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Chapter 1. Civilization. Rewind: Neolithic Revolution. Paleolithic Age Ice Age Nomads Hunter/gathers Neolithic Revolution Farming = permanent settlements MORE FOOD = MORE PEOPLE!!!!. The Nomads. Not everyone “permanent” Slash and burn agriculture - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 1
Rewind: Neolithic Revolution
Paleolithic AgeIce AgeNomadsHunter/gathers
Neolithic RevolutionFarming = permanent
settlementsMORE FOOD = MORE
PEOPLE!!!!
The Nomads Not everyone
“permanent”Slash and burn
agriculture○ Farm intensively until soil
deplete then moveTribal bands
○ Herding peoples“Barbarians”, “Savages”
Advantages of Agriculture
ImprovementsMiddle East, China, parts
of Africa, and India○ Irrigation○ Encouraged large
settlements
Defense
Catal Huyuk Neolithic village
Southern Turkey Founded 7000 B.C.E.
Unusually large Lots of houses, few windows Lived on rooftops
Religion Devoted to Agriculture
Trade 5500 B.C.E. Skilled toolmakers and jewelers
developed
Government Ruled over small communities Cities developed Kings
Civilization 3000 B.C.E.
Characteristics of Civilization
From the Latin word City
Five FeaturesCitiesJob SpecializationComplex InstitutionsRecord KeepingAdvanced Technology
The Rise of Cities The main feature of
Civilizations are cities. The word civilization
comes from the Latin word for city
A city is not just distinguished by population Should be a center of
trade for a larger area
The first cities arose around river valleys. The water brought nutrients
(silt), to the lands near the river when it flooded, making lands near the river fertile. When farmed properly, fertile lands produced food surpluses, or extra food.
Job Specialization With food surpluses many
people could do other occupations beside farming Called specialized workers
○ Example: metal working, weaving, masonry, public entertainers
Scribes kept account of the material
wealth for the ruler and other wealthy people
1st written language was cuneiform
○ Developed in Sumer around 3000 B.C.E.
Social Classes One effect of job
specialization was the creation of a hierarchy Hierarchy:
○ People became ranked according to their job as societies became bigger
Example: 1. Priest 2. Merchants 3. Artisans 4. Farmers
Complex Institutions Government
In order to feed large amounts of people centralized control was necessary
The more people there were, more laws were needed, more taxes, more royal officials (police), government departments
Creation of the first City-States, a political unit consisting of a city and surrounding lands usually lead by one ruler.
Complex Institutions
Religion Became a formal institution
○ Temple became center of city life
Early civilizations were polytheistic they worshiped many gods
The favor of the gods was needed so that their civilization could be successful
Full time priests were employed to make sacrifices to the gods, and chart the heavens for times to plant.
Record Keeping As civilizations grew,
writing was necessary for people to know laws, and keep account of itemsAbility to send messagesKeep records
○ With this a new occupation arose (Scribes)
Tax more efficientlyMake contracts and
treatiesMore organization
Eventually people began to write for other reasons
Advanced Technology New tools and
techniques emerged as ways to solve problemsIrrigation created to deal
with droughtsTo ensure order and
safety civilizations built roads, bridges, fortified walls, built dams and dikes to hold water.
In complex civilizations arts flourished to give the people a sense of security, civic pride and the power of their civilization. New job of Artisans.
Artisans relied on new technology as wellPotter’s wheelCreation of Bronze
○ Around 3000 B.C.E.○ Called the “Bronze Age”
k
Four Centers of Civilization
Middle EastTigris-Euphrates
EgyptNile RiverKush
IndiaIndus River Valley
ChinaYellow River Valley
Partner Work
Using the following slide, fill out your chart
Be sure to fully answer the question (Does Sumer meet the criteria of a civilization) on the BACK of your chartBoth charts must be filled out
Civilization? Ur was one of the earliest
cities in Sumer Located on the banks of the
Euphrates River (Southern Iraq)
Characteristics Agriculture
○ The people of Ur created irrigation ditches to water their fields in the dry climate
○ Government officials help plan and direct this public works project
City Life○ Ur was a walled city
Majority of people lived within walls The market and artisans were
located within the wall- Such as metal workers
Trade○ City dwellers traded for goods
using a barter system Exchange of goods
Religion○ The temple was Ur’s most
important building (Ziggurat)○ Scribes recorded religious rituals
on cuneiform tablets