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Classification and Taxonomy
The student will investigate and understand how
organisms can be classified. Key concepts include:
a) the distinguishing characteristics of
kingdoms of organisms; b) the distinguishing
characteristics of major animal and plant
phyla; and c) the characteristics of
the species.
TAXONOMY--the branch of science that classifies and names living things.
How are Living things classified?
• physical structure (how they look)• evolutionary relationships • embryonic similarities (embryos)• genetic similarities (DNA)• biochemical similarities
Classification Systems
HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED?
NOMENCLATURE--a system for naming things
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE a two word naming system used in Biology to name organisms.Carolus Linnaeus devised this in the 1800's using these two subgroups for the name(uses Latin- a ‘universal’ language)
GENUS & SPECIES(more general) (more specific)* Humans are known as Homo sapiens
Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells• Large• Have chromosomes• Have membrane-bound
organelles– Nucleus– Mitochondria– Centrioles– (theory of
endosymbiosis)
Prokaryotic Cells• Small• No chromosomes,
only small circle of DNA (plasmid)
• No membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells are Larger than Prokaryotic cells
MONERA• Only kingdom composed of prokaryotic organisms• Single cell (no multicellular forms)• Have a cell wall• No membrane-bound organelles • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
(ex- Bacteria, some algae)
The Archaebacteria, the most ancient of this kingdom, are so differentthat they may belong to a separate kingdom.
Other groups of Monera include the cyanobacteria (autotrophic) and eubacteria (heterotrophic).
PROTISTA• The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom• Eukaryotic • heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both• Perhaps they are best defined as
eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.
(Ex- Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
FUNGI• Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, usually
multicellular group having multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls.
• Decomposers: They obtain their energy by decomposing dead and dying organisms and absorbing their nutrients from those organisms.
• Some fungi also cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), while others are useful in baking, brewing, as foods, drugs and sources for antibiotics.(Ex- mushrooms, yeast)
PLANTAE
• Plants are immobile, multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis (autotrophic)and have cell walls.
• Plants are important sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.
ANIMALIA• Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at some stage during their lives, and that have cells lacking cell walls.