Linking words

Clara Telles 09/0109538Dâmaris Bacon 09/0137574 Fernanda Diniz 10/0129668Pedro Henrique Lemos 09/14444

Inglês instrumental

Profa: Sônia Silva

* Linking words

As linking words  são as conjunções do Inglês que servem para fazer relação entre as ideias e informações expressadas em uma frase. São conectores entre frases que desenvolvem a coesão, mas também podem desenvolver a coerência dentro de um parágrafo, ligando uma ideia ou argumento a outro. Essas palavras conectoras (algumas conhecidas como conjunções no português) desempenham uma função importante na escrita, pois sinalizam para o leitor a direção que o escritor está tomando. Fazem isso através dessa ligação entre ideias dentro de um parágrafo e estabelecendo pontes entre os parágrafos. É importante lembrar-se de corrigir a escrita para ter certeza de que as transições de uma ideia para outra, ou de um parágrafo para outro, estão sendo eficazes pela utilização dos conectores escolhidos, pois os conectores trazem uma relação semântica entre as ideias e parágrafos e não é qualquer conector que serve para qualquer lugar.

A maioria das partes de um texto formal é organizada de um jeito semelhante: introdução, desenvolvimento de ideias principais ou argumentos e conclusão. Uma parte da escrita ou texto pode incluir o seguinte:

Idea

And 1 ideia é ligada a outra

Idea

Or 1 alternativa é apresentada

Idea

But 1 objeção é feita

Idea

A principais palavras e frases de ligação podem ser agrupadas em 3 conectivos básicos, de acordo com a semelhança de seus significados: and, or, but. Alguns podem ser usados para ligar parágrafos e outros podem apenas ser usados para ligar ideias dentro do parágrafo

•And

Listing (listagem, lista)

Enumeration: indica uma catalogação do que está sendo dito. A

maioria das

listas usa claramente um grupo definido de palavras:

First, furthermore, finally,

One, a second, a third,

First(ly), second(ly), third(ly)… etc.

To begin/start with, in the second place, moreover, to conclude.

above all / last but not least > marcar o fim de uma ordem ascendente

first and foremost / first and most importantly order > marcar o início de uma ordem descendente Addition: com o que foi anteriormente

indicado.

i. Reinforcement (inclui a confirmação):

above all indeed

actually in addition

additionally moreover

again not only . . . but also . . .

ii. Comparison (similaridade com o que

precedeu)

also in the same way

both . . . and . . . likewise

correspondingly similarly

equally too

also notably

as well (as)

obviously

besides

particularly

especially

specifically

further then

furthermore too

what is more

Transition: pode levar a uma nova etapa na sequência do

pensamento.

now

regarding

turning to

with respect/regard to

as for

geralmente usado quando se discute algo brevemente.

as to

Summary: uma generalização ou resumindo o que

precedeu.

altogether then

hence therefore

in brief thus

in conclusion to conclude

in short to sum up

overall to summariseReference: remete para sentenças

anteriores.

and mainly

as follows mostly

chiefly namely

for instance notably

for example or

in other words particularly

in particular such as

including that is

Example:

for example to illustrate

for instance as an illustration

such as to demonstrate

Result: expressa a consequência ou resultado do que está implícito na frase

anterior

ou sentenças.

accordingly now

as a result so

as a consequence so that

because of the consequence is

consequently the result is

for this/that reason then

hence therefore

in order that thusPlace:

above in front below here

adjacent in the background to the left

at the side in the foreground elsewhere

behind there to the right

Time:

after a while now

afterwards once

at last presently

at that time previously

at the same time shortly

before

simultaneously

currently since

earlier soon

eventually

subsequently

finally then

formerly thereafter

in the meantime until

in the past until now

initially whenever

later while

meanwhile

• Or

Reformulation (expressa algo de outra forma):betterin other wordsin that caseratherthat isthat is to say

Replacement (expressa uma alternativa ao que precedeu):againalternativelyanother possibility would bebetter/worse stillon the other handratherthe alternative is

• ButContrast

by (way of) contrastconverselyin comparisonin factin realityinsteadon the contrary(on the one hand) . . . on the other hand

. . .Then

Concession (indica que o ponto de visa anterior é aceito com reservas):

admittedly in spite ofafter all naturallyall the same neverthelessalthough no doubtalthough this may be true nonethelessat the same time notwithstandingbesides onlydespite stilldoubtless under certain circumstanceseven if/though up to a pointeven so whilehowever yet

It's a little bit funny, this feeling insideI'm not one of those, who can easily hideI don't have much money, but boy if I didI'd buy a big house where we both could live.

If I was a sculptor, but then again no,Or a man who makes potions in a travelling showI know it's not much, but it's the best I can doMy gift is my song and this one's for you.

And you can tell everybody, this is your songIt maybe quite simple but now that it's done,I hope you don't mind, I hope you don't mindThat I put down in wordsHow wonderful life is now you're in the world.

I sat on the roof and kicked off the mossWell a few of the verses, well they've got me quite crossBut the sun's been quite kind while I wrote this song,It's for people like you, that keep it turned on.

Your Song – Elton John

It's a little bit funny, this feeling insideI'm not one of those, who can easily hideI don't have much money, but boy if I didI'd buy a big house where we both could live.

If I was a sculptor, but then again no,Or a man who makes potions in a travelling showI know it's not much, but it's the best I can doMy gift is my song and this one's for you.

And you can tell everybody, this is your songIt maybe quite simple but now that it's done,I hope you don't mind, I hope you don't mindThat I put down in wordsHow wonderful life is now you're in the world.

I sat on the roof and kicked off the mossWell a few of the verses, well they've got me quite crossBut the sun's been quite kind while I wrote this song,It's for people like you, that keep it turned on.

Your Song – Elton John

So excuse me forgetting, but these things I doYou see I've forgotten, if they're green or they're blueAnyway, the thing is, what I really meanYours are the sweetest eyes I've ever seen.

And you can tell everybody, this is your songIt maybe quite simple but now that it's done,I hope you don't mind, I hope you don't mindThat I put down in wordsHow wonderful life is while you're in the world

So excuse me forgetting, but these things I doYou see I've forgotten, if they're green or they're blueAnyway, the thing is, what I really meanYours are the sweetest eyes I've ever seen.

And you can tell everybody, this is your songIt maybe quite simple but now that it's done,I hope you don't mind, I hope you don't mindThat I put down in wordsHow wonderful life is while you're in the world

Sinais de Sequência

Tempo

A ordem cronológica ou a sequência lógica de ações dentro de uma narrativa é facilmente identificável por expressões linguísticas características, como preposições, advérbios, linking words e tempos verbais. Essa ordem é que vai dar sentido cronológico ao texto segundo a intenção do autor, estruturando as ideias a serem transmitidas.

Preposições Uma preposição é uma palavra que liga dois elementos da oração subordinando o segundo ao primeiro, o regente ao regido. Ela vai ligar substantivo a substantivo, substantivo a verbo, verbo a substantivo, adjetivo a substantivo, advérbio a substantivo. No casoda ordem cronológica e lógica, as preposições mais usadas vão ser: antes(before), depois(after), até(until), desde(since), entre(between), durante(during), e outros(on, in, at, since, for, ago, to, past, till, by).

Advérbios São palavras que modificam um verbo, um adjetivo ou um outro advérbio, mas raramente modificam um substantivo. Indica as circunstâncias em que ocorre uma ação. Como exemplos, temos: slowly, fully, well, directly, lately, mostly, nearly, shortly.

O verbo Os tempos verbais vão ser cruciais para exprimir a cronologia. Eis os tempos verbais no Inglês:  

Present SimpleEx: They have a car. Present ContinousEx: He’s Reading now. Past SimpleEx: They saw a movie. Past ContinousEx: It was snowing. Present PerfectEx: We have been there. 

Present Perfect ContinousEx: You’ve been working hard. Future SimpleEx: It will snow this winter. Future ContinousEx: She will be travelling. Future PerfectEx: He will have arrived. Future Perfect ContinousEx:You will have been working.

  

Olympic success of the British team ensures increased funding in 2016

The body which funds elite sport in Britain has announced an increase of 11% across Olympic and Paralympic sports. But some sports which underperformed in London 2012 have been given less money.

Britain finished third in the gold medal table at the London Olympics. The target is for the country to become the first host nation to improve on its tally at the following Games. And so UK Sport, which divides up the cash available to individual sports, has increased its funding to five hundred and sixty two million dollars, a rise of eleven per cent. But those sports which underperformed in 2012 have seen their allowance go down. Liz Nichol is the Chief Executive of UK Sport:"We're very confident that the system can be even better in Rio. We're very confident there is more medal-winning potential to come. And so we're setting out with a very ambitious goal, we want to be the first nation in recent history to be more successful in both the Olympics and the Paralympics post hosting."In this century Australia, Greece and even China failed to match their medal count in the years after they staged the summer Olympics. Britain has a no-compromise approach to investment. It means the likes of cycling, rowing and boxing, which delivered in London, get a financial windfall. But the amount set aside for swimming, which failed to meet expectations, has been slashed by six and a half million dollars. And there are four sports - basketball, handball, wrestling and table tennis - which will receive no money at all. Meanwhile, Paralympic sports were given a huge boost; their pot of cash has been swollen by 43%.

Sinais de Sequência

A lógica

Como já mencionado, as conjunções ou connecting words são empregadas com o intuito de correlacionar termos e sentenças, conferindo-lhes sentido dentro da estrutura de um texto. Podemos tratar de dois grupos de conjunções: as coordenativas e as subordinativas. As coordenativas ligam sentenças com mesmo nível sintático e as subordinativas, sentenças com níveis sintáticos diferentes. A ligação entre as sentenças é pautada pela correlação entre os níveis sintáticos, sendo que tais níveis tem a ver com lógica linguística.

Exemplificando, pode-se observar conjunções classificadas como conclusivas:"I think, therefore I am."

A frase acima é composta de duas orações que são ligadas pelo conectivo "therefore", o qual significa "logo". O sentido que se estabelece entre as orações graças ao conectivo é claro, ele liga as duas orações, introduzindo a segunda oração que é uma conclusão da primeira.

Aprofundando, podemos mencionar além das categorias das conjunções coordenativas, as conjunções subordinativas. Sendo que as subordinativas ligam uma oração de sentido incompleto com uma oração de sentido completo, formando assim, um conjunto que através de tal ligação torna-se completo a nível de sentido. Ou seja, são orações que sintaticamente completam-se e formam um todo com sentido lógico. É importante empregar a categoria correta de conjunção de forma a trazer o sentido almejado entre as orações.

Exemplos de conjunções subordinativas e seus empregos:

- AFTER (após)I went home after the concert finished.

- ALTHOUGH / THOUGH / EVEN THOUGH (apesar de (que), embora, ainda que)Although it was raining, we went out.

- AS (enquanto, assim que, logo que, como, porque, à medida que)As you know, Julia is leaving soon. (Como você sabe, Julia está indo embora em breve.)

- AS IF / AS THOUGH (como se)She was acting as if/as though she was in a great movie.

- AS / SO LONG AS / PROVIDED THAT (contanto que, desde que, com a condição de que)You can take my car as/so long as you drive carefully.

- BECAUSE (porque, pois)I went to England because my boyfriend was there.

- BEFORE (antes de, antes que)Do it before you forget. (Faça antes que você esqueça.)

- IF (se)If you meet my sister, give her this note. (Se você encontrar minha irmã, dê a ela este bilhete.)

- UNLESS (a menos que, a não ser que, salvo se)Don't leave the room unless you receive permission.

- UNTIL / TILL (até, até que)Do I have to wait unitl / till tomorrow? (Tenho que esperar até amanhã?)

- WHEN / BY THE TIME (quando)She left her job when she knew she was pregnant.

"Up to half of the world's food is wasted, says a report

Up to half of the world's food is wasted due to inefficient production in poorer countries and over-fussy consumers in the rich world, says a new report from the UK-based Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

The world has limited resources and a growing population. By the end of this century there could be three billion extra mouths to feed. So wasting food, this new report says, is a tragedy that should not continue. The study says changing the way consumers in the rich world reject less-than-perfect-looking vegetables in the shops, and eat large quantities of meat - which requires a lot of resources to bring to market - could have an impact.But the engineers who wrote this report also recommend better use of scarce land and water around the whole world. They say that putting more land to agriculture will be difficult without damaging the environment, so improving the efficiency of farming is vital. The report says better irrigation is the key here, because water used in agriculture is often sourced badly: from aquifers which are poorly managed. In some cases, the engineers say, governments and aid agencies have exacerbated this problem by sinking boreholes in the wrong places.The report also says that irrigating crops through spraying or flooding fields is wasteful because so much of the water evaporates. It says that drip or trickle methods of irrigation, while more expensive to install, can be as much as a third more efficient.”

Na notícia acima, podemos destacar, além do emprego de outras categorias de conjunções, o emprego das conjunções "because", "and", "but" que são amplamente utilizadas. Nesse caso, empregando sentidos usuais.