School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Class 5: Advanced Concepts Hold on to your hats!

Marat Kulakhmetov

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

2

Rocket Equation

• Also known as : The Tsiolkovsky Equation

• F = m * a

• Forces = Drag + Weight + Thrust

• DV = How speed it needs• ISP = how efficient the rocket engine is

( / * )* DV g ISPLaunchWeight FinalWeight e

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

3

Staging• The Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation says :

• ISP depends on the rocket engine used. Higher ISP = Lower Launch Weight

• DV = Final Velocity, depends on your mission

( / * )* DV g ISPLaunchWeight FinalWeight e

• To get large velocities you would need very large takeoff weights

• Using multiple rocket stages allows us to achieve higher velocities with less weight

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

4

Russian N1 Rocket

• The Largest Rocket Built• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4-CyIBl

KNs&feature=related

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

5

Staging

• Saturn V rocket, that flew to the moon used 3 stages

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

6

Rocket Recovery

• How do we get the rocket (or what is left) back?

• Can we just use wings and land at an airport?

• Can we use a parachute

• Can we use rocket motors to slow down?

• This is what I’m working on!

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

7

Aerodynamic Regimes

• Mach Number = Speed / Speed of sounds

• Speed of Sound = 350 m/s ( 800 mi/h)

• Incompressible ( Mach < 0.3)

• Compressible (0.3<Mach < 0.8)

• Transonic ( 0.8 < Mach < 1)

• Supersonic ( Mach > 1)

• Hypersonic (Mach > 5)

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

8

Incompressible Aerodynamics

•Mach < 0.3 • Velocity < 100 m/s

< 220 mi/h

•

• The air gets out of the way without compressing

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

9

Compressible Aerodynamics

•Mach 0.3 – 0.8 • 100 m/s – 280 m/s• 220 mi/h – 630 mi/h

• Air tries to get out of the way but it gets compressed• Airliners Fly at this speed

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

10

Transonic Aerodynamics•Mach 0.8 < 1.0

• As air goes around blunt objects it accelerates so even if flow is Mach 0.8, in some regions on the airplane it may reach 1.0 and become supersonic

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

11

Supersonic Aerodynamics

• Mach > 1

• Vehicle travels faster than the speed of sound

• Shocks are generated because air cannot get out of the way fast enough

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

12

Hypersonic Aerodynamics

• Mach > 5• Remember to stay in orbit

you need to travel at 7.6 km/s (Mach 22)

• When vehicle hits air molecules it breaks them apart and causes chemical reactions

• We need more Research !

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

13

My research on Hypersonics

•Max Temp = 26,000K!!• Temperature of the

Sun = 10,000 K

Free Stream Conditions

Velocity 7 km/s (M 20.4)

Pressure 1.4 Pa (80km)

Ndens 3E20

MFP 3.9E-3 m

Temperature 293 K

Knudsen 0.078

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

14

Airplanes

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

15

Parts of an Airplane

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

16

Airplane Axes of Rotations

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

17

Modern Cockpit

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

18

Basic Cockpit

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

19

Modern Cockpit

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

20

Wing Design

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

21

Airfoil Design, How do wings work?

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

22

Wake and Stalls

School of Aeronautics and Astronautics

23

Coefficient of Lift and Drag