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Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems.
(six kingdoms)
1
Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities.
Classification Classification is an important
– In understanding how organisms are related and how they are different.
– So that we can work with the diversity of life
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.
2
Aristotle
His classification system was based on structural
differences that were seen.
3
Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) 4
Swedish Botantist
•Based his classification on characteristics of organisms
that were similar.
Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.
5
Binomial Nomenclature
Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used.
The scientific name of an organism is based
on a two-word system called binomial nomenclature.
6
Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”)
Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”)
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Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass
•The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). •The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word,
species, is never capitalized. •For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).
Binomial nomenclature 8
Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together.
9 In addition to (1) appearance and (2) behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms.
Eight levels of classification 10
Least alike
Most alike
Domain
Species is the most specific
Taxon:
Group or level of classification
GROUP NAME
ORGANISM
HUMAN CHIMPANZ
EE HOUSE
CAT LION HOUSEFLY
KINGDOM Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia
PHYLUM Chordate Chordate Chordate Chordate Arthropoda
CLASS Mammal Mammal Mammal Mammal Insect
ORDER Primates Primates Carnivora Carnivora Diptera
FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Felidae Muscidae
GENUS Homo Pan Felis Felis Musca
SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo domestica
Scientific Name
Homo sapiens
Pan troglodyt
es
Felis domestica
Felis leo Musca domestica
11
Example: Human Classification
a. homo Sapiens
b. Homo sapiens
c. Homo Sapiens
12
How would you write the scientific name?
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS
Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food) Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Order Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Family Centrarchida (sunfishes) Genus Micropterus (types of bass) Species salmoides (largemouth bass)
Largemouth Bass: Micropterus salmoides
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14
KINGDOMS OF LIFE
15
EuBacteria
Archae-
bacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Six Kingdoms of Life
16
OLD NAME:
MONERA
Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: Three Domains:
Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic and Heterotrophic. Cell walls have peptidoglycan.
Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan.
Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic.
Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia.
17
•Eubacteria (true bacteria) & Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membrane-bound organelles. •Microscopic & unicellular. •Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. •Heterotropic & autotrophic
•unicellular and multicellular organisms with a variety of characteristics •eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. •Heterotropic and autotrophic •Most are microscopic.
18 Bacteria Protista
•Consumers that stay put. •Unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment.
Fungi
19
Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Autotrophic-some parasitic- some carnivore.
Multicellular consumers-heterotrophic Cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others.
Plantae Animalia
6 Kingdoms of Life 20
Evolutionary
relationship
between the
kingdoms.
22
A cladogram is a tree-like
diagram showing
evolutionary relationships. Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related.
22.1
Wacky People Key
1a Two feet 2
1b Some other number of feet 3
2a Does not look at all human 4
2b Looks a lot like a human 5
3a One leg 6
3b Three or four legs 7
4a Fly-like Mosk Cara
4b Not fly-like 8
5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita
5b Not a girl 9
6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella
6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles
7a Three legs 10
7b Four legs 11
8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate
8b Clawed feet 12
9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum
9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile
10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk
10b Some other appearance 13
11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt
11b No arms or pinchers 14
12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon
12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy
13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide
13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox
14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos
14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus
EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients belongs to the kingdom
A Animalia
B Fungi
C Plantae
D Protista
23
The study of animals is known as
A botany
B ecology
C taxonomy
D zoology
24
In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, was proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics with members of which taxonomic level?
A class
B family
C order
D phylum
25
One main difference between
members of the Kingdoms Plantae
and Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases
26
The table shows an early method of classifying animals.
Which of the following best illustrates why the modern Linnaean classification system has replaced the system developed by Aristotle? A) Flying insects fly over both land and water. B) Eating habits of reptiles and some land mammals are different. C) Sea snake bones are similar to those of reptiles that live on land. D) Birds are warm-blooded like mammals.
27
A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the
A viruses
B protists
C eubacteria
D archaebacteria
28
The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?
A bacterium
B mushroom
C mouse
D virus
29
Mrs. Hilliard, may I be excused? My brain is full.