ClassificationClassification

Chapter 18Chapter 18

Historical backgroundHistorical background

AristotleAristotle – first to classify living things. – first to classify living things. -two major groups... plants and animals. -two major groups... plants and animals.

Plants separated by size (structure)Plants separated by size (structure)... herbs, shrubs, and trees. ... herbs, shrubs, and trees.

Animals grouped by where they livedAnimals grouped by where they lived...land, sea, or air....land, sea, or air.

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/science/biology/bio2000/biomovies/e20_1int.html

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) a Swedish naturalist (1707-1778) a Swedish naturalist"Father of Taxonomy" developed the system we use "Father of Taxonomy" developed the system we use to name organisms today. to name organisms today. 

History cont’History cont’

Antoine Laurent de JussieuAntoine Laurent de Jussieu (1707-1836) (1707-1836) established the major subdivisions of the established the major subdivisions of the plant kingdom.plant kingdom.

Georges Leoplod CuvierGeorges Leoplod Cuvier (1769-1832) (1769-1832) established major "embranchments" established major "embranchments" known as phyla, for the animal kingdom.known as phyla, for the animal kingdom.

History cont’History cont’

Ernst HaeckelErnst Haeckel (1834-1919) German introduced (1834-1919) German introduced the monera kingdom.the monera kingdom.

Herbert F. CopelandHerbert F. Copeland (1902-1968) an American (1902-1968) an American reclassified microorganisms, introduced reclassified microorganisms, introduced Kingdom protistica Kingdom protistica

Robert H. WhitakerRobert H. Whitaker (1924-1980) the American (1924-1980) the American founded the five kingdom system by elevating founded the five kingdom system by elevating the fungi to kingdom statis.the fungi to kingdom statis.

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Branch in biology that names organisms Branch in biology that names organisms according to their characteristicsaccording to their characteristics

PhylogenyPhylogeny – evolutionary history of – evolutionary history of organismorganism

HistoryHistory

Aristotle – grouped into plant/animalAristotle – grouped into plant/animal

Linnaeus – grouped by morphology (form Linnaeus – grouped by morphology (form & structure) – & structure) – features that are influenced features that are influenced by genes and clues to by genes and clues to common ancestrycommon ancestry

Levels of classifiation:Levels of classifiation:

KingdomKingdom PhylaPhyla ClassClass OrderOrder FamilyFamily GenusGenus Species Species

Make your own Make your own mnemonicmnemonic ““Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk" Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Silk"

"King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.“"King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti.“

““Keep Ponds Clean Or Fish Get Sick”Keep Ponds Clean Or Fish Get Sick”

““KKatie atie PPeels eels CCalifornia alifornia OOranges ranges FFor or GGrandma's randma's SSupper”upper”

King Philip (David) Called Out “For Goodness Sakes! “King Philip (David) Called Out “For Goodness Sakes! “

To understand how the classification system To understand how the classification system works, let’s compare finding a species to works, let’s compare finding a species to

mailing a letter from overseas.mailing a letter from overseas.

Classification Hierarchy Letter Hierarchy

Kingdom Animalia Country United States

Phylum/Division* Chordata State Pennsylvania

Class Mammal City/Town DuBois

Order Primate Street Orient Avenue

Family Homoidae House Number 1

Genus Homo Last Name Horse

Species sapiens First Name Charlie

Species name has 2 Species name has 2 parts: parts:

System known as System known as binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature Genus (capitalized & italicized)Genus (capitalized & italicized) identifier – descriptive word (italicized)identifier – descriptive word (italicized)

E.g. E.g. Homo sapiensHomo sapiens ““homo” means man; “sapiens” means wisehomo” means man; “sapiens” means wise

Modern phylogenetic Modern phylogenetic taxonomytaxonomy

18.218.2

Phylogenetic treePhylogenetic tree

Represents Represents hypothesishypothesis based on lines of based on lines of evidence (i.e. fossils, homologous form)evidence (i.e. fossils, homologous form)

Family tree shows Family tree shows evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships

CladisticsCladistics

Classified by Classified by shared derived charactersshared derived characters – – a feature that evolved within a group – a feature that evolved within a group – inherited from common ancestorinherited from common ancestor

E.g. feathers – a feature evolved in birdsE.g. feathers – a feature evolved in birds

Cladogram of the vertebrate Cladogram of the vertebrate chordateschordates

cladogram of the phylogenetic cladogram of the phylogenetic relationships of dinosaurs and birdsrelationships of dinosaurs and birds

Modern systems of Modern systems of classificationclassification18.318.3

The Six KingdomsThe Six Kingdoms

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria ProtistsProtists FungiFungi PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals

How are organism placed How are organism placed into their kingdoms?into their kingdoms?

Cell type, complex or simpleCell type, complex or simple

The number of cells in their body The number of cells in their body

Their ability to make foodTheir ability to make food

Kingdom Cell type Number of cells Nutrition

Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto/heterotrophy

Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Auto/heterotrophy

Protista Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular Auto/heterotrophy

Fungi Eukaryotic Uni/multicellular Heterotrophy

Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Auto (rarely) Heterotrophy

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophy

PlantsPlants

contains - flowering plants, contains - flowering plants, mosses, and ferns. mosses, and ferns.

all multicellular with complex cells. all multicellular with complex cells.

AutotrophsAutotrophs second largest kingdom. second largest kingdom.

Without plants, life on Without plants, life on Earth would not exist! Earth would not exist! Plants feed almost all Plants feed almost all the heterotrophs on the heterotrophs on Earth. Wow!Earth. Wow!

AnimalsAnimals largest kingdomlargest kingdom many complex cellsmany complex cells heterotrophsheterotrophs Sumatran TigerSumatran Tiger

Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia

Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia

Order: CarnivoraOrder: Carnivora

Family: FelidaeFamily: Felidae

Genus: Genus: PatheraPathera

Species: Species: tigristigris

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

found in extreme environments such as found in extreme environments such as hot boiling water and thermal vents on hot boiling water and thermal vents on seafloor with no oxygen or highly acid seafloor with no oxygen or highly acid environments (likes salty water)environments (likes salty water)

Mammoth Hot Mammoth Hot Springs at Springs at Yellowstone Yellowstone National ParkNational Park

Tubeworms living near a vent on floor in Pacific Ocean

EubacteriaEubacteria complex and single celledcomplex and single celled found everywhere found everywhere classified in their own kingdom because classified in their own kingdom because

their chemical makeup is different. their chemical makeup is different.

Streptococci Streptococci

FungiFungi Mushrooms, mold and mildew Mushrooms, mold and mildew multicellular andmulticellular and many complex cells many complex cells cannot make their own foodcannot make their own food obtain food from parts of plants obtain food from parts of plants

that are decaying in the soil.that are decaying in the soil.

ProtistsProtists

Slime molds and algae Slime molds and algae Complex cellsComplex cells Most are unicellular Most are unicellular members are so different from one another. members are so different from one another. all microscopic organisms that are all microscopic organisms that are notnot bacteria, bacteria, notnot

animals, animals, notnot plants and plants and notnot fungi. fungi.

Not in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms. Not in the Archaebacteria or Eubacteria kingdoms. because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex because, unlike bacteria, protists are complex cells. cells. These delicate looking diatoms are classified These delicate looking diatoms are classified in the protist kingdom.in the protist kingdom.

3 domains3 domains

Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea Domain BacteriaDomain Bacteria Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia

Bacteria(eubacteria)

Archaea(archaebacteria)

Eukarya(eukaryotes)

References References

http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/Six_Kingdoms/Index.htm http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Taxonomy

/taxonomy_lec01.htm http://darwin.nmsu.edu/~molb470/fall2005/projects/pan/images/Ph

ylogeneticTreeOfLife.jpg http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/http://www.nbii.gov/portal/server.pt/gateway/

PTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-contentPTARGS_0_2_3846_404_1617_43/http%3B/public-content%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/ecological_issues/genetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gifgenetic_biodiversity/phylogenetic_trees_intro/tree.gif

http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/Biologicaldiverstity/Classification/cladogram_1.gifBiologicaldiverstity/Classification/cladogram_1.gif

http://www.geocities.com/missneill/cyanobacteria.jpghttp://www.geocities.com/missneill/cyanobacteria.jpg http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/mcb1.1a.jpghttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/mcb1.1a.jpg http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpghttp://www.ucl.ac.uk/Pharmacology/dc-bits/fungi-pics1-04m.jpg