Class #37: Monday, November 301 Human influences on climate (continued)

Class #37: Monday, November 30 1

Class #37: Monday, November 30

Human influences on climate

(continued)

Review for test #4

• Chapter 13, pages 373-407, the entire chapter




Primary air pollutants

• Emitted directly by sources

• Carbon monoxide, a gas, incomplete combustion, can cause death in small concentrations, emitted by vehicles and defective heating devices

• Lead, a particulate, brain damage, in some paints and treated gasoline, outlawed now


More primary air pollutants

• Oxides of sulfur, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, respiratory irritant, emitted in burning fossil fuels containing sulfur

• Oxides of nitrogen, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, pulmonary problems, emitted by high-temperature combustion of fossil fuels in transportation and electric energy generation


More primary air pollutants

• Hydrocarbons, also called volatile organic compounds, or VOCs– Some are carcinogens– Are made up of hydrogen and carbon– Emitted by motor vehicles, dry cleaning

• Particulates, small particles– Smallest are most dangerous to lungs


Secondary air pollutants

• Are produced in chemical reactions with primary air pollutants

• Present harder-to-solve problems than primary air pollutants

• Include acid deposition and photochemical oxidants (smog)/ozone


Acid deposition

• Can be acid rain, snow, fog, dew, or dry

• Formed when oxides of nitrogen and sulfur combine with water vapor or liquid water to produce nitric acid and sulfuric acid

• In water, allows toxic heavy metals to leach out and contaminate drinking water

• Damage to structures, make lakes toxic


Fig. 15-4, p. 445

8Class #37: Monday, November 30

pH level of rain in 2001

Fig. 15-5, p. 446


Photochemical oxidants/smog/ozone

• Irritates eyes, nose, throat; causes coughing chest pain, and shortness of breath, aggravates asthma and bronchitis

• Forms when sunlight acts on a combination of hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen, and oxygen

• Ozone is the main component, with PAN and formaldehyde


Table 15-1, p. 445


Table 15-2, p. 445


Fig. 15-7, p. 448


Fig. 15-6, p. 447


Fig. 15-8, p. 449


















Fig. 15-1, p. 442


Fig. 15-22, p. 465


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Class #37: Monday, November 301 Human influences on climate (continued)