Classical Greece and RomeClassical Greece and Rome

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Geography of GreeceGeography of Greece

Mountainous peninsula, rugged terrainMountainous peninsula, rugged terrainNumerous islandsNumerous islandsSea serves as a mode of travel and tradeSea serves as a mode of travel and tradeGeog. Isolation of the individual poleisGeog. Isolation of the individual poleisMediterranean ClimateMediterranean Climate

Dry summer, wet winterDry summer, wet winterDifficult for most types agricultureDifficult for most types agricultureGreat for olives, grapes, barleyGreat for olives, grapes, barley

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Early Greek CulturesEarly Greek Cultures

Minoan: 2700-1450 BCEMinoan: 2700-1450 BCELocated on CreteLocated on Crete

King Minos King Minos

Sudden destructionSudden destructionNatural disaster OR invasionNatural disaster OR invasion

Palace Palace Complex at Complex at Knossos: Knossos:

MinoaMinoa

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http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~warfare/Lectures/Images/1.30/36_knossos_bull_fresco.JPG

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Early Greek CulturesEarly Greek Cultures

Mycenaean: 1600-1000 BCEMycenaean: 1600-1000 BCEGrew into powerful monarchiesGrew into powerful monarchiesSetting of Homer’s epic poemsSetting of Homer’s epic poems

Trojan War (around 1250 BCE)Trojan War (around 1250 BCE) Debate over true existence of TroyDebate over true existence of Troy Heinrich Schleimann- 1870Heinrich Schleimann- 1870

Decline due to internal conflict, natural Decline due to internal conflict, natural disaster and invasiondisaster and invasion

Mycenaean Mycenaean CultureCulture

Mycenaean Acropolishttp://www.greeklandscapes.com/images/destinations/mycene/mycenae_aerial_photo.jpg

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Funeral Maskhttp://content.answers.com/main/content/wp/en-commons/thumb/8/81/250px-MaskAgamemnon.png

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Dark AgeDark Age

After fall of Mycenaea, Greece entered a After fall of Mycenaea, Greece entered a Dark AgeDark AgePeriod of decline, Depopulation Poverty, Period of decline, Depopulation Poverty, Most important development: adoption of the Most important development: adoption of the

Phoenician alphabetic systemPhoenician alphabetic system

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Greek City-StatesGreek City-States

Independent, self-governing city-state Independent, self-governing city-state known as a known as a polispolis

Hundreds of poleis, vary in size and pop.Hundreds of poleis, vary in size and pop.Sparta: largest territorySparta: largest territoryAthens: largest PopulationAthens: largest Population

Hoplite WarfareHoplite Warfare

Competition among poleis led to warCompetition among poleis led to warHopliteHoplite warfare emerged as a form of warfare emerged as a form of

defensedefenseMarched in Marched in phalanxphalanxQuick battlesQuick battles

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Phalanxhttp://www.wargames.co.uk/Pending/Archive/May04/phalanx-LDS.jpg

Hoplite

Spread of Greek ColoniesSpread of Greek Colonieshttp://www.worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C2/Greece/AG/GreekColonies500BCE.jpghttp://www.worldcoincatalog.com/AC/C2/Greece/AG/GreekColonies500BCE.jpg

Greek GovernmentGreek Government

Various styles of GovernmentVarious styles of GovernmentDepending on the polisDepending on the polis

Oligarchy: “rule by the few” very commonOligarchy: “rule by the few” very commonCouncil of wealthy aristocrats or eldersCouncil of wealthy aristocrats or eldersSparta had an oligarchySparta had an oligarchy

Democracy: “rule by the people”Democracy: “rule by the people”AthensAthensLimited suffrage; only free men allowed to Limited suffrage; only free men allowed to

vote and participatevote and participate

SpartaSparta

Conquered neighboring city-statesConquered neighboring city-states Forced conquered people to become Forced conquered people to become HelotsHelots

Produced food to feed the SpartansProduced food to feed the Spartans Often rebelled; put down by Spartan militaryOften rebelled; put down by Spartan military

Militaristic, rigid societyMilitaristic, rigid society Children began education at 7Children began education at 7 Taught to be disciplined and obedientTaught to be disciplined and obedient

Boys and girls train to be fit and disciplinedBoys and girls train to be fit and disciplined Boys live in barracks until age of 30, in army until 60Boys live in barracks until age of 30, in army until 60 Simple meals taken in mess hallSimple meals taken in mess hall

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SpartaSparta Society in Sparta:Society in Sparta:

Women lived in separate homes until husband reached 30Women lived in separate homes until husband reached 30 Young boys mentored by older Spartan soldiersYoung boys mentored by older Spartan soldiers

Minimalist lifestyle, no luxury items or wealthMinimalist lifestyle, no luxury items or wealth Luxury items were thought to make a person weakLuxury items were thought to make a person weak

Government in Sparta: OligarchyGovernment in Sparta: Oligarchy Dual Kingship, Council of Ephors, Council of EldersDual Kingship, Council of Ephors, Council of Elders

Only men participated in govtOnly men participated in govt Women, however, had relatively high status compared to AthensWomen, however, had relatively high status compared to Athens

Government encouraged isolation of SpartaGovernment encouraged isolation of Sparta Often did not allow people to travel to or from SpartaOften did not allow people to travel to or from Sparta Discouraged the study of anything other than the art of warDiscouraged the study of anything other than the art of war

AthensAthens Focused on learning, art, philosophyFocused on learning, art, philosophy

Became center of Greek cultureBecame center of Greek culture Highest population of the poleisHighest population of the poleis

Developed democracy after bad experiences Developed democracy after bad experiences with Tyranny and Oligarchywith Tyranny and Oligarchy Direct democracy: all eligible citizens (free men) can Direct democracy: all eligible citizens (free men) can

vote and serve in officevote and serve in office Meetings held every 10 daysMeetings held every 10 days

Ostracism as method of eliminating harmful persons Ostracism as method of eliminating harmful persons (ie. Ambitious politicians)(ie. Ambitious politicians)

Person with most votes exiled for 10 yearsPerson with most votes exiled for 10 years Reached height of power after Persian WarReached height of power after Persian War

Greek ReligionGreek Religion

PolytheisticPolytheistic 3 generations of gods3 generations of gods Best known was the 3Best known was the 3rdrd Generation Generation

Olympian Gods: Zeus as king of the godsOlympian Gods: Zeus as king of the gods

Complex rituals & festivals conducted to please Complex rituals & festivals conducted to please the gods & earn favorsthe gods & earn favors

Gods believed to communicate through Gods believed to communicate through oraclesoracles Most important was Delphic Oracle @ DelphiMost important was Delphic Oracle @ Delphi No major decisions made without consulting the No major decisions made without consulting the

oracleoracle

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Greek DramaGreek Drama

Drama very popular in GreeceDrama very popular in Greece Huge influence on western worldHuge influence on western world

Themes of Greek DramaThemes of Greek Drama Humanism, good v evil, persistence, prideHumanism, good v evil, persistence, pride

Tragedies usually written in trilogiesTragedies usually written in trilogies Comedy became popular in later yearsComedy became popular in later years

Popular dramatistsPopular dramatists Aeschylus: Aeschylus: OrestiaOrestia Sophocles: Sophocles: Oedipus Rex, AntigoneOedipus Rex, Antigone EuripidesEuripides

Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom”Philosophy: “Love of Wisdom”

Greek philosophers contemplated the universe and Greek philosophers contemplated the universe and emphasized rational thoughtemphasized rational thought

3 major philosophers3 major philosophers SocratesSocrates

Sculptor and teacher (Socratic Method of question/answer)Sculptor and teacher (Socratic Method of question/answer) Accused of corrupting the youth of AthensAccused of corrupting the youth of Athens

Found guilty, sentenced to death or exileFound guilty, sentenced to death or exile Chose death (drank hemlock poison)Chose death (drank hemlock poison)

PlatoPlato Student of SocratesStudent of Socrates Prolific writer, established the Academy to teach others his Prolific writer, established the Academy to teach others his

ideasideas

Socrateshttp://www.behappyandfree.com/pdf/socrates

Platohttp://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/plato4.jpg

Greek PhilosophyGreek Philosophy

Aristotle:Aristotle: Student of PlatoStudent of Plato Interested in analyzing and classifying the worldInterested in analyzing and classifying the world Studied many subjectsStudied many subjects

Ethics, logic, politics, poetry, physics, astronomy, geologyEthics, logic, politics, poetry, physics, astronomy, geology His ideas would influence western thought for hundreds of His ideas would influence western thought for hundreds of

yearsyears

Researched government, determined there are 3 Researched government, determined there are 3 desirable forms of governmentdesirable forms of government

Monarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional governmentMonarchy, aristocracy, and constitutional government

Aristotlehttp://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/images/aristotle2.jpg

Art in GreeceArt in Greece Pottery used as a form of ArtPottery used as a form of Art Emphasis on balance and harmonyEmphasis on balance and harmony Humans often the subject of art (humanism)Humans often the subject of art (humanism)

Body seen as a thing of beautyBody seen as a thing of beauty Often idealizedOften idealized

Sculptures emphasize toned bodies and serene facesSculptures emphasize toned bodies and serene faces beautybeauty

ArchitectureArchitecture Temples to honor godsTemples to honor gods Use of ColumnsUse of Columns

Parthenon: most famous example of Classical Greek Parthenon: most famous example of Classical Greek ArchitectureArchitecture

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Decline of Greeks, Triumph Decline of Greeks, Triumph of Macedoniaof Macedonia

Decline of GreeksDecline of Greeks

Internal conflict among city-states Internal conflict among city-states weakened Greeceweakened GreecePersians remained a threatPersians remained a threat

Regained territory in W. AsiaRegained territory in W. Asia

To north, Philip II began to transform To north, Philip II began to transform Macedonia Macedonia Restructured military to include cavalryRestructured military to include cavalryDeveloped siege technology- catapultDeveloped siege technology- catapultBegan to assert control over the GreeksBegan to assert control over the Greeks

Triumph of MacedoniaTriumph of Macedonia

Philip organized a coalition to defend Philip organized a coalition to defend against Persiaagainst PersiaEst. himself as leaderEst. himself as leaderAssassinated in 336 BCEAssassinated in 336 BCE

His son, Alexander, took over where he His son, Alexander, took over where he left offleft off

Empire of Alexander the GreatEmpire of Alexander the Greathttp://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/alexanderempiremap_large.jpg

Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great

Alexander (356-323 BCE)Alexander (356-323 BCE)Used military to defeat Persians Used military to defeat Persians Expanded influence into North Africa, Egypt Expanded influence into North Africa, Egypt

and nearly all of Greeceand nearly all of GreeceEmpire was short-livedEmpire was short-lived

Power struggle after his death in 323 BCEPower struggle after his death in 323 BCEEmpire split into 3 kingdomsEmpire split into 3 kingdoms

Seleucid, Ptolemaic, and AntigonidSeleucid, Ptolemaic, and Antigonid

Hellenistic PeriodHellenistic Period

Alexander’s vast empire helped to spread Alexander’s vast empire helped to spread Greek culture to other parts of the worldGreek culture to other parts of the worldEven after his death, the Hellenistic Kingdoms Even after his death, the Hellenistic Kingdoms

continued to spread Greek culturecontinued to spread Greek cultureGovt. in Hellenistic Kingdoms: autocraticGovt. in Hellenistic Kingdoms: autocraticTrade and learning flourishedTrade and learning flourishedCities became cultural centersCities became cultural centers

Alexandria in Egypt very important cityAlexandria in Egypt very important city

RomeRome

Geography of RomeGeography of Rome

ItalyItalyHilly terrainHilly terrain

Mountains along eastern coastMountains along eastern coastAlps serve as barrier from northAlps serve as barrier from north

Navigable rivers, access to Med. SeaNavigable rivers, access to Med. SeaRiver valleys and volcanic soil good for ag.River valleys and volcanic soil good for ag.

Climate much like that in GreeceClimate much like that in GreeceAbundance of Natural resourcesAbundance of Natural resources

RomeRome

Legend of Rome’s CreationLegend of Rome’s CreationFounded by Romulus in 753 BCEFounded by Romulus in 753 BCE

Agriculture essential part of economyAgriculture essential part of economyLand is a measure of wealth and powerLand is a measure of wealth and power

Initially ruled by series of kingsInitially ruled by series of kingsRepublic created in 507 BCERepublic created in 507 BCE

Roman RepublicRoman Republic

507-31 BCE507-31 BCEGovernment Structure during the RepublicGovernment Structure during the Republic

Power in hands of the elitePower in hands of the eliteElection of officials by assembly of citizensElection of officials by assembly of citizens

Wealthy citizens’ votes counted for more than the Wealthy citizens’ votes counted for more than the poor citizenspoor citizens

Expansion under the Roman Expansion under the Roman RepublicRepublic

Rome began to exert influence over the Rome began to exert influence over the rest of the Italian peninsularest of the Italian peninsula

Use of military to acquire new landsUse of military to acquire new landsPunic Wars: 3 wars fought with CarthagePunic Wars: 3 wars fought with Carthage

264-146 BCE264-146 BCEDefeated Carthage in N. AfricaDefeated Carthage in N. Africa

Continued on to seize the western Med., Continued on to seize the western Med., Egypt, and GreeceEgypt, and Greece

Decline of the Roman RepublicDecline of the Roman Republic

Inequality within the Republic led to revoltsInequality within the Republic led to revoltsSeries of ambitious generals used the Series of ambitious generals used the

military to consolidate their own powermilitary to consolidate their own powerSulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, and Sulla, Pompey, Caesar, Mark Antony, and

OctavianOctavian

Decline of the Roman Republic, Decline of the Roman Republic, Rise of the Roman EmpireRise of the Roman Empire

After death of Julius Caesar, conflict arose After death of Julius Caesar, conflict arose 27 BCE Octavian (Augustus) came to 27 BCE Octavian (Augustus) came to

powerpowerestablished basic structure of the Roman established basic structure of the Roman

EmpireEmpireFor next 200 years, the Roman Empire For next 200 years, the Roman Empire

expanded and flourishedexpanded and flourished

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Government under the Roman Government under the Roman EmpireEmpire

Roman Senate still met, but all major Roman Senate still met, but all major decisions made by emperordecisions made by emperor

Use of military to maintain controlUse of military to maintain controlEmpire was tolerant of local traditionsEmpire was tolerant of local traditions

As long as they did not interfere with well-As long as they did not interfere with well-being of the empirebeing of the empire

Government under the Roman Government under the Roman EmpireEmpire

Pax Romana (Roman Peace)Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Roman citizenship extended to conquered Roman citizenship extended to conquered

peoplespeoples Clearly defined laws throughout the empireClearly defined laws throughout the empire

Promote order and unityPromote order and unity Government regulated grain productionGovernment regulated grain production

Used empire to feed the masses in Rome and other Used empire to feed the masses in Rome and other large citieslarge cities

Construction projects throughout empireConstruction projects throughout empire Public baths, theaters, roads, etc.Public baths, theaters, roads, etc.

Technology of Roman EmpireTechnology of Roman Empire

Romans excelled in Romans excelled in engineeringengineering Aqueducts to transport Aqueducts to transport

waterwater Domed buildings Domed buildings Massive public Massive public

buildingsbuildings

Little effort to develop Little effort to develop new technology or new technology or ideas in science ideas in science

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Art and EntertainmentArt and Entertainment

Like the Greeks, the Romans continued on Like the Greeks, the Romans continued on the idea of humanismthe idea of humanismReflected in artReflected in art

Busts of rulersBusts of rulersScenes of Roman conquestScenes of Roman conquest

Elaborate public facilities available for use Elaborate public facilities available for use by city-dwellersby city-dwellers

Gladiator Games and Chariot races were Gladiator Games and Chariot races were popular forms of entertainmentpopular forms of entertainment

ReligionReligion

Early Roman religion was much like that of Early Roman religion was much like that of GreeceGreeceSimilar gods with different namesSimilar gods with different names

Ie. King of GodsIe. King of Gods Greece= Zeus, Rome=JupiterGreece= Zeus, Rome=Jupiter

313: Roman Empire adopted Christianity313: Roman Empire adopted ChristianityEmperor ConstantineEmperor ConstantineAttempt to create sense of unity within a Attempt to create sense of unity within a

crumbling empirecrumbling empire

Society and CultureSociety and Culture

Institutionalized system of social inequality Institutionalized system of social inequality in Romein RomeSlavery commonSlavery common

Used for housework, working in mines, and Used for housework, working in mines, and agricultureagriculture

Over time, free farmers became tenant Over time, free farmers became tenant farmers who worked the land of wealthy farmers who worked the land of wealthy aristocratsaristocrats

Power centered in hands of the wealthyPower centered in hands of the wealthy

Society and CultureSociety and Culture

Patriarchal societyPatriarchal societyOldest male was head of familyOldest male was head of familyWomen under authority of male relativesWomen under authority of male relativesWoman’s place was in the home, no political Woman’s place was in the home, no political

powerpowerHowever, some were able to exert influence over However, some were able to exert influence over

husbandshusbands

EconomyEconomy

Ag based economyAg based economy Most people made living through farmingMost people made living through farming

Olives & grapes in Italy, grains and vegetables in other parts Olives & grapes in Italy, grains and vegetables in other parts of the empireof the empire

Grain essential, but does not grow well in ItalyGrain essential, but does not grow well in Italy Use of empire to feed the masses in RomeUse of empire to feed the masses in Rome

Trade and Commerce essential to feed the empireTrade and Commerce essential to feed the empire As such, merchants enjoyed high social statusAs such, merchants enjoyed high social status

Luxury items imported from eastLuxury items imported from east Silk RoadSilk Road Traded animal skins, metals, and exotic animal Traded animal skins, metals, and exotic animal

species for silk and spices from eastspecies for silk and spices from east

Decline of Roman EmpireDecline of Roman Empire

After 200 years of vigorous growth, After 200 years of vigorous growth, Roman Empire began a slow declineRoman Empire began a slow declineEconomic deterioration as trade began to Economic deterioration as trade began to

declinedeclineEmperors were unable to maintain control in Emperors were unable to maintain control in

far reaches of the empirefar reaches of the empireLocal authorities began to reassert more Local authorities began to reassert more

powerpowerGermanic invasions from North led to the fall Germanic invasions from North led to the fall

of the western half of the empire of the western half of the empire