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Classifying sounds: place and manner of articulation
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Where and how sounds are made
• Say ‘mmmm’ – where is the ‘m’ sound produced? It’s a bilabial consonant (this is the place of
articulation) • Pinch your nose – what happens? It stops: it’s a nasal (not an oral) consonant • Put your fingers in your ears – what do you hear? The vibrations of the vocal cords: it’s a voiced
consonant
Thinking about sounds
Some places of articulation: bilabial consonants
p pie b buy m mute w wood
lips
Labiodental consonants
f fine v vine
upper teeth
lower lip
Dental consonants
θ thin ð this
upper teeth
tip of tongue
Alveolar consonants
t tie d die s Sue z zoo n night l light
alveolar ridge
tip/blade of tongue
Post-alveolar / palato-alveolar consonants
ʃ shoe, pressure Ʒ pleasure
ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r rack
Palatal consonants
j yes
Velar consonants
velum
back of tongue
k curl g girl ŋ rang
Some manners of articulation: plosives (think explosion) or stops
Bilabial: p b Alveolar: t d Velar: k g
Fricatives (think friction)
Labiodental: f v Alveolar: s z Palato-alveolar or post-alveolar: ʃ Ʒ
Oral Nasal
(Velum is lowered, allowing air to enter the nasal cavity)
Nasals
Bilabial: m Velar: ŋ Alveolar: n
Other consonants
• Affricates (a combination of stop + fricative):
ʧ = voiceless post-alveolar affricate
ʤ = voiced post-alveolar affricate • Approximant (articulators approach each other
but do not touch): w r j • Lateral (also called lateral approximant; air
flows over sides of tongue): l
Summary of Places of Articulation• Bilabial (lips) p b m w • Labiodental (lips and teeth) f fine v vine • Dental (tongue and teeth) θ thin ð then • Alveolar (tongue and alveolar ridge) t d s z n l • Palato-alveolar (tongue and front part of hard palate) ʃ shoe ʒ measure ʧ cheap ʤ jeep r • Palatal (tongue and hard palate) j yes • Velar (tongue and velum) k g ŋ running • Glottal (glottis) h
Summary of manners of articulation
• Plosive / Stop p b t d k g • Fricative f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h • Affricate (stop + fricative) ʧ ʤ • Nasal m n ŋ • Approximants w r j (central) l (lateral)
Classifying consonants
• Voiced or voiceless • Place of articulation • (Central or lateral) • (Oral or nasal) • Manner of articulation Example 1 : s (sing): - A voiceless, alveolar, (central), (oral) fricative - A voiceless, alveolar plosive/stop = ? /t/ What is /k/? - A voiceless, velar plosive/stop
The IPA: The English consonants
w, r, j (y) – central approximants; l – lateral approximant