Class 23: History of 19th C

Ann T. Orlando

22 March 2006

Introduction

Napoleon Political History of 19th C Latin America After Napoleon

Napoleon (1769-1821)

Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist

Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797) Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798)

In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799) Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800)

Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804) Napoleon invades Russia 1812

Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne

Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815

Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htm

Napoleon: Relations with Church Social: Napoleonic Code

Supports divorce Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore

‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy

Concordat of 1801 Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who

did not Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them Clergy paid by state Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682 In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church

Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808 Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon Re-established moral authority of Church,

even for non-Catholics Many people convert to Catholicism Re-established Jesuits in 1814

Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham)

Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

Congress of Vienna (1815) After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England,

Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon

Prince Klemens von Metternich The architect of the Congress of Vienna, His main goal was to support conservative governments in

Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France. 

The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other.

Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

France After Napoleon

Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Two powerful competing groups of Catholics

in France Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild

French unity and culture; return to throne and altar Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary

French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

England 17th – 19th C

George I Hanover George III reigns 1760-1820

American Revolution Queen Victoria 1837-1901

During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy

By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government

England becomes dominant world power “The sun never sets on the British crown”

Holy Roman Empire

Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany

After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous

states Revolution of 1848 Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national

German government 1859 King as figure head

Italy

17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States

19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States

Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader

1861 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes

unification

Late 18th C Latin America Classes Peninsulares: those sent to rule by Kings of Spain or

Portugal High level Ecclesial and Civil authorities Usually did not remain in Latin America; post stepping

stoen to higher office in ‘old’ world Criollos: descendants of earlier Spanish or

Portuguese settlers; Wealthy landowners In conflict with Peninsulares over governance Mid-level clergy

Mestizo: mixed Spanish/Portuguese and Indian Lower-level clergy

Indians

Political Effect of Napoleon on Latin America In 1808 Napoleon deposed King Ferdinand VII of

Spain Napoleon replaced Ferdinand with his brother, Joseph Decreed that Spanish colonies must obey Joseph

Effect was to disrupted authority of Peninsulares; Allowed Criollos to establish their own governments

When Ferdinand returned to throne by Congress of Vienna, Criollos refuse to relinquish power River Platte (Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay) 1816 Chile 1818; Greater Columbia (Columbia, Venezuela, Panama,

Equator) 1826 Brazil 1821

Mexico

Fr. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla created an army of Indians and mestizos, 1810 Captured and executed Succeeded by another priest, Jose Maria Molelos

Established principle of alliance of lower clergy and classes against upper classes Most priests (lower clergy) supported revolution;

most bishops did not

Complex relationship between Rome and Latin American Churches Everyone called themselves a Catholic

Many early Latin American constitutions affirm Catholicism as the state religion

Higher social status, more allied with old world; especially true of bishops

After revolutions, especially in Mexico, some propose national Catholic churches

Tensions from two groups with Church hierarchy Liberals, who wanted to follow economic and political

models associated with US Lower clergy who increasingly saw the Church hierarchy as

being out of touch with vast majority of people Historical backdrop to Liberation Theology