampollion ]

Mesopotamian ruins in Ur

[Woolley & Mallowan] Assyrian sculptures at

Nineveh [Layard] Cuneiform script of these

Near Eastern lands[Rawlinson]

The Maya in Mexico[Stephens & Catherwood]

Troy and MycenaeanGreece [Schliemann]

Minoan Crete [Evans] Prehistoric England [Pitt-

Rivers] The Inca of Peru

[Bingham] The Indus Valley

[Marshall]


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Assyrian Art in the British Museum


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Assyrian Art in the British Museum

again - Behistun, Rawlinson,


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& the decipherment of cuneiform

Schliemann 1822 90


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Schliemann 1822-90


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Schliemann

s Trench


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through the hill of Hissarlik [Troy]


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The Maya Civilization


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of Central America

Catherwood & Stephens:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Mayamap.png


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discovery of the Maya 1839 - 1841
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/maya/catherwood-1.jpg


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Some Maya sites discovered
http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/maya/catherwood-1.jpghttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/maya/catherwood-1.jpg


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by Stephens & Catherwood

The Development of Field Techniques
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Gran_Pyramide.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Palenque_Ruins.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chichen-Itza-Castillo-Seen-From-East.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CopanRuins.jpg


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Some names to remember:

General Pitt Rivers[1827 1900]

Sir William FlindersPetrie [1853 1942]

Sir Mortimer Wheeler[1890 1976]

Kathleen Kenyon

[1906 1978] Gordon Childe

[1892 1957]

Louis [1903 1972] andMary [1913 1996]Leakey

Grahame Clark [1907 1995]

George Bass formarine archaeology

[1932 - ]

Sir William Flinders Petrie [1853 1942]


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Sir William Flinders Petrie [1853 1942]

Petrie & Pyramids & Pot Typologies


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Petrie & Pyramids & Pot Typologies

General Pitt - Rivers [1827 1900]


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& his excavations at Cranborne Chase [p. 33]

Sir Mortimer Wheeler
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitt-rivers-m2.jpg


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[1890 1976]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StillDigging.jpg


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The box grid at Stobi in Macedonia


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as photographed by a Carleton student

New Approaches to Archaeology[ 32 36 45 48]


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[pp. 32, 36 45; summary p. 48]

The classificatory historical period [mid19 th cent. to c. 1960

The ecologicalapproach

Developments inscience since WW2

The turning point inthe 1960s

The New Archaeologyor Processual Arch-aeology & Binford

Postprocessual orinterpretive

Archaeology The origins of human-

kind in Africa Ethnoarchaeology

New Approaches in Archaeology:C lh k i T k [ ]


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Catalhyk in Turkey [p. 46 - 47]

Where is Catalhyk?
http://www.flickr.com/photos/catalhoyuk/3063563261/


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y

Excavations at Catalhyk


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y

Renfrew p30.jpg


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Renfrew p30.jpg

Renfrew p44-45b.jpg


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Renfrew p44 45b.jpg

A Neolithic burial at Catahyk


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y

A glimpse of things to follow:
http://www.flickr.com/photos/catalhoyuk/181544023/http://www.flickr.com/photos/catalhoyuk/181543335/


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g p g

Throughout the textbook, discussion whetherbrief or at some length will include many placesand peoples around the world, some of whichhave been introduced in this slide show andmany others will follow.

Some peoples are mentioned from chapter tochapter to illustrate or explain different aspects

of archaeology. To bring chapter 1 to a close and look on to the

next, consider one place as an example:

Just over 100 years ago,


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y g

** On July 24, 1911 HiramBingham III from YaleUniversity was led byPeruvian guides to the Incacitadel of Machu Picchuhigh in the Andes Mts. [SeeNat. Geo. April 2011 onrecent discoveries.]** In Turn Right at MachuPicchu [2011], Mark Adamsfollows in Binghamsfootsteps in search of lostInca cities. Very good book.

http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu picchu/bingham text
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-text


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machu-picchu/bingham-text

Presently we found ourselves in the midst of atropical forest, beneath the shade of whose treeswe could make out a maze of ancient walls, theruins of buildings made of blocks of granite,beautifully fitted together in the most refinedstyle of Inca architecture. [ Nat. Geo . April 1913]
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-texthttp://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/1913/04/machu-picchu/bingham-text


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Forthcoming on the Inca


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g The Inca will be featured

on these topics: Preservation of organic

materials and humanremains [frozenmummies]

Textiles Engineering & Stonework The road network Cultural repatriation of

artifacts.


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FINIS

On to Chapter Two:What is left?

The Variety of the Evidence

Documents

CLCV 1008 Archaeology The Early Years [Ch. 1]