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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
- 49 -
15 Detecting the environment
15.1 Detecting changes in the environment (Book 2, p. 15-3)
� Irritability (感應性) is the ability of detecting (1) _______________ (刺激) and giving
appropriate (2) _______________ (反應) in organisms.
� A stimulus is detected by (3) _______________ (感受器) in a sense organ (感覺器官). The
receptors send out (4) _______________ _______________ (神經脈衝) to the control centre
(e.g. brain). The control centre sends out nerve impulses to an (5) _______________ (效應器)
(e.g. muscles) to produce an appropriate response.
� The receptors present in the sense organs and the stimulus detected by each type of receptor:
Type of receptor Sense organ Stimulus detected
(6) _______________ (光感受器) (7) _______________ Light
(8) _______________ (機械感受器) (9) _______________
Skin
Sound vibrations
Pressure
(10) _______________ (化學感受器) Nose
Tongue
Chemicals in air
Chemicals in food
(11) _______________ (溫度感受器) Skin Changes in (12) _______________
15.2 Detecting light by the eye (Book 2, p. 15-5)
A Structures around the eye (Book 2, p. 15-5)
� The structures around the eye help the eye to function and remain healthy:
(1) ______________ (眼眉):
- helps prevent sweat from
running into the eye
(3) ____________ ____________ (淚腺):
- produces tears which contain sodium chloride and an enzyme that can kill bacteria
upper and lower (4) _____________ (眼瞼):
- can open and close, and hence we can blink
(2) _____________ (眼睫毛):
- helps trap dirt and prevent it from entering the eye
(5) ____________ ____________ (淚管):
- drains excess tears to the nasal cavity
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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B Structures of the eye (Book 2, p. 15-6)
� Internal structures of the eye:
Label Structure Description
A (6) _______________ (結膜) � Protects the cornea
B (7) _______________ (角膜) � Allows (8) _______________ to pass through
� (9) _______________ light into the eye
C
(10) _______________
_______________
(水狀液)
� Supplies nutrients and oxygen to the conjunctiva, the
cornea and the lens
� Maintains the (11) _______________ of the eyeball
� Refracts light inside the eye
D (12) _______________ (瞳孔) � Allows light to enter the eye
E (13) _______________ (虹膜)
� Controls the (14) _______________ of the pupil and
hence the (15) _______________ of light entering
the eye
F (16) _______________ (晶體)
� Transparent, elastic and biconvex (雙凸) in shape
� Refracts and (17) _______________ light onto the
retina
G (18) _______________
_______________ (懸韌帶) � Connects the lens to the ciliary body
H (19) _______________
_______________ (睫狀體)
� Changes the (20) _______________ of the lens by
contraction and relaxation of ciliary muscles
A
B
C
D
E
F
G H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
co
nt.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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I (21) _______________
_______________ (眼肌)
� Attaches the eyeball (眼球) to the
(22) _____________ of the skull; contractions of
these muscles enable the eyeball to
(23) _______________ in different directions
J (24) _______________ (鞏膜)
� Protects inner structures
� Provides a surface for attachment of eye muscles
� Maintains the shape of the eyeball
K (25) _______________
(脈絡膜)
� Contains a black (26) _______________ which
absorbs light to reduce reflection of light within the
eye
� Contains (27) _______________ _______________
which supply nutrients and oxygen to cells and
remove waste from them
L (28) _______________
(視網膜)
� Contains rod cells (視桿細胞) and cone cells (視錐細胞)
to detect light
M (29) _______________
_______________ (黃點) � Concentrated with cone cells
N (30) _______________
_______________ (視神經) � Transmits nerve impulses from the retina to the brain
O (31) _______________
_______________ (盲點) � Contains no photoreceptors
P (32) _______________
_______________ (玻璃狀液)
� Maintains the shape of the eyeball
� Refracts light inside the eye
� Go to
Practical 15.1 Examination of a human eye model
(Book 2, p. 15-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-1)
Practical 15.2 Dissection and examination of an ox eye
(Book 2, p. 15-9; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-4)
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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C How do we see? (Book 2, p. 15-11)
1 The process of how we see
� Light rays that enter the eye are refracted by the following structures:
- the (33) _______________, which is responsible for most of the refraction
- the (34) _____________ ______________ and the (35) ______________ ______________
- the (36) _______________, which is responsible for the fine focusing of light rays onto
the yellow spot on the retina.
� The image formed on the retina is (37) _______________ (real / virtual), upside down,
(38) _______________ inverted and (39) _______________ (larger / smaller) than the object.
� The image is detected by (40) _______________-_______________ cells, which send nerve
impulses.
� Nerve impulses are transmitted along the (41) _______________ _______________ to the
(42) _______________ _______________ (視覺中心) in the brain.
� The brain interprets the nerve impulses as an upright image of the object.
2 The light-sensitive cells
� The retina contains two types of light-sensitive cells: (43) _______________ cells and
(44) _______________ cells.
Rod cells Cone cells
Sensitivity to light intensity
Sensitive to (45) _____________ light Sensitive to (46) _____________ light
Vision Black and white vision (47) _______________ vision
(by red, green and blue cone cells)
Distribution on retina
Throughout (48) _______________,
none at yellow spot and blind spot
Concentrated at (49) _____________
spot, none at (50) _____________ spot
� �
�
�
�
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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3 The blind spot
� The blind spot is the place where the (51) _______________ _______________ leaves the
eyeball.
� Since there are no (52) _______________ at the blind spot, no nerve impulses can be
generated and sent to the brain. Any images formed on the blind spot (53) _______________
(can / cannot) be seen.
D How does the eye control the amount of light entering it? (Book 2, p. 15-16)
� The (54) _______________ muscles (環肌) and
(55) _______________ muscles (放射肌) of the iris
are involved in changing the size of the pupil, so as
to control the amount of light entering the eye.
▲ Muscles of the iris and the pupil
� Changes in the eye in bright light and dim light conditions:
In bright light In dim light
Side view Front view
Side view Front view
Circular muscles of iris
(56) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
(57) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
Radial muscles of iris
(58) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
(59) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
Pupil (60) _______________
(Constricts / Dilates)
(61) _______________
(Constricts / Dilates)
Amount of light entering the eye
(62) _______________
(Increases / Decreases)
(63) _______________
(Increases / Decreases)
radial muscles
circular muscles
pupil
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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E How can we see objects at different distances clearly?
(Book 2, p. 15-18)
� The lens can change in (64) _______________ (曲率) to adjust the degree of
(65) _______________ of light in the eye.
� The ability of the eye to focus on objects at different distances is called (66) _____________
_______________ (視覺調節).
� Changes in the eye when focusing on near objects and distant objects:
Focusing on near objects Focusing on distant objects
Light rays from objects
(67) _______________ Almost (68) _______________
Circular ciliary muscles
(69) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
(70) _______________
(Contract / Relax)
Suspensory ligaments
Tension (71) _______________
(increases / decreases)
(i.e. become slackened)
Tension (72) _______________
(increases / decreases)
(i.e. are pulled)
Lens (73) _______________ (More / Less)
convex
(74) _______________ (More / Less)
convex
Refraction of light
(75) _______________
(Increases / Decreases)
(76) _______________
(Increases / Decreases)
light rays from a distant object
circular ciliary muscles
lens
suspensory ligaments
light rays from a near object
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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F What are the causes of eye defects and their corrections? (Book 2, p. 15-21)
1 Short sight
� A short-sighted (近視) person can see (77) _______________ (near / distant) objects clearly
but not (78) _______________ (near / distant) objects.
Cause Correction
� Lens being too (79) _______________
(thin / thick)
� Wear (81) _______________
(concave / convex) lenses
� Eyeball being too (82) _______________
(short / long)
� Wear (84) _______________
(concave / convex) lenses
correction lens image formed
on the retina
light rays from a distant object
image formed
(83) ______________________
(in front of / behind) the retina
correction lens image formed
on the retina
light rays from a distant object
image formed
(80) ______________________
(in front of / behind) the retina
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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2 Long sight
� A long-sighted (遠視) person can see (85) _______________ (near / distant) objects clearly
but not (86) _______________ (near / distant) objects.
Cause Correction
� Lens being too (87) _______________
(thin / thick)
� Wear (89) _______________
(concave / convex) lenses
� Eyeball being too (90) _______________
(short / long)
� Wear (92) _______________
(concave / convex) lenses
3 Colour blindness
� People with (93) _______________ _______________ (色盲) cannot distinguish some or all
colours. It is caused by the deficiency or defect of one or more of the three types of
(94) _______________ cells.
� The most common type is (95) ______________-______________ colour blindness (紅綠色盲).
It is caused by defects of the red or green cone cells, or both.
� Total colour blindness (全色盲) is rare.
� Colour blindness is an (96) _______________ eye defect that (97) _______________
(can / cannot) be cured or corrected by wearing lenses.
correction lens image formed
on the retina
light rays from a near object
image formed
(91) ______________________
(in front of / behind) the retina
correction lens image formed
on the retina
light rays from a near object
image formed
(88) ______________________
(in front of / behind) the retina
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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15.3 Detecting sound by the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)
A Structures of the ear (Book 2, p. 15-26)
� The human ear consists of three main parts: the (1) _______________ ear (外耳), the
(2) _______________ ear (中耳) and the (3) _______________ ear (內耳).
� Structures of the ear:
Label Structure Description
A (4) _______________ (耳廓) � Collects sound waves in the air
B (5) _______________
_______________ (聽道) � Directs sound waves to the eardrum
C (6) _______________ (鼓膜) � Converts sound waves to sound (7) ______________
D (8) _______________
_______________ (聽小骨)
� (9) _______________ and transmit vibrations from
the eardrum to the oval window
E (10) _______________
_______________ (卵圓窗)
� (11) _______________ vibrations from the ear bones
to the inner ear
F (12) _______________
_______________ (半規管) � Detect the (13) _______________ of head movement
A B C
D F G H
J
outer ear middle ear inner ear
I
E
co
nt.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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G (14) _______________ (耳蝸)
� Contains (15) _______________ _______________
_______________ (感覺毛細胞) which detect
vibrations and send nerve impulses to the brain
H (16) _______________
_______________ (聽神經)
� Transmits nerve impulses from the cochlea to the
brain for (17) _______________
I (18) _______________
_______________ (圓窗)
� Releases fluid pressure to the air in the
(19) _______________ ear
J (20) _______________
_______________ (耳咽管)
� (21) _______________ pressure between the middle
ear and the atmosphere
� Structure of the cochlea:
� When the (24) _______________ vibrates, the hairs of the sensory hair cells are
(25) _______________. The sensory hair cells are (26) _______________. They send nerve
impulses along the (27) _______________ _______________ to the auditory centre in the
brain for interpretation.
� Go to
Practical 15.3 Examination of a human ear model
(Book 2, p. 15-26; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-9)
upper and lower canals filled with
(22) _______________ (外淋巴)
central canal filled with
(23) _______________ (內淋巴)
sensory hair cell
sensory hair cell
hair of sensory hair cell
nerve fibres of sensory hair cells form auditory nerve
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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B How do we hear? (Book 2, p. 15-29)
� The process of how we hear:
Step Description
I a The ear bones amplify and transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the oval
window.
II b Nerve impulses travel along the auditory nerve to the auditory centre to produce
the sensation of hearing.
III c Sensory hair cells in the central canal are stimulated and they send out nerve
impulses.
IV d Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the endolymph of the central
canal.
V e The pinna collects and directs sound waves along the auditory canal to the
eardrum.
VI f Vibrations in the perilymph are transmitted to the round window, which bulges
outwards into the middle ear to release fluid pressure.
VII g The oval window vibrates, making the perilymph in the upper canal of the
cochlea vibrate.
VIII h Sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate.
I: (28) ________ II: (29) ________ III: (30) ________ IV: (31) ________
V: (32) _______ VI: (33) _______ VII: (34) _______ VIII: (35) _______
I II III IV V
sensory hair cells
perilymph
endolymph
VI
auditory centre
VII VIII
Key: transmission of vibration transmission of nerve impulse
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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15.4 Detecting light by plants (Book 2, p. 15-31)
� The responses of plants usually involve (1) _______________ of certain parts of the body
towards or away from the stimulus.
� The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to a (2) _______________
stimulus (單側刺激) is called (3) _______________ (向性).
A How do plants respond to light? (Book 2, p. 15-31)
� The directional growth movement of a part of a plant in response to unilateral light is called
(4) _______________ (向光性).
▲ Growth response of the shoots
and roots to unilateral light
� Shoots respond to light by growing (5) _______________
(towards / away from) it. They are (6) _______________
(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables
the leaves to obtain the maximum amount of light for
(7) _______________.
� Roots respond to light by growing (8) _______________
(towards / away from) it. They are (9) _______________
(positively / negatively) phototropic. This response enables
the roots to grow deep into the soil to get better
(10) _______________.
� Go to
Practical 15.4 Investigation of the phototropic responses of shoots and roots
(Book 2, p. 15-31; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 15-11)
B What substance controls phototropic response in plants? (Book 2, p. 15-32)
� (11) _______________ (胚芽鞘) are commonly used in the study of
tropism because:
- their response to light is easy to observe
- they grow (12) _______________
- they are small and easy to handle, making them easy to be
grown in (13) _______________ numbers.
▲ An oat coleoptile
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� Some investigations of phototropism:
Charles Darwin (1880)
Investigation Result
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- The results of coleoptiles A and B show that the (14) _______________ is necessary for
growth.
- The results of coleoptiles A, C and D show that the tip is (15) _______________ to
unilateral light.
Boysen-Jenson (1913)
Investigation Result
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- The tip produces a substance that is (16) _______________ in nature, because it can
pass through the (17) _______________ _______________ but not the
(18) _______________ _______________.
- This chemical moves down from the tip and causes growth (19) _______________ the
tip.
A B C
agar block tip placed on agar block
mica plate
A B C
� Unilateral light
decapitated coleoptiles
A B C D
intact coleoptile
tip removed (decapitated)
light-proof cap
light-proof collar
A B C D
� Unilateral light
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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Investigation Result
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- The chemical produced by the tip passes down the (20) _______________ side of the
coleoptile.
Paal (1919)
Investigation Result
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- The side with the displaced tip receives a (21) _______________ (higher / lower)
concentration of the chemical.
- This side grows more (22) _______________ (rapidly / slowly), causing bending.
A B
tip put on left side of cut end
tip put on right side
of cut end
A B
� In darkness
A B
mica plate inserted on illuminated side
A B
� Unilateral light mica plate inserted
on shaded side
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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Went (1926)
Investigation Result
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- While the chemical produced by the tip diffuses into the agar block, light causes an
(23) _______________ distribution of the chemical.
- The shaded side has a (24) _____________ (higher / lower) concentration of the chemical.
- The (25) _____________ side grows more rapidly, causing the shoot to bend towards light.
� The chemicals that cause bending are called (26) ______________ (生長素). They are a group
of plant hormones produced in small amounts at the (27) _____________ of shoots and roots.
� The most common naturally occurring auxin is (28) ______________ ______________ (IAA).
It is produced mainly in the (29) _______________ meristems. It is transported to the region
of (30) _______________, where it promotes (31) _______________ (primary / secondary)
growth by increasing the rate of cell elongation.
C How does light affect the distribution of auxins? (Book 2, p. 15-35)
� Two hypotheses:
i Light destroys auxins.
ii Light causes auxins to move away from the illuminated side to the shaded side of the
coleoptile.
tip removed from coleoptile
mica plate
Unilateral light In darkness
agar blocks B
X Y
X Y
A
B
X Y
tip removed
agar block placed
on cut end
A
� In darkness tip placed on
agar block for
some time
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� Investigations for testing the above hypotheses:
Investigation Results
� Conclusion / Explanation:
- Since both coleoptiles A and B bend to the same degree, the agar blocks have collected
(32) _____________________ (the same / different) amount(s) of auxins regardless of
light or dark condition.
- This shows that light (33) _____________________ (destroys / does not destroy) auxins.
Investigation Results
D
24° 24°
C
E F
12° 31°
coleoptiole tip
C
� Unilateral light In darkness
D
L R
L R
mica plate
E F
L R
Unilateral light In darkness
L R
mica plate
A
B
24°
24°
agar block A
coleoptiole tip
agar block A
� Uniform light In darkness
decapitated coleoptile
A
In darkness In darkness
B agar block B
agar block B
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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� Conclusion / Explanation:
- (34) _______________ _______________ stop the lateral transport of auxins. As light
does not destroy auxins, both coleoptiles C and D receive (35) _____________________
(the same / different) amount(s) of auxins and they bend to the same degree.
- Coleoptile (36) __________ bends the most. This shows that light causes auxins to move
from the (37) _______________ side to the (38) _______________ side.
D How does the concentration of auxins affect the growth of
shoots and roots? (Book 2, p. 15-36)
� Different parts of a plant respond differently to the same concentration of auxins:
▲ Effects of auxin concentrations on the growth of roots and shoots of oat seedlings
� Lower auxin concentrations (10–6
to 10–2
ppm) (39) _______________ (promote / inhibit) root
growth.
� Most auxin concentrations which promote (40) _______________ (root / shoot) growth
(10–6
to 10–3
ppm) are too low to promote (41) _______________ (root / shoot) growth
� The concentration which produces the greatest (42) _______________ (root / shoot) growth
(10–4
ppm) is lower than that which produces the greatest (43) _______________ (root / shoot)
growth (1 ppm).
� Higher auxin concentrations (above 10–2
ppm) (44) _______________ (promote / inhibit)
shoot growth but (45) _______________ (promote / inhibit) root growth.
� Very high auxin concentrations (above 102 ppm) (46) _______________ (promote / inhibit)
both root and shoot growth.
concentration of auxins (ppm, parts per million)
10–6
10–4
10–2
1 102
104
perc
enta
ge
inh
ibitio
n
perc
enta
ge
stim
ula
tion
100
50
0
50
100
150
200
gro
wth
resp
on
se
roots shoots
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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E The mechanism of phototropic response in shoots and roots (Book 2, p. 15-37)
� The growth of the shoot and the root under light coming from all directions:
� The growth of the shoot and the root under unilateral light:
shoot
root
light from all directions
auxins
auxins
(47)
______________
distribution of auxins
The shoot
grows straight
upwards.
The root
grows straight downwards.
Auxins are produced at shoot tip and root tip.
Auxins are produced at shoot tip and root tip.
shoot
root
auxins
auxins
unilateral light
Auxins move from the
(48) ______________ side to the
(49) ______________ side.
Higher auxin concentration
(50) ______________ shoot growth.
Thus, the (51) ______________
side grows faster and the shoot bends
towards the light.
Higher auxin concentration
(52) ______________ root growth.
Thus, the (53) ______________
side grows faster and the root bends
away from the light.
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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Answers
Ch 15 Detecting the environment
15.1 1 stimuli 2 responses 3 receptors 4 nerve impulses 5 effector
6 Photoreceptor 7 Eye 8 Mechanoreceptor 9 Ear 10 Chemoreceptor
11 Thermoreceptor 12 temperature
15.2 1 eyebrow 2 eyelash 3 tear gland 4 eyelids 5 tear duct
6 Conjunctiva 7 Cornea 8 light 9 Refracts 10 Aqueous humour
11 shape 12 Pupil 13 Iris 14 size 15 amount
16 Lens 17 focuses 18 Suspensory ligament 19 Ciliary body
20 thickness 21 Eye muscle 22 orbit 23 rotate 24 Sclera
25 Choroid 26 pigment 27 blood vessels 28 Retina 29 Yellow spot
30 Optic nerve 31 Blind spot 32 Vitreous humour 33 cornea
34 aqueous humour / vitreous humour 35 vitreous humour / aqueous humour 36 lens
37 real 38 laterally 39 smaller 40 light-sensitive 41 optic nerve
42 visual centre 43 rod / cone 44 cone / rod 45 dim 46 bright
47 Colour 48 retina 49 yellow 50 blind 51 optic nerve
52 photoreceptors 53 cannot 54 circular 55 radial 56 Contract
57 Relax 58 Relax 59 Contract 60 Constricts 61 Dilates
62 Decreases 63 Increases 64 curvature 65 refraction 66 eye accommodation
67 Diverging 68 parallel 69 Contract 70 Relax 71 decreases
72 increases 73 More 74 Less 75 Increases 76 Decreases
77 near 78 distant 79 thick 80 in front of 81 concave
82 long 83 in front of 84 concave 85 distant 86 near
87 thin 88 behind 89 convex 90 short 91 behind
92 convex 93 colour blindness 94 cone 95 red-green 96 inherited
97 cannot
New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology Oxford University Press 2015 (Second Edition)
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15.3 1 inner 2 middle 3 outer 4 Pinna 5 Auditory canal
6 Eardrum 7 vibrations 8 Ear bones 9 Amplify 10 Oval window
11 Transmits 12 Semicircular canals 13 direction 14 Cochlea 15 sensory hair cells
16 Auditory nerve 17 interpretation 18 Round window 19 middle 20 Eustachian tube
21 Equalizes 22 perilymph 23 endolymph 24 endolymph 25 bent
26 stimulated 27 auditory nerve 28 e 29 h 30 a
31 g 32 d 33 c 34 b 35 f
15.4 1 growth 2 unilateral 3 tropism 4 phototropism 5 towards
6 positively 7 photosynthesis 8 away from 9 negatively 10 anchorage
11 Coleoptiles 12 rapidly 13 large 14 tip 15 sensitive
16 chemical 17 agar block 18 mica plate 19 below 20 shaded
21 higher 22 rapidly 23 uneven 24 higher 25 shaded
26 auxins 27 tips 28 indoleacetic acid 29 apical 30 elongation
31 primary 32 the same 33 does not destroy 34 Mica plates 35 the same
36 F 37 illuminated 38 shaded 39 promote 40 root
41 shoot 42 root 43 shoot 44 promote 45 inhibit
46 inhibit 47 even 48 illuminated 49 shaded 50 promotes
51 shaded 52 inhibits 53 illuminated